Active Warm-up Research Articles

The impact of passive heat maintenance strategies between an active warm-up and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundPrior to exercise, a warm-up routine has been suggested to be an imperative factor in task readiness with the anticipation that it will enhance performance. One of the key benefits of a warm-up is the increase in muscle and core temperature, which can be achieved in a variety of ways. An effective way to achieve improvements in core and muscle temperature is by performing an active warm-up. However, lengthy transition periods between an active warm-up and exercise performance are known to cause a decline in core and muscle temperature, thereby reducing performance capability. As such, methods are needed to assist athletes during transition periods, to maintain the benefits of a warm-up with the aim of optimising performance. Accordingly, the purpose of this review is to systematically analyse the evidence base that has investigated the use of passive heating to aide sporting performance when a transition period is experienced.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken following relevant studies being identified using PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO. Studies investigating the effects of passive heating strategies during the transition period between an active warm-up and exercise performance were included. The quality of the included studies were assessed by two independent reviewers using a modified version of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.ResultsSeven studies, all high quality (mean = 7.6), reported sufficient data (quality score > 5) on the effects of passive heating strategies on exercise performance, these studies consisted of 85 well-trained athletes (78 male and 7 female). Passive heating strategies used between an active warm-up and exercise, significantly increased peak power output in all studies (ES = 0.54 [95% CI 0.17 to 0.91]). However, only a favourable trend was evident for exercise performance (ES = 1.07 [95% CI − 0.64 to 0.09]).ConclusionsBased upon a limited number of well-conducted, randomised, controlled trials, it appears that passive heating strategies used between an active warm-up and exercise have a positive impact on peak power output. Although, additional research is necessary to determine the optimum procedure for passive warm-up strategies.

Local Passive Warming Administered During the Transition Phase Impairs Subsequent Isokinetic Exercise Performance

PURPOSE: Performing a warm-up prior to a sports competition is essential for preventing injuries and maximizing subsequent performance. Passive warming has therefore received attention because it can effectively maintain an elevated muscle temperature (Tm) after a warm-up. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of local passive warming (LPW) administered during the transition phase between active warm-up and isokinetic exercises.METHODS: Eleven healthy men participated in this randomized crossover study. During the 30-minute transition period, a customized water-perfused warming pad was placed on the anterior thighs of the dominant legs (+3°C or +6°C based on the baseline skin temperature) or no intervention for the control group (CON). Subsequently, the total work, peak torque, and average power during isokinetic knee extensions (10 repetitions at a speed of 60°/sce) were measured. Using surface electromyography (EMG), the root mean square and mean frequency from the rectus femoris during knee extension were measured to assess neuromuscular activity.RESULTS: Total work (+6°C 1,289.8±389.3 vs. CON 1,437.3±408.2 Nm, p=.042), peak torque (+6°C 146.0±33.3 vs. CON 162.9±37.9 Nm, p=.022), and average power (+6°C 77.7±19.8 vs. CON 90.2±25.3 W, p=.012) were lower in the LPW +6°C group than in the CON group. EMG RMS was lower in the LPW +6°C group than in the CON group (+6°C 58.4±22.3 vs. CON 78.6±33.0 % MVC, p=.005). MF was higher in the LPW +6°C group than in the CON group (+6°C 87.5±12.4 vs. CON 81.4±11.0 Hz, p=.016).CONCLUSIONS: Local passive warming administered during the transition phase was not an appropriate strategy for boosting the performance of subsequent isokinetic exercises. Accordingly, the application of passive warming should be carefully chosen before exercise commences.

The THE COMPARISON OF PLYOMETRIC AND RESISTANCE WARMUP PROTOCOLS ON THE RUNNING PERFORMANCE IN RECREATIONAL ATHLETES

Background: Warm-up prepares the body to withstand the high-intensity exercises and improves the athletic performance and reduces the risk of musculoskeletal injury. Active warm-up is one of the best and commonly used techniques in athletes that can induce a special type of cardiovascular and metabolic changes that can bring prominent change in running performance. Objective: To compare resistance and plyometric warm up Protocols in recreational athletes to improve running performance. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted at Aman Medical Institute Islamabad. A total n=33 recreational athletes of both genders, having total exercise load less than 5 hours per week, with normal BMI and Must fulfill the 10 minutes’ walk test on treadmill before starting the warm-up were recruited through convenience sampling technique. The sample was randomly assigned through sealed envelope method into Resistance warm up protocol (n=11), plyometric warm up protocol(n=11) and control group(n=11). The running performance was measured with lower limb power, VO2max, endurance, fatigue and time of exhaustion. The RCT was registered in national library of medicine. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 23. After checking the normality, kruskal walis test was applied to compare the groups. Results: The mean age of the participants were 21.97+1.3 years and BMI were 23.27+1.12 kg/m2. There was significant improvement in plyometric group in terms of VO2max (p=0.003), rate of perceived exertion (p<0.001), time of exhaustion (p<0.001), fatigue (p=0.002), power p=(.002), endurance (p<0.001) as compared to other groups. Conclusion: It is concluded that there was improvement in running performance in plyometric warm up protocol and resistance warm up protocol as compared to control group Keywords: Lower limb power, Plyometric, Resistance warm up, Running performance

PREWARMING IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ELECTIVE NEUROSURGERY: CRITICALLY APPRAISED TOPIC

Summary: Clinical setting: A 20-year-old patient with a diagnosis of glioma multiforme, will be taken to a scheduled craniotomy for resection of his tumor. No medical or surgical pathological history. On physical examination, a patient with normal vital signs, without neurological focus. His neoplasm was excised by craniotomy under general anesthesia, with warm-up for 30 minutes and active intraoperative warm-up, without complications. He was transferred to the ICU for neurological surveillance. Discharge 7 days after surgery without complications. Clinical problem: In adults who will undergo programmed neurosurgery, does warm-up decrease in-hospital mortality? Objetives: Perform a Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) to (I) analyze existing research related to warming in patients undergoing neurosurgery, and (II) apply the results to the clinical setting. Methods: A systematic search was carried out in 3 databases in search of publications about the clinical problem in adults over 18 years of age. Results: Three studies met the inclusion criteria. The evidence about the usefulness of warming in reducing episodes of hypothermia during the intraoperative period is highlighted, however, no study was found that evaluated the outcomes of warming in the postoperative period. Conclusion: Warming up for at least 10 minutes is a useful measure to increase comfort and reduce hypothermic episodes. The prevention of hypothermic episodes during the perioperative period has been shown to be useful for reducing multiple complications including mortality. However, the usefulness of postoperative warming in neurosurgery is unknown, despite this its use is recommended due to its causal relationship with the decrease in perioperative hypothermia for at least a period of 10 minutes and to continue it even during induction.

Single and combined effect of kinesio tape and warm-up on sprint cycling performance

BackgroundThe fact that kinesio tape may be capable to enhance muscle power would qualify it as practical tool to be considered during passive warm-up (WU) or coupled with active WU processes prior to power-based performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the single and combined effect of kinesio tape (KT) and WU on sprint cycling performance.MethodsIn a repeated measure design, fifteen participants underwent six sessions to assess sprint cycling performance involving a combination of three taping conditions (without KT: NoKT; with KT positioned vertically over the thigh muscles KT; with KT positioned horizontally over the thigh muscles: Sham) with two pre-exercise routines (with WU: WU; without WU: NoWU) in a randomized order. Allometric scaling of peak power (PP) and average power (AP) values were considered for each sprint.ResultsKT-WU demonstrated the highest PP and AP with respect to the other conditions (p < 0.05), except for AP that was similar to Sham-WU (p > 0.05). Moreover, NoKT-NoWU showed the lowest PP and AP with respect to the other conditions (p < 0.05).ConclusionsOverall, our findings suggest that kinesio tape might be a possible tool to be combined with an active WU routine, inducing benefit on sprint performance. Moreover, KT may be considered a potential strategy to include within a passive WU, perhaps where an active WU is not feasible. However, as the influence of KT on muscle function is still unclear, our results should not be overinterpreted.

Effect of Pre-Exercise Heat Pack Treatment on Markers of Muscle Damage After Resistance Exercise

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of pre-exercise heat pack treatment on muscle activity and markers of muscle damage after exercise-induced damage.METHODS: Ten healthy male university students were tested for 3 weeks. They were exposed to three conditions (non-warm-up exercise, warm-up exercise, and heat pack treatment) before exercise. The experiment was conducted at 1-week intervals for every participant. The warm-up exercise was performed by combining a modified active warm-up with a cycle ergometer and an isokinetic dynamometer. The main exercise, which modified the exercise-induced muscle damage protocol, was conducted by flexing and extending the knee joint using an isokinetic dynamometer. The heat pack treatment before the exercise involved moist heat application for 20 min.RESULTS: The changes in blood muscle fatigue markers and blood muscle damage markers were not significantly different between the groups (α&gt;.05). However, significant differences were observed in the time immediately after exercise, 10-min recovery, 30-min recovery, and 60-min recovery (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.05). A statistically significant difference was observed in the change in pain in the heat pack treatment group (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.05).CONCLUSIONS: Heat pack treatment for 20 min before exercise did not minimize the muscle damage markers and fatigue markers following exercise-induced damage, but reduced immediate muscle soreness. Use of heat pack treatment was associated with a change in muscle activity and improvement in certain aspects of muscle soreness.

Comparing Active, Passive, and Combined Warm-Ups Among Junior Alpine Skiers in −7°C

Warming up in very cold climates and maintaining an elevated body temperature prior to a race is challenging for snow-sport athletes. To investigate the effects of active (ACT), passive (PAS), and a combination of ACT and PAS (COM) warm-ups on maximal physical performance in a subzero environment among snow-sport athletes. Ten junior alpine skiers completed 3 experimental trials in -7.2 (0.2)°C. The ACT involved 5minutes of moderate cycling, 3 × 15-second accelerations, a 6-second sprint, 5 countermovement jumps (CMJs), and a 10-minute passive transition phase, while in PAS, participants wore a lower-body heated garment for 24 minutes. In COM, participants completed the active warm-up, then wore the heated garment during the transition phase. Two maximal CMJs and a 90-second maximal isokinetic cycling test followed the warm-up. CMJ performance was likely (P = .150) and very likely (P = .013) greater in ACT and COM, respectively, versus PAS. Average power output during the cycling test was likely (P = .074) greater in ACT and COM versus PAS. Participants felt likely to almost certainly warmer (P < .01) and more comfortable (P = .161) during ACT and COM versus PAS. In addition, participants felt likely warmer (P = .136) and very likely more comfortable (P = .161) in COM versus ACT. COM resulted in significantly improved CMJ performance versus PAS while both ACT and COM led to likely improved 90-second cycling performance. Participants felt significantly warmer during ACT and COM versus PASand likely warmer in COM versus ACT. Therefore, a combined warm-up is recommended for alpine skiers performing in subzero temperatures.

The effects of post activation potentiation warm-up and pre-shot routine programs on driving performance in amateur golfers

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of three different programs, i.e. active dynamic warm-up program plus functional resistance warm-up using Theraband plus pre-shot routine program (AFPR); pre-shot routine program (PR); and active dynamic warm-up program plus functional resistance warm-up using Theraband (AF) on driver club head speed, driving distance, and driving accuracy in the amateur golfers. Fifteen amateur golfers with an average age of 19.67 ± 0.89 years and 4.87 ± 1.77 points of average handicap were assigned to participate in either AFPR, PR or AF program. All participants in the three programs practiced three sessions on non-consecutive days per week during the intervention phase. Each participant’s performance was assessed before and after six weeks of the program through hitting ten maximal drives with the ball flight and swing analyzed using the P3ProSwing Golf Simulator and recorded for the driver club head speed, driving distance, and driving accuracy. Multivariate analysis of variance showed no statistically significant differences (P < .05) of the performances of the golfers participated in the 3 programs (club head speed: F = 1.02, P = 0.33; accuracy: F = 0.32, P = 0.72; distance: F = 0.18, P = 0.83). Furthermore, a paired t-tests also showed no statistically significant (P < .05) improvement occurred in the 3 programs after the six-week training. Although the effect of the 3 programs did not show statistically significant increase in the performance of the amateur golfers, however, the three parameters of the performance, i.e. the driver club head speed, the driving distance and the driving accuracy showed certain improvements. The 3 training programs may have benefit to the amateur golfers with certain increases of their performance.

Factors Contributing to Diurnal Variation in Athletic Performance and Methods to Reduce Within-Day Performance Variation: A Systematic Review.

Kusumoto, H, Ta, C, Brown, SM, and Mulcahey, MK. Factors contributing to diurnal variation in athletic performance and methods to reduce within-day performance variation: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S119-S135, 2021-For many individuals, athletic performance (e.g., cycle ergometer output) differs based on the time of day (TOD). This study identified factors contributing to diurnal variation in athletic performance and methods to reduce TOD performance variation. Comprehensive searches of PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Libraries were conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Peer-reviewed publications reporting quantitative, significant diurnal variation (p ≤ 0.05) of athletic performance with explanations for the differences were included. Studies providing effective methods to reduce diurnal variation were also included. Literature reviews, studies involving nonhuman or nonadult subjects, studies that intentionally manipulated sleep duration or quality, and studies deemed to be of poor methodological quality using NIH Quality Assessment Tools were excluded. Forty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Body temperature differences (n = 13), electromyographic parameters (n = 10), serum biomarker fluctuations (n = 5), athlete chronotypes (n = 4), and differential oxygen kinetics (n = 3) were investigated as significant determinants of diurnal variation in sports performance. Successful techniques for reducing diurnal athletic performance variability included active or passive warm-up (n = 9), caffeine ingestion (n = 2), and training-testing TOD synchrony (n = 3). Body temperature was the most important contributor to diurnal variation in athletic performance. In addition, extended morning warm-up was the most effective way to reduce performance variation. Recognizing contributors to diurnal variation in athletic performance may facilitate the development of more effective training regimens that allow athletes to achieve consistent performances regardless of TOD.

Running coaches and running group leaders’ engagement with, and beliefs and perceived barriers to prehabilitation and injury prevention strategies for runners

ObjectivesTo identify which pre-and post-run injury risk reduction activities and prehabilitation (prehab) strategies Coaches and Running Group Leaders (Coaches/RGLs) engage in with runners; to explore their beliefs on why runners get injured; to identify Coaches/RGLs confidence providing injury prevention activities, and what they believe are effective for reducing risk of injury; to identify their perceived barriers to including prehab during running coaching/training. DesignSurvey; Participants: UK Coaches/RGLs (N = 100) Outcome measuresOnline questionnaire with open, closed and Likert scale questions. ResultsMost Coaches/RGLs performed active warm-ups (97%), cool-downs (94%),gave injury prevention advice (91%), and advice on recovery strategies (84%) during training. Fewer coaches/RGLs incorporated prehab (67%). Although they collectively exhibited a wide range of knowledge, individually there was less consistency and confidence providing this. Prehab was rated as very important for injury risk reduction, with supervision recommended to facilitate runner engagement. Coaches/RGLs found conflicting advice, time, environment, and resistance from runners as barriers to incorporating prehab into training. ConclusionCoaches/RGLs believe prehab is important for runners however lack of confidence and knowledge appeared to limit the wider inclusion of prehab with runners. Coaches/RGLs welcomed reputable information on prehab from evidence-based sources. This may assist in reducing injury.

Time-of-Day Effects on Short-Duration Maximal Exercise Performance

Time-of-day dependent fluctuations in exercise performance have been documented across different sports and seem to affect both endurance and resistance modes of exercise. Most of the studies published to date have shown that the performance in short-duration maximal exercises (i.e. less than 1 min - e.g. sprints, jumps, isometric contractions) exhibits diurnal fluctuations, peaking between 16:00 and 20:00 h. However, the time-of-day effects on short duration exercise performance may be minimized by the following factors: (1) short exposures to moderately warm and humid environments; (2) active warm-up protocols; (3) intermittent fasting conditions; (4) warming-up while listening to music; or (5) prolonged periods of training at a specific time of day. This suggests that short-duration maximal exercise performance throughout the day is controlled not only by body temperature, hormone levels, motivation and mood state but also by a versatile circadian system within skeletal muscle. The time of day at which short-duration maximal exercise is conducted represents an important variable for training prescription. However, the literature available to date lacks a specific review on this subject. Therefore, the present review aims to (1) elucidate time-of-day specific effects on short-duration maximal exercise performance and (2) discuss strategies to promote better performance in short-duration maximal exercises at different times of the day.

Improved 2000-m Rowing Performance in a Cool Environment With an External Heating Garment.

Rowers can be in marshaling areas for up to 20 to 25min before the start of a race, which likely negates any benefits of an active warm-up, especially in cold environments. It is unknown if using a heated jacket following a standardized rowing warm-up can improve 2000-m rowing performance. On 2 separate occasions, 10 trained male rowers completed a standardized rowing warm-up, followed by 25min of passive rest before a 2000-m rowing time trial on a rowing ergometer. Throughout the passive rest, the participants wore either a standardized tracksuit top (CON) or an externally heated jacket (HEAT). The trials, presented in a randomized crossover fashion, were performed in a controlled environment (temperature 8°C, humidity 50%). Rowing time-trial performance, core body temperature, and mean skin temperature, along with perceptual variables, were measured. During the 25-min period, core body temperature increased in HEAT and decreased in CON (Δ0.54°C [0.74°C] vs -0.93°C [1.14°C]; P = .02). Additionally, mean skin temperature (30.22°C [1.03°C] vs 28.86°C [1.07°C]) was higher in HEAT versus CON (P < .01). In line with the physiological data, the perceptual data confirmed that participants were more comfortable in HEAT versus CON, and subsequently, rowing performance was improved in HEAT compared with CON (433.1 [12.7]s vs 437.9 [14.4]s, P < .01). The data demonstrate that an upper-body external heating garment worn following a warm-up can improve rowing performance in a cool environment.

Acute Effect of a Gluteal Activation Warm-up on Hip Muscle Activity and Kinematics During a Single Leg Squat

Acute Effect of a Gluteal Activation Warm-up on Hip Muscle Activity and Kinematics During a Single Leg Squat

Effects of Acute Whole-Body Vibration Practice on Maximal Fat Oxidation in Adult Obese Males: A Pilot Study

Objective: Whole-body vibration (WBV) training has been established as a useful method to improve physical fitness in obese individuals. However, the effects of WBV exercise on maximal fat oxidation (MFO) have not been examined in obese subjects yet. Method: MFO was eval­uated during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a treadmill in 12 adult obese males (BMI = 34.9 ± 3.3 kg/m²) after three different warm-up conditions: static half squat plus WBV (HSV), static half squat without WBV (HSWV), and rest (REST). Cortisol levels were evaluated before and after the warm-up, and 1 min (T1), 10 min (T10), and 30 min (T30) of the recovery phase. Results: MFO was significantly higher in HSV (p = 0.013; 569.4 ± 117.9 mg/min) and HSWV (p = 0.033; 563.8 ± 142.9 mg/min) than REST (445.5 ± 117.9 mg/min). Cortisol concentrations at T1 were significantly higher in HSV (p = 0.023) and HSWV (p = 0.015) than REST. Moreover, cortisol concentrations were significantly lower at T30 than T1 in HSWV (p = 0.04). No differences were found between T30 and T1 in HSV. Conclusions: Active warm-up increases MFO; however, vibration stimulus during half squatting does not increase MFO during a CPET in obese subjects. The lack of significant differences of cortisol concentrations in HSV during the recovery phase might suggest a long-term effect of WBV on the endocrine system.

Post-activation Potentiation Versus Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Humans: Historical Perspective, Underlying Mechanisms, and Current Issues.

Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a well-described phenomenon with a short half-life (~28 s) that enhances muscle force production at submaximal levels of calcium saturation (i.e., submaximal levels of muscle activation). It has been largely explained by an increased myosin light chain phosphorylation occurring in type II muscle fibers, and its effects have been quantified in humans by measuring muscle twitch force responses to a bout of muscular activity. However, enhancements in (sometimes maximal) voluntary force production detected several minutes after high-intensity muscle contractions are also observed, which are also most prominent in muscles with a high proportion of type II fibers. This effect has been considered to reflect PAP. Nonetheless, the time course of myosin light chain phosphorylation (underpinning “classic” PAP) rarely matches that of voluntary force enhancement and, unlike PAP, changes in muscle temperature, muscle/cellular water content, and muscle activation may at least partly underpin voluntary force enhancement; this enhancement has thus recently been called post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) to distinguish it from “classical” PAP. In fact, since PAPE is often undetectable at time points where PAP is maximal (or substantial), some researchers have questioned whether PAP contributes to PAPE under most conditions in vivo in humans. Equally, minimal evidence has been presented that PAP is of significant practical importance in cases where multiple physiological processes have already been upregulated by a preceding, comprehensive, active muscle warm-up. Given that confusion exists with respect to the mechanisms leading to acute enhancement of both electrically evoked (twitch force; PAP) and voluntary (PAPE) muscle function in humans after acute muscle activity, the first purpose of the present narrative review is to recount the history of PAP/PAPE research to locate definitions and determine whether they are the same phenomena. To further investigate the possibility of these phenomena being distinct as well as to better understand their potential functional benefits, possible mechanisms underpinning their effects will be examined in detail. Finally, research design issues will be addressed which might contribute to confusion relating to PAP/PAPE effects, before the contexts in which these phenomena may (or may not) benefit voluntary muscle function are considered.

Acute effects of stretching and/or warm-up on neuromuscular performance of volleyball athletes: a randomized cross-over clinical trial

The purpose of this study was to analyze the acute effects of stretching and warm-up (isolated or combined) on electromyographic response and functional performance of college volleyball athletes. This is a randomized cross-over clinical trial composed of 11 male athletes (21.54 ± 2.42 years; 1.79 ± 0.09 m; 21.80 ± 1.50 kg/m2), members of the indoor volleyball team of the institution. All individuals underwent five randomly selected interventions, with a 7-day washout period: control, active warm-up, static stretching, warm-up followed by stretching, and stretching followed by warm-up. The athletes were assessed before and after interventions for the following variables: root mean square (RMS) signal during vertical jump through electromyographic activity of the rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles and the vertical jump height; lower limb relative power; agility and velocity through functional tests. There were no significant changes on RMS values during vertical jump between the different interventions for the rectus femoris (P = 0.659) and the biceps femoris (P = 0.530) muscles, and functional tests (P ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, the effect of a single session of self-stretching and active warm-up (isolated or combined) does not interfere in the performance of volleyball college athletes.

Whole-Body Cryotherapy: Potential to Enhance Athlete Preparation for Competition?

The final hours of preparation before competition are important for performance. Recovery, preparation and warm up protocols are evolving continuously and include passive and active modalities often developed by “trial and error” approaches. Passive modalities, such as whole-body cryotherapy (WBC), have the potential to enhance both recovery and preparation. Whole-body cryotherapy has generally been used within a recovery setting after competition or strenuous training for athletes, and in clinical settings for the general population. However, the acute hormonal, anti-inflammatory, perceptual and psychological responses yielded by a single, or repeated, bouts of WBC indicate that this practice could enhance an athlete’s competition readiness when used alongside traditional elements of active warm-ups in the hours before competition in addition to aiding recovery in the hours after. Here we summarize and evaluate the acute effects of WBC exposures on physiological, performance and perceptual responses, and examine the likelihood these responses could theoretically translate into enhanced athletic performance. The potential to enhance an athlete’s performance using acute passive WBC exposure is a novel intervention that requires further investigation.

Effect of passive, active and combined warm up on the lower limb of healthy individuals

Aim of the study is to determine the effect of passive, active and combined warmup on lower limb of healthy individuals. The methodology of the study is 30 individuals based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Detailed procedure will be explained in patient words, and informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Effect of active, passive and combined warm-up will be evaluated in the subjects. The post-test value will be taken after four weeks. The results we determined from the static analysis has been revealed that there is a significant improvement in physical fitness of combined warm-up group than the active and passive warm-up separately. In the vertical jump test for passive warm-up group, the pre-test mean is 37.71, with the standard deviation being 6.53 and the post-test mean being 38.24 with a standard deviation of 6.60. And for the active warm-up group, the pre-test mean is 38.69, with the standard deviation being 6.606 and the post-test mean being 39.4 with a standard deviation 6.65. And for the combined warm-up group, the pre-test mean is 38.94, with the standard deviation being 7.12 and the post-test mean being 40.57 with a standard deviation of 6.88. Hence, we conclude that it has been proved statistically that although improvements have been observed in three groups, the improvement is much more significant in the combined warm-up group.

The effect of cold ambient temperature and preceding active warm-up on lactate kinetics in female cyclists and triathletes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cold ambient temperature on lactate kinetics with and without a preceding warm-up in female cyclists/triathletes. Seven female cyclists/triathletes participated in this study. The randomized, crossover study included 3 experimental visits that comprised the following conditions: (i) thermoneutral temperature (20 °C; NEU); (ii) cold temperature (0 °C) with no active warm-up (CNWU); and (iii) cold temperature (0 °C) with 25-min active warm-up (CWU). During each condition, participants performed a lactate threshold (LT) test followed by a time to exhaustion trial at 120% of the participant's peak power output (PPO) as determined during prior peak oxygen consumption testing. Power output at LT with CNWU was 10.2% ± 2.6% greater than with NEU, and the effect was considered very likely small (effect size (ES) = 0.59, 95%-99% likelihood). Power output at LT with CNWU was 4.2% ± 5.4% greater than with CWU; however, the effect was likely trivial (ES = 0.25, 75%-95% likelihood). At LT, there were no significant differences between interventions groups in oxygen consumption, blood lactate concentration, heart rate, or rating of perceived exertion. Time to exhaustion at 120% at PPO was 11% longer with CNWU than with CWU (ES = 0.62, respectively), and this effect was likely small. These findings suggest that power output at LT was higher in CNWU compared with NEU. Additionally, time to exhaustion at 120% of PPO was higher in CNWU compared with CWU and no different than NEU; these differences likely result in a small improvement in performance with CNWU versus CWU and NEU.

Effect of Active and Passive Warm-up on Heart Rate and Oral Temperature in Healthy Female Subjects

The cardiovascular system and the thermoregulatory system are strongly coupled, hence changes in the thermal environment can affect the human thermoregulatory system. This study is aimed to find out the effects of active and passive warm –up to the Heart rate. Knowing about the effect of active and passive warm-up will gives the knowledge of need for caution when active warm-up or passive warm-up is included in treatment program of patients with cardiovascular problems. The aim is to find the efficacy of heart rate and oral temperature to active and passive warm – up in healthy female subjects. An observational study design was set up in Saveetha College of Physiotherapy. 40femaleSubjects were asked to ride an unloaded lower extremity bicycle ergometer set at a speed of 60meters/second for 15 minutes. Pre-& Post warm- up heart rate was recorded. Passive warm- up was done using infrared light to the lumbar area for 15 minutes. Post warm-up readings were also recorded. The interval between the two warm-ups were kept at a one-week interval. The standard mean for heart rate in active warm-up is 4.4595 when compared to the passive warm-up mean which is 2.083. The standard error for active warm-up is 0.2499 which is lower when compared to standard error of passive warm-up which is 0.4389. This shows that active warm-up causes a greater rise in heart rate. By using independent sample t- test, it shows a p value of 0.05 level of significance. The standard means of oral temperature arm-up is 0.2 499 when compared to the standard error of passive warm-up which is 0.4389. There is a p value of 0.05 level of significance which indicates that both groups cause only a slight rise in body temperature.