Activity For Hydrogen Generation Research Articles

Mesoporous Vinylene-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks with Heteroatom-Tuned Crystallinity and Photocatalytic Behaviors.

Owing to its prominent π-delocalization and stability, vinylene linkage holds great merits in the construction of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with promising semiconducting properties. However, carbon-carbon double bond formation reaction always exhibits relatively low reversibility, unfavorable for the formation of high crystalline frameworks through self-error correction and assembling processes. In this work, we report a heteroatom-tuned strategy to build up a series of two-dimensional (2D) vinylene-linked COFs by Knoevenagel condensation of an electron-deficient methylthiazolyl-based monomer with different triformyl substituted (hetero-)aromatic derivatives. The resulting COFs show high-quality periodic mesoporous structures with high surface areas. Embedding heteroatoms into the backbones enables significantly improving their crystallinity, and finely tailoring their semiconducting structures. Upon visible light stimulation, one of the as-prepared COFs with donor-π-acceptor structure could deliver a nearly seven-fold increase in the catalytic activity of hydrogen generation as compared with the other two. Meanwhile, in combination with high crystallinity and the matched conduction band energy level, such kind of COFs can be able to selectively generate singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals in a high ratio of up to 30:1, allowing for catalyzing aerobic thioanisole oxidation in distinctly tunable activities through the substituent electronic effect of the substrates.

Mesoporous Vinylene‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks with Heteroatom‐Tuned Crystallinity and Photocatalytic Behaviors

Owing to its prominent π‐delocalization and stability, vinylene linkage holds great merits in the construction of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with promising semiconducting properties. However, carbon‐carbon double bond formation reaction always exhibits relatively low reversibility, unfavorable for the formation of high crystalline frameworks through self‐error correction and assembling processes. In this work, we report a heteroatom‐tuned strategy to build up a series of two‐dimensional (2D) vinylene‐linked COFs by Knoevenagel condensation of an electron‐deficient methylthiazolyl‐based monomer with different triformyl substituted (hetero‐)aromatic derivatives. The resulting COFs show high‐quality periodic mesoporous structures with high surface areas. Embedding heteroatoms into the backbones enables significantly improving their crystallinity, and finely tailoring their semiconducting structures. Upon visible light stimulation, one of the as‐prepared COFs with donor‐π‐acceptor structure could deliver a nearly seven‐fold increase in the catalytic activity of hydrogen generation as compared with the other two. Meanwhile, in combination with high crystallinity and the matched conduction band energy level, such kind of COFs can be able to selectively generate singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals in a high ratio of up to 30:1, allowing for catalyzing aerobic thioanisole oxidation in distinctly tunable activities through the substituent electronic effect of the substrates.

A S-scheme 0D/2D heterojunction formed by decorating Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanoparticles on Cu2MoS4 plates for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation

Rationally designing a Step-scheme (S-scheme) hetero-structured photocatalyst with high redox capability and separation efficiency of photoinduced carriers is considered as an attractive approach to address the shortcomings of single component and traditional hetero-structured photocatalyst. Herein, enlightened by the predictions of density functional theory (DFT), a unique S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully fabricated by incorporating zero-dimensional (0D) Cd0.5Zn0.5S (CZS) on two-dimensional (2D) lamellar Cu2MoS4 (CMS) plates via a facile coprecipitation method, which substantially enhances the photocatalytic activity for hydrogen (H2) generation. CZS nanoparticles deposited on the surface of CMS nanoplates play a crucial role in creating highly intimate heterojunction interfaces and abundant exposed reaction sites, laying the foundation for improved photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, the significant difference in Fermi levels and band structures between CZS and CMS result in the formation of the internal electric field (IEF) and energy band bending at the interface of the heterojunction. This S-scheme charge transfer path enables 0D/2D CZS/CMS heterojunction possesses an exceptional capacity to maintain the robust redox potential and boosts the separation efficiency of light-induced carriers, as verified by DFT calculations and energy band structure analyses. As expected, the optimal heterojunction exhibits a satisfactory H2 generation rate of 13.1 mmol·g-1·h−1, which is nearly 7.7-fold higher than that of individual CZS. This study is expected to inspire the design of morphology-controlled hetero-structured photocatalyst with S-scheme charge transfer route for photocatalytic H2 generation.

A S-scheme 0D/2D heterojunction formed by decorating Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanoparticles on Cu2MoS4 plates for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation

Rationally designing a Step-scheme (S-scheme) hetero-structured photocatalyst with high redox capability and separation efficiency of photoinduced carriers is considered as an attractive approach to address the shortcomings of single component and traditional hetero-structured photocatalyst. Herein, enlightened by the predictions of density functional theory (DFT), a unique S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully fabricated by incorporating zero-dimensional (0D) Cd0.5Zn0.5S (CZS) on two-dimensional (2D) lamellar Cu2MoS4 (CMS) plates via a facile coprecipitation method, which substantially enhances the photocatalytic activity for hydrogen (H2) generation. CZS nanoparticles deposited on the surface of CMS nanoplates play a crucial role in creating highly intimate heterojunction interfaces and abundant exposed reaction sites, laying the foundation for improved photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, the significant difference in Fermi levels and band structures between CZS and CMS result in the formation of the internal electric field (IEF) and energy band bending at the interface of the heterojunction. This S-scheme charge transfer path enables 0D/2D CZS/CMS heterojunction possesses an exceptional capacity to maintain the robust redox potential and boosts the separation efficiency of light-induced carriers, as verified by DFT calculations and energy band structure analyses. As expected, the optimal heterojunction exhibits a satisfactory H2 generation rate of 13.1 mmol·g-1·h−1, which is nearly 7.7-fold higher than that of individual CZS. This study is expected to inspire the design of morphology-controlled hetero-structured photocatalyst with S-scheme charge transfer route for photocatalytic H2 generation.

Constructing multifunctional novel noble-metal free NiS/ZnS/g-C3N4 ternary nanocomposites for highly active superior photocatalytic water splitting

Ultrasound-assisted wet-impregnation approach and cation-exchange hydrothermal method are employed effectively to develop the ternary nanocomposites NiS/ZnS/g-C3N4 (NZ-CN) with promising photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) generation activity. Several analytical techniques are utilized to characterize the as-synthesized NiS/ZnS/g-C3N4 nanocomposites to study their physical and chemical characteristics. The H2 production activity of the synthesized photocatalysts was tested using a 250 W halogen lamp with Na2S (0.25 M) and Na2SO3 (0.35 M) as sacrificial reagents. The optimized NZ-CN7.5% (3% NiS/ZnS/7.5% g-C3N4) catalyst displayed an exceptional H₂ generation rate of 8624 μmol h⁻1 g⁻1, exceeding both, pristine g-C3N4 (by 22.1 times) and 3% NiS/ZnS (by 3 times). This represents the highest reported rate of H₂ evolution for a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) based ternary nanocomposite under simulated solar radiation. By reusing the used NZ-CN7.5% (3% NiS/ZnS/7.5% g-C3N4) photocatalyst in four consecutive runs, the stability of the catalyst was investigated, and their individual activity in the H2 production activity was assessed. This study provides valuable insights for designing efficient noble metal-free g–C3N4–based photocatalysts, which can significantly contribute to the transition to solar-driven hydrogen generation. Further, we proposed a plausible mechanism for the photocatalytic H2 generation process over the NiS/ZnS/g-C3N4 photocatalyst.

Zn doped CeO2 supporting Ni–Pt catalysts toward robust hydrogen generation from hydrous hydrazine

Ni-based bimetallic catalysts with noble metals exhibit high activity and selectivity for hydrogen generation from hydrazine monohydrate. However, their poor service durability remains a critical challenge. This study investigated the use of Zn-doped CeO2 as a support for Ni–Pt catalysts to improve their long-term stability. A series of Ni–Pt/Zn-doped-CeO2 catalysts were prepared via a simple co-precipitation and reduction method. Compared to the pristine Ni50Pt50/CeO2 catalyst, the Zn doping can improve the stability of CeO2 support in the alkaline condition, and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis clearly indicates that Zn doping leads to a negative shift in the binding energy of connected Ni and thus enhances the stability of the electronic structure in the catalysts. The findings in this work suggest that Zn-modified CeO2 supporting Ni–Pt catalyst offer a promising approach to achieving a better balance between activity and durability for hydrogen generation catalysts.

An oxo‐acetato‐bridged trinuclear cobalt(III) cluster‐persuaded cobalt oxide active electrocatalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution activity

This study presents the synthesis and electrocatalytic performance of the cobalt(III) complex [Co3(μ1,1,1‐O)(μ1,3‐CH3CO2)(L)3]2(DMF)3 (Cotri), featuring a double deprotonated (N,O)‐donor ligand (L2‐), where the protonated form of it (H2L) is 2,2′‐(hydrazine‐1,2‐diylidenebis(ethan‐1‐yl‐1‐ylidene))diphenol. The X‐ray structure reveals a trinuclear cobalt cluster formed with three cobalt(III) centers interlinking through oxido (μ1,1,1‐O) and acetato (μ1,3‐O2CCH3) bridges in coupling with bis‐congregator‐type chelating ligands. Cotri adopts cobalt centers of octahedral and trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometries and bears a dominant Co(2)…H(DMF) agostic interactions appraised by lattice dimethyl formamide (DMF) molecules. Further, Cotri shows promising heterogeneous electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity in 1 M KOH, with an overpotential of 441 mV to achieve 10 mA/cm2 current density. Tafel slope analysis suggests the Volmer–Heyrovsky step as the rate‐determining step. The number of active sites and TOF for Cotri were estimated at 4.010 × 10−8 mol and 0.2467 s−1, respectively, ensuring its excellent hydrogen generation activity. Stability assessments through controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) for multiple cycles addressed the transformation of Cotri to Co2O3 nanoparticles, which turned out to be a more active Co2O3 electrocatalyst. The morphology and particle size of the in situ developed Co2O3 active catalyst under the electrochemical conditions attributes to the superior hydrogen evolution activity.

Spin-cross interface-inducing ultra-high catalytic activity in Co(OH)xPy-MXene toward alkali-free liquid hydrogen generation

Proclaiming the interfacial active sites of non-noble metals on supported catalysts is a paramount topic. Herein, a spin-cross interface (Co(OH)xPy (x/y=3.2)) in the intimate region between Co(OH)2 and CoP is designed by in situ hydroxylation and P-inducing strategy. An ultra-high catalytic hydrogen generation activity with a turnover frequency of 1640 min−1 is achieved for hydrolysis of ammonia borane (NH3BH3). Both experimental observations and computational simulations reveal that the spin-cross interface dramatically reduces the energy barriers for the dissociation of reactant molecules (NH3BH3 and H2O) to expedite the catalytic activity. The coexistence of active interface and MXene create the ensembles of Co atoms coordinated by OH and P. The construction of active sites of Co(OH)xPy simultaneously boosts the adsorption and dissociation of H2O and NH3BH3 molecules. This research provides new paradigm for the rational design of spin-induced catalysts in the future energy system depending on the activation of multi-molecules.

Remarkable upgrade of hydrogen evolution activity up to 40.8 folds and mechanistic investigation of expediting charge transfer achieved by Bi2O3-modified TiO2 photocatalyst

Targeting on significantly promoting the hydrogen generation activity of titanium dioxide-based photocatalysts without the modification of noble metals by a straightforward synthetic strategy, simultaneously unveiling the photocatalytic mechanism of expedited charge transfer in photocatalyst are necessary but remains challenging. In this work, Bi2O3-modified TiO2 nanocomposite materials were directly synthesized via employing a solid-state synthesis method at mild conditions. The Bi2O3–modified TiO2 photocatalyst enable to achieve a remarkable hydrogen generation rate, dramatically outperforming commercial titanium oxide by 40.8 times. Photoelectric measurements were well matched with the broaden light absorption range and expedited charge transfer in photocatalyst, which are primarily responsible for the high-performance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The partially formed metallic Bi serves as a mediator between Bi2O3 and commercial TiO2 to facilitate photoexcited carriers’ separation and migration. The density functional theory simulations were further executed to calculate the differential charge distribution. It successfully unveils the electron transferring property (0.97 e−) in photocatalysts during photocatalytic process, which is well-matched with experiments derived from photoelectric measurements and uncovers the underlying photocatalytic mechanism. This work offers an efficient strategy for modifying the TiO2-based photocatalysts and dramatically achieving high-performance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.

Efficient Charge Separation and Transport in Fullerene-CuPcOC8 Donor–Acceptor Nanorod Enhancing Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation

Photocatalytic hydrogen generation via water decomposition is a promising avenue in the pursuit of large-scale, cost-effective renewable hydrogen energy generation. However, the design of an efficient photocatalyst plays a crucial role in achieving high yields in hydrogen generation. Herein, we have engineered a fullerene-2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octa(octyloxy)copper phthalocyanine (C60-CuPcOC8) photocatalyst, achieving both efficient hydrogen generation and high stability. The significant donor–acceptor (D–A) interactions facilitate the efficient electron transfer from CuPcOC8 to C60. The rate of photocatalytic hydrogen generation for C60-CuPcOC8 is 8.32 mmol·g−1·h−1, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the individual C60 and CuPcOC8. The remarkable increase in hydrogen generation activity can be attributed to the development of a robust internal electric field within the C60-CuPcOC8 assembly. It is 16.68 times higher than that of the pure CuPcOC8. The strong internal electric field facilitates the rapid separation within 0.6 ps, enabling photogenerated charge transfer efficiently. Notably, the hydrogen generation efficiency of C60-CuPcOC8 remains above 95%, even after 10 h, showing its exceptional photocatalytic stability. This study provides critical insight into advancing the field of photocatalysis.

Box–Behnken Design and experimental studies on novel fibrous g-C3N4 towards water splitting and degradation of indigo carmine dye

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is robust and stable metal free polymeric materials that have recently gained interest towards photocatalytic applications. It shows visible-light driven photocatalytic activity with a major drawback of higher recombination rate of charge carriers and moderate oxidation ability. These issues are overcome by structural modifications using facile polymerization of acidized melamine thus controlling the structure of graphitic carbon nitride. The major factors affecting the photocatalytic activity were experimentally optimized and effect of these parameters was evaluated using the Box–Behnken Design of response surface methodology. The fabricated fibrous graphitic carbon nitride (NFgCN) shows a superior activity of 81.0 μmol g−1 h−1 hydrogen generation and 99.9 % degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye in 90 min. The NFgCN shows 5 times higher activity for hydrogen generation compared to the pristine g-C3N4.

In situ construction of Ohmic/Schottky-type MoS2/Sv-ZnIn2S4/Cu(OH)2 dual-junction photocatalysts with enhanced water splitting into hydrogen generation activity

Multichannel-optimized MoS2/Sv-ZnIn2S4/Cu(OH)2 composites, integrating sulfur vacancy, Ohmic junction and Schottky junction, were synthesized by an in situ technique. Benefiting from the synergistic effect, the staggered composites exhibited enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production activity.

In situ hierarchical self-assembly of NiFeHCF nanoparticles on nickel foam: highly active and ultra-stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting and their environmental assessment towards green energy

To obtain high catalytic activity and stability for commercial green hydrogen generation without requiring extra energy, NiFeHCF@NF was synthesized using a unique all-in-one approach.

W–N heteroatom-interface in melon carbon nitride/N-doped tungsten oxide Z-Scheme photocatalyst toward improved photocatalytic hydrogen generation activity

The construction of heterointerface in photocatalyst is an efficient approach to boost the separation and utilization efficiency of charge carriers, which is challenging and crucial in photocatalysis. Here, the construction of melon-structured carbon nitride/N-doped WO3 (MCN/NWx) heterojunction photocatalyst was achieved by a method of prealcoholysis combined with thermal polymerization, where N-doping of WO3 was achieved in-situ in the formation of heterojunction. The promoted charge separation efficiency was realized through the charge transfer from the conduction band of N-doped WO3 to the valence band of the MCN. Density functional theory calculation results showed that the formation of the W–N heteroatom-interface led to the increase of density of states at the heterointerface and decrease of the band gap. The MCN/NWx nanocomposite featured a metallic band structure of the nanocomposite photocatalysts, resulting in the enhanced photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of the MCN/NW2 was enhanced about 2.5 times than that of MCN. This research provides a novel insight into the construction of a novel heteroatom-junction that boosts the separation efficiency of charge carriers, and thereby improves the photocatalytic activity.

Fabrication of Chiral Plasmonic Photocatalyst By Circularly Polarized Light and Enantioselective Hydrogen Generation Activity

Introducing chirality in nanostructures has been explored actively in various field, such as sensing, optoelectronics and catalysts, due to its unique chiroptical properties. Especially in photochemistry, considering the synergistic interaction between chiral plasmonics and polarized light, they can be utilized to improve efficiency and selectivity of catalytic reaction. In this work, we synthesized chiral plasmonic photocatalysts, (R)-,(L)- Au/C3N4, through photoreduction of gold precursor on C3N4 substrate under the irradiation of circularly polarized light (CPL) as a means to induce chirality. Then, we demonstrated that the efficiency of hydrogen generation can be increased by matching the chirality of the CPL with the photocatalyst, which was 2-fold enhanced than chiral mismatching conditions. This can be explained by the asymmetric hot carrier formation of chiral plasmonic structures under CPL excitation. Also, the reactivity of water molecule with photocatalyst surface was confirmed through in-situ FT-IR, showing the enhanced interaction under chiral matching conditions. This study could pave the way for advancing chiral light-matter interactions and explore the application of novel device, particularly toward chiral-induced photocatalytic performance.

Pt nanoclusters modified porous g-C3N4 nanosheets to significantly enhance hydrogen production by photocatalytic water reforming of methanol

For the use of green hydrogen energy, it is crucial to have efficient photocatalytic activity for hydrogen generation by water reforming of methanol under mild conditions. Much attention has been paid to g-C3N4 as a promising photocatalyst for the generation of hydrogen. To improve the separation of photogenerated charge, porous nanosheet g-C3N4 was modified with Pt nanoclusters (Pt/g-C3N4) through impregnation and following photo-induced reduction. This catalyst showed excellent photocatalytic activity of water reforming of methanol for hydrogen production with a 17.12 mmol·g−1·h−1 rate at room temperature, which was 311 times higher than that of the unmodified g-C3N4. The strong interactions of Pt–N in Pt/g-C3N4 constructed effective electron transfer channels to promote the separation of photo-generated electrons and holes effectively. In addition, in-situ infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the intermediates of the hydrogen production reaction, which proved that methanol and water eventually turn into H2 and CO2via formaldehyde and formate. This study provides insights for understanding the photocatalytic hydrogen production in the water reforming of methanol.

Gearing towards the sustainable energy transformation, production, and storage using thermic modulated [Ce3+-Pr3+-Nd3+]:CsPbI2.7Br0.3 perovskite hetero-system

Current investigation elucidates the first report on the designing, optimization, and applications of the lanthanide tri-doped CsPbI2.7Br0.3 establishing [Ce3+-Pr3+-Nd3+]:CsPbI2.7Br0.3 (CPN:CPVSK). This novel heterostructure remained optically active for 28 days with the narrowed band gap ranging between 1.65 and 1.7 eV. CPN:CPVSK was identified with the cubic phase and average crystallite size was 58.92 nm. The spin coated thin films were marked by excellent compactness and maximal covering. As photo-converter inside an entirely air-processed perovskite solar cell, CPN:CPVSK attained the efficiency of 17.92 % and 1.1 V of the open circuit voltage (Voc). CPN-CPVSK decked nickel foam electrode expressed moderate affinity towards production of oxygen while the pure hydrogen generation activity was remarkable with the overpotential and kinetic Tafel slope value of 143.1 mV and 119.7 mV dec−1, respectively. With an impressive electrochemical service life, this electrode was also characterized with the commendable charge storage with the unit capacity of 567 mAH g−1 and a negligible equivalent series resistance (Rs) i.e. 0.51 Ω. CPN:CPVSK is a sustainable and energy efficient choice which has prospects for use in the energy systems at practical scale for maximizing the efficiency and stability.

Step-by-step tuning of morphology and band gap of ZnS/MoS2 photocatalyst for enhanced visible light to hydrogen fuel conversion

To address the inherent limitations of ZnS and MoS2 as visible light photocatalysts, herein, we report a step-by-step tuning of mixed sulfide composite system (ZnS/MoS2) to achieve enhanced visible light to hydrogen fuel conversion efficiency in the absence of any sacrificial agents. In the first stage, ZnS/MoS2 composite was synthesized by using a single step hydrothermal route and the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized ZnS/MoS2 composite was tuned by varying the ratio of Zn and Mo in the composite. In the second stage, the photocatalytic efficiency of the composite was further enhanced by tuning the band gap and visible light absorption characteristics of the material through cobalt doping (Co-doping) in the MoS2 co-catalyst. The hydrogen generation activity of the tuned composition (1:1.3 ratio of Zn and Mo) of the ZnS/MoS2 composite with 3% Co-doping is obtained as the best (1256 μmol of H2 in 1 h) as compared to the other compositions of the doped composites (1%, 3% and 5% Co doping). The enhanced hydrogen generation through visible light induced water splitting of the developed mixed sulfide composite systems (ZnS/MoS2 and ZnS/Co-doped MoS2) even in the absence of any sacrificial agents is ascribed to their tuned band gap and low electron-hole recombination rate.

Synergistic effects of sulphur vacancies and MoS2 on the photocatalytic activity of CdxZn1-xS for H2 evolution

Efficient photocatalysts nurture great potential for harnessing sunlight to produce chemical energy, a pivotal step towards sustainable fuel production. However, designing such systems poses significant challenges due to the complex interaction between light absorption and charge carrier dynamics. In an attempt to address these challenges, this study introduces a novel approach, combining bulk-twinned homojunction CdxZn1-xS photocatalysts with sulphur vacancies. These CdxZn1-xS photocatalysts are seamlessly integrated with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) to optimize photocatalytic properties and enhance charge transfer via the formation of heterojunctions. Due to its unique crystal structure, the twinned homojunction in CdxZn1-xS enhances light absorption and charge carrier generation. The integrated sulphur vacancies perform several functions: they expediate light adsorption and inhibit electron-hole recombination. These vacancies were initially introduced into the bulk structure during CdxZn1-xS solid solution synthesis. Further, MoS2 provided an augmentation at the surface modification level, thus enhancing their functional role and amplifying their impact on the overall photocatalytic efficiency. The heterojunction formed between MoS2 and CdxZn1-xS provides an integrated efficient platform for overall performance. The composite nanocrystals, wurtzite/zinc-blende twinned MoS2/CdxZn1-xS, were synthesized via an N, N-dimethylformamide-assisted solvothermal method. Detailed characterization was conducted to establish correlations among activity, morphology, and surface properties. The resulting composite photocatalysts demonstrated improved solar hydrogen generation activity and stability, surpassing the performance of twinned crystal CdxZn1-xS.

Photocatalytic activity of non-oxides materials TiB2, TiC, and TiN

This study aims to explore, for the first time, the effect of the anion species on the photocatalytic activity of the compounds TiB2, TiC, and TiN for H2 production. Therefore, non-oxide titanium compounds have been investigated as alternative semiconductor materials to replace TiO2. In this case, these non-oxide materials were evaluated as photocatalysts for the production of hydrogen due to their negative conduction band energies, which facilitate the accumulation of electrons on the surface and promote the water-splitting reaction. Specifically, TiN exhibits the lowest electron-hole recombination, favoring the generation of hydrogen because more electrons are transferred in this material compared to TiB2 and TiC (2- and 3-fold higher amounts of H2, respectively). Photoluminescence (PL) analysis revealed that TiN spectra showed the lowest emission, indicating a lower concentration of recombination sites, attributed to the presence of Ti-3d orbitals, resulting in improved electrical conductivity and enhanced charge transfer during the reaction. However, in the case of TiC, some of the Ti-3d orbitals are not occupied by free electrons, resulting in partial oxidation, this leads to a higher resistance to charge transfer, promoting electron-hole recombination, which in turn affects the activity of hydrogen generation. Therefore, commercial TiN can be considered a viable candidate for use in photocatalytic systems.