Active Tags Research Articles

Evaluation of activation tagged rice mutants for variability in response to Meloidogyne graminicola under challenged inoculation

Activation tagging is one of the most preferred strategies in functional genomics. The major advantage of the technique is the development of variability to a particular character(s) in a single genetic background based on the site of T-DNA integration. The understanding of resistance/ susceptibility mechanism portrayed by the mutants and identification of the genes responsible for the respective trait has always been a lucrative option for crop improvement. In rice, Meloidogyne graminicola has emerged as one of the major nematode pests and a main constraint for yield losses. The activation tagged rice mutants developed depicted a range of phenotypic variations with respect to panicles, height, flowering time, seed colour etc. Further, evaluation of the response of selected 16 activation tagged rice mutants to deliberate challenging with M. graminicola under pot culture studies showed a large variation in the ability of the nematode to infect these mutants. Among them, five mutants (lines 8, 9, 10, 11 and 15) portrayed a resistant response by producing least number of galls ranging from 1.5 to 2.6 galls per plant whereas wild type and other mutants were moderately susceptible (5 to 8.10 galls per plant) to M. graminicola. Corroborately, the multiplication factor of M. graminicola in resistant mutants was significantly less ranging from 0.64 to 1.71 as against 6.36 to 17.43 in wild type and other susceptible mutants due to reduction in total endoparasites and nematode fecundity. This variability towards the nematode challenge can be very useful in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of underlying responses, which can be exploited for breeding resistant rice varieties against this serious pest.

A New CMOS Implementation for Miniaturized Active RFID Insect Tag and VHF Insect Tracking

This paper proposes a new circuit design for Very High Frequency (VHF) radio telemetry, in order to miniaturize active RFID tags for tracking small insects and bees. It presents a CMOS insect-tag implementation for generating 150 MHz burst-mode signaling scheme by employing digital approach which was not reported before. This design is vastly different from many presently available VHF tags which employs analog signal generation and discrete components. The new telemeter circuit employs a 150MHz voltage-controlled ring oscillator (VCRO) feeding into a cascade of frequency-dividers whose outputs are combined to generate an extremely low duty-cycle (LDC) burst-mode transmission signal to conserve power. In addition, it also incorporates digital-code for insect-tag identification, compared to analog methods which employs small frequency shifts from a reference f (~150MHz) to $\text{f}+{\boldsymbol{\Delta }}\text{f}$ MHz for individual tag identification. In the proposed design the strength of the modulated carrier signal is employed to track the tagged insect location through the triangulation technique. A design-rule-check (DRC) and pattern-density clean chip-tag was designed for an 8-bit identification code at a throughput of 576b/s, on a 28-nm CMOS process. It occupies an active layout area of 1600- $\mu \text{m}^{2}$ and consumes 8.2- $\mu \text{W}$ . The core transmitter employs supply-voltage of 0.6V to conserve power while the output drivers uses 1.2V for high transmitted signal strength. In addition, the new LDC burst-mode signal generation method was verified on silicon through measurements on a fabricated test chip using a 130nm CMOS process. This test circuit consumed a measured average power of only 7.07- $\mu \text{W}$ . This novel design enables the smallest tag-size (5mm $\times$ 5mm $\times$ 2.5 mm) and tag-weight (< 95mg) compared to many recent VHF tags.

A Comparative Survey on Silicon Based and Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW)-Based RFID Tags: Potentials, Challenges, and Future Directions

Many Automatic Identification (Auto-ID) technologies such as bar codes, magnetic stripes, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) security tags are in existence. However, they are limited by a variety of constraints on them such as limited object rate of scan, need for Line-of-Sight (LOS) operation, very small interrogation range and poor accuracy in complex environments. Research has accordingly grown rapidly in recent years into the development of robust identification or tracking mechanisms. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology using readers and RFID tags, whether passive, semi-passive or active in nature, has been deemed to be a promising candidate. Silicon based IC tags are quite popular. However, some alternative RFID technologies have also been on the rise. In particular, another special type of tag based on Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) design also has a great potential for deployment in future identification fields due to its ruggedness against harsh conditions, metallic environments, interference, small and low cost and is being thoroughly reviewed, which is ignored in other survey papers. While other chipless RFID systems based on conductive ink, ink-tattoo and others do exist, negative aspects such as inability to survive in extreme weather, larger tag size and limited data storage capacity have severely impacted the penetration of such tags in the RFID market. Therefore, the scope of this survey article does not include chipless RFID tags. This article instead provides a comparative survey of silicon based IC and SAW based tags, which has attracted much attention from both academia and industry. The underlying characteristics, principles, advantages, and limitations of such tags are thoroughly discussed, and relevant research work followed by frequency of operation and other parameters are elaborated. This article undertakes a thorough investigation into the evolution of RFID technology and comparison into the current trend in silicon based IC and SAW based RFID tags and provides a comparison across many metrics, such as read range, tag size, tag power, availability of tag power, lifespan and more importantly, cost and security. It discusses active and passive tags under silicon based IC and SAW technology. Finally, the article reviews recent advances and provides potentials, open challenges and future research directions in such RFID tags. © 2013 IEEE.

Traffic Avoidance System for High Priority Vehicles

India and most of the developing countries have unplanned cities in which roads are narrow and unkempt. Due to increasing vehicular density, repair of roads and traffic rules violation, traffic congestion is increasing at an alarming rate. Delay in arrival of High Priority Vehicles (HPV) like ambulances and fire engines cause severe loss to life and property. Although most HPVs are equipped with sirens, it is not efficient to guarantee a clear road to HPVs due to its audibility range. Hence, we propose a system by which the vehicles near the traffic junction will be alerted about the oncoming of HPV much in advance of its arrival so that they can make way for the HPV. In this system, every HPV is provided with an active RFID tag. Few kilometers before the main signal, an active RFID reader would be placed which would detect the vehicle and send this information to the display screen placed near the traffic junction signal via LoRa wirelessly, starting to make way for the HPV. Therefore, this project proposes to streamline the traffic and allow HPV to pass easily.

Watchers on the Wall: Passive Visible Light-Based Positioning and Tracking With Embedded Light-Sensors on the Wall

This article reports a novel visible light positioning (VLP) system and the associated experimental results. The developed VLP system is completely passive as it does not require a tracked object to carry any active device or tag. At the same time, it does not require any modification to the existing lighting infrastructure. The positioning system, termed Watchers on the Wall (WoW), localizes a target based on measuring the change it creates in the received signal strength (RSS) of the ambient light recorded at an array of light-sensors embedded in the wall. A prototype system has been implemented and tested to investigate the performance of the proposed approach with regard to localization and tracking. The experimental results show that the median and 90-percentile localization errors of 7 and 21 cm, respectively, can be achieved for a 2 m $\times3.6$ m testbed. The effect of various parameters like the height of placement and the number of light-sensors, as well as the size of the fingerprint database, has also been studied. The impact of various distance metrics on the localization performance of the weighted $K$ -nearest neighbor (WKNN) classifier has been investigated. It has been found that two distance metrics outperform the commonly employed Euclidean metric. The experimental results also demonstrated that the developed system could track a mobile target along multiple routes with a median error of 12 cm.

A Low Duty Cycle Burst-Mode Telemeter Signal Generation Technique for VHF Insect Tracking and Its CMOS Implementation

This brief presents a new circuit design for very high-frequency (VHF) radio telemetry, to miniaturize active RFID tags for tracking small insects and bees. It reports the first CMOS insect tag implementation for generating 150-MHz burst-mode telemeter signals using employing digital approach. This design is vastly different from the present PCB-based analog VHF tag which uses bipolar transistors and large passive components. The new telemeter circuit uses a 150-MHz voltage-controlled ring-oscillator (VCRO) feeding into a cascade of frequency dividers whose outputs are combined (without requiring control logic) to generate extremely low duty cycle burst-mode transmission signal to save power. In addition, it is the first advancement of the VHF telemeter that incorporates digital code for insect tag identification, compared with the present state-of-the-art analog methods which use small frequency shifts from a reference $f_{o}$ (~150 MHz) to $f_{o}+\Delta f$ MHz for individual tag identification. In the proposed design, the strength of the modulated carrier signal is used to track the tagged insect location through the triangulation technique. A DRC and pattern-density clean chip-tag was designed for an 8-bit code at a throughput of 576 b/s, on a 28-nm CMOS process. It occupies an active layout area of $1600~\mu \text{m}^{2}$ and consumes $8.2~\mu \text{W}$ .

Intelligent metasurface imager and recognizer

There is an increasing need to remotely monitor people in daily life using radio-frequency probe signals. However, conventional systems can hardly be deployed in real-world settings since they typically require objects to either deliberately cooperate or carry a wireless active device or identification tag. To accomplish complicated successive tasks using a single device in real time, we propose the simultaneous use of a smart metasurface imager and recognizer, empowered by a network of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for adaptively controlling data flow. Here, three ANNs are employed in an integrated hierarchy, transforming measured microwave data into images of the whole human body, classifying specifically designated spots (hand and chest) within the whole image, and recognizing human hand signs instantly at a Wi-Fi frequency of 2.4 GHz. Instantaneous in situ full-scene imaging and adaptive recognition of hand signs and vital signs of multiple non-cooperative people were experimentally demonstrated. We also show that the proposed intelligent metasurface system works well even when it is passively excited by stray Wi-Fi signals that ubiquitously exist in our daily lives. The reported strategy could open up a new avenue for future smart cities, smart homes, human-device interaction interfaces, health monitoring, and safety screening free of visual privacy issues.

NIPS4Bplus: a richly annotated birdsong audio dataset.

Recent advances in birdsong detection and classification have approached a limit due to the lack of fully annotated recordings. In this paper, we present NIPS4Bplus, the first richly annotated birdsong audio dataset, that is comprised of recordings containing bird vocalisations along with their active species tags plus the temporal annotations acquired for them. Statistical information about the recordings, their species specific tags and their temporal annotations are presented along with example uses. NIPS4Bplus could be used in various ecoacoustic tasks, such as training models for bird population monitoring, species classification, birdsong vocalisation detection and classification.

Tissue-specific Activation Tagging in &lt;i&gt;Arabidopsis thaliana&lt;/i&gt; for Identification and Isolation of Genes of Agronomic Importance

Tissue-specific Activation Tagging in &lt;i&gt;Arabidopsis thaliana&lt;/i&gt; for Identification and Isolation of Genes of Agronomic Importance

The cysteine-free single mutant C32S of APEX2 is a highly expressed and active fusion tag for proximity labeling applications.

APEX2, an engineered ascorbate peroxidase for high activity, is a powerful tool for proximity labeling applications. Owing to its lack of disulfides and the calcium-independent activity, APEX2 can be applied intracellularly for targeted electron microscopy imaging or interactome mapping when fusing to a protein of interest. However, APEX2 fusion is often deleterious to the protein expression, which seriously hampers its wide utility. This problem is especially compelling when APEX2 is fused to structurally delicate proteins, such as multi-pass membrane proteins. In this study, we found that a cysteine-free single mutant C32S of APEX2 dramatically improved the expression of fusion proteins in mammalian cells without compromising the enzyme activity. We fused APEX2 and APEX2C32S to four multi-transmembrane solute carriers (SLCs), SLC1A5, SLC6A5, SLC6A14, and SLC7A1, and compared their expressions in stable HEK293T cell lines. Except the SLC6A5 fusions expressing at decent levels for both APEX2 (70%) and APEX2C32S (73%), other three SLC proteins showed significantly better expression when fusing to APEX2C32S (69 ± 13%) than APEX2 (29 ± 15%). Immunofluorescence and western blot experiments showed correct plasma membrane localization and strong proximity labeling efficiency in all four SLC-APEX2C32S cells. Enzyme kinetic experiments revealed that APEX2 and APEX2C32S have comparable activities in terms of oxidizing guaiacol. Overall, we believe APEX2C32S is a superior fusion tag to APEX2 for proximity labeling applications, especially when mismatched disulfide bonding or poor expression is a concern.

Self-powered smart active RFID tag integrated with wearable hybrid nanogenerator

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is essential to construct the Internet of Things (IoT), which is significant to promote the blooming development of the new-generation information technology. RFID tags are widely used in many identification fields due to the non-contact, low-power-consumption and rapid feature for target recognition. However, the working distance of traditional passive RFID tags is extremely short at millimeter level in a limited direction range, since the power supply is passively delivered by an external electromagnetic radiation source. Moreover, the information transmission of traditional passive RFID tags is simplex in only one direction from RFID tag to the monitor, and in other words, the pre-stored information in passive RFID tags can only be passively detected by the monitor. Herein, a self-powered smart active RFID tag integrated with wearable hybrid nanogenerator is developed to overcome these drawbacks above. A new power supply strategy for RFID tags were proposed by the integration of a wearable nanogenerator based on the triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid mechanisms, which can effectively convert the biomechanical energy into electricity to sustainably power RFID tags. The fabricated triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator (TEHN) showed a remarkable performance with the maximum power density of 6.79 W/m2. A new transistors-controlled power management module (PMM) circuit of automatic parallel-series transformation of capacitors was proposed and also integrated to enhance the charging capability of TEHN by shortening 50% charging time. The integration of TEHN and PMM enable this active RFID tag to work autonomously with a 330-fold enhancement of working distance up to 33 m, and its working direction range is overcome to be omnidirectional. Furthermore, the developed active RFID tag can work in duplex communication mode to exchange the information with the monitor. This all-in-one self-powered smart active RFID tag was successfully demonstrated to remotely control the automatic door and be a wearable microsystem for ultra-large-area target recognition, which show an attractive potential in many application fields.

NQA

Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, as one of the key components in the Internet of Things (IoT), have attracted much attention in the domains of industry and academia. In practice, the performance of RFID systems rather relies on the effectiveness and efficiency of anti-collision algorithms. A large body of studies have recently focused on the anti-collision algorithms, such as the Q-algorithm ( QA ), which has been successfully utilized in EPCglobal Class-1 Generation-2 protocol. However, the performance of those anti-collision algorithms needs to be further improved. Observe that fully exploiting the pre-processing time can improve the efficiency of the QA algorithm. With an objective of improving the performance for anti-collision, we propose a Nested Q-algorithm ( NQA ), which makes full use of such pre-processing time and incorporates the advantages of both Binary Tree ( BT ) algorithm and QA algorithm. Specifically, based on the expected number of collision tags, the NQA algorithm can adaptively select either BT or QA to identify collision tags. Extensive simulation results validate the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed NQA (i.e., less running time for processing the same number of active tags) when compared to the existing algorithms.

T-DNA activation tagging in rice results in a variable response to Meloidogyne graminicola infection

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are known to be devastating pests of agricultural crops; the rice root knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola being the most damaging in rice. Variability in response to any trait is important not only to understand plant-stress interactions, but also its utility in stress mitigation. In this direction, the focus of the study was to exploit activation tagging, a well-established functional genomics approach in rice as a plausible strategy to assess variability in the phenotypic and molecular response to M. graminicola infection. T-DNA insertional mutants were developed in rice (acc. JBT 36/14) using an apical meristem-targeted in planta transformation strategy. A panel of 30 mutants that demonstrated molecular evidences for T-DNA integration and portraying a robust phenotype were chosen for the study. Vigorous phenotyping of these mutants against M. graminicola second stage juveniles both under in vitro pluronic gel medium and soil conditions depicted variable response based on four disease scoring parameters and the derived nematode reproductive factor. Among 30 mutants that were evaluated, five showed a resistant phenotype while 25 depicted a susceptible reaction. The resistant plants clearly demonstrated a reduction in all the disease parameters both under in vitro as well as greenhouse conditions. Quantification of transcripts of 25 genes associated with host defence responses belonging to salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) pathways also indicated corroboration with the phenotype exhibited by the mutants. Distinct pattern of gene expression profiles was observed not only between the susceptible and resistant mutants, but also amongst the resistant ones, demonstrating the possibility of lesser known defense pathways being operated in these plants, apparently depending upon the T-DNA integration loci. The variability in the response to nematode challenge demonstrated in this study can be a step towards deciphering of compatible/incompatible relationships that can form a knowledge base towards not only understanding plant-nematode interactions but also extrapolation of their utility in rice improvement programmes.

Active Two-Way Backscatter Modulation: An Analytical Study

Backscatter modulation (BM), usually used for radio frequency identifications, has the potential to be exploited in a wider range of applications such as the Internet of Things and wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we leverage the BM by increasing its down-link (from reader to tag) and up-link (from tag to reader) ranges. We propose two active two-way BM tag configurations, named parallel and series. For both configurations, we use active loads in the tag modulators to maximize the BM range and implement the desired backscattered constellation, subject to no data loss in the down-link path. Contrary to most existing BM studies, we use Thevenin/Norton equivalent circuit, only to calculate the received power at tag, while we derive the tag backscattered power using the antenna scatterer theorem. Moreover, we obtain a closed-form expression of the average bit error probability (BEP) at the reader in Rician fading channel environment for both tag configurations. We compare the proposed active BM tags with the conventional passive BM tags. The simulation results prove that for an average BEP equal to $10^{-{4}}$ , an SNR improvement of up to 19 and 24 dB can be achieved for parallel and series configurations, respectively.

Guest Editorial Special Issue on IEEE RFID 2018 Conference

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a generic term for a variety of active and passive RF technologies that wirelessly convey object identification information. RFID technologies encompass multiple frequency bands and different mechanisms of information transfer: Low Frequency (LF) and High Frequency (HF) RFID tags typically use inductive coupling, Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) and microwave RFID typically use electromagnetic wave propagation although they often operate in near-field application scenarios as well. RFID transponders have varying degrees of sophistication and their design is often a tradeoff between functionality and cost. At one end of the spectrum, there are active RFID tags that offer on-board battery and memory, sensor integration, active RF transmitter and hence communication range up to kilometers albeit at increased costs. At the other end, passive RFID tags rely on a simple load modulation to backscatter ID back to the reader. The tiny ICs of those passive tags are very complex: they contain more transistors than the Intel 80386 processor in the 1985 IBM PC-AT (that processor had about 275,000 transistors) but have lower power consumption than a honeybee’s brain (which consumes about 10 microwatts) and thus can be RF-powered. These tags are range limited to the order of several meters but, at a price point of several cents per tag, are well suited for large-scale, low-cost automatic identification.

Development of an activation tagging system for maize.

Activation Tagging, distributing transcriptional enhancers throughout the genome to induce transcription of nearby genes, is a powerful tool for discovering the function of genes in plants. We have developed a transposable element system to distribute a novel activation tagging element throughout the genome of maize. The transposon system is built from the Enhancer/Suppressor (En/Spm) transposon system and uses an engineered seed color marker to show when the transposon excises. Both somatic and germinal excision events can be detected by the seed color. The activation tagging element is in a Spm‐derived non‐autonomous transposon and contains four copies of the Sugarcane Bacilliform Virus‐enhancer (SCBV‐enhancer) and the AAD1 selectable marker. We have demonstrated that the transposon can give rise to germinal excision events that can re‐integrate into non‐linked genomic locations. The transposon has remained active for three generations and events displaying high rates of germinal excision in the T2 generation have been identified. This system can generate large numbers of activation tagged maize lines that can be screened for agriculturally relevant phenotypes.

Heat Shock Proteins atHSP93-III and atHSP93-V Affect ABA Response and Leaf Senescence

We carried out activation tagging screen to isolate ABA signaling components and isolated an ABAhypersensitive mutant, ahs716 (ABA-hypersensitive 716). TDNA was inserted in the 5’ flanking region of the atHSP93-III gene in the mutant, and the atHSP93-III transcript level was barely detectable, indicating that it is a knockdown mutant. The mutant exhibited poor viability, and, therefore, we prepared and analyzed its overexpression (OX) lines to study its function. Plants overexpressing atHSP93-III were hypersensitive to ABA, and several ABA-regulated genes were up-regulated in the transgenic plants. We also investigated the role of atHSP93-V in ABA response. atHSP93-V is a paralog of atHSP93-III and encodes an isoform of HSP93. Although it is highly homologous to atHSP93-III, atHSP93-V OX did not affect ABA sensitivity. However, the atHSP93-V OX lines displayed early senescence phenotype, and changes in the expression levels of several senescence-related genes were observed in the transgenic lines. Collectively, our data suggest that, whereas atHSP93-V is involved in leaf senescence, atHSP93-III is involved in ABA response. Considering that HSP93 is a molecular chaperone essential for chloroplast biogenesis and function, the resuls provide evidence that chloroplast function is important for normal ABA response.

Overexpression of the DEAD-Box RNA Helicase Gene AtRH17 Confers Tolerance to Salt Stress in Arabidopsis.

Plants adapt to abiotic stresses by complex mechanisms involving various stress-responsive genes. Here, we identified a DEAD-box RNA helicase (RH) gene, AtRH17, in Arabidopsis, involved in salt-stress responses using activation tagging, a useful technique for isolating novel stress-responsive genes. AT895, an activation tagging line, was more tolerant than wild type (WT) under NaCl treatment during germination and seedling development, and AtRH17 was activated in AT895. AtRH17 possesses nine well-conserved motifs of DEAD-box RHs, consisting of motifs Q, I, Ia, Ib, and II-VI. Although at least 12 orthologs of AtRH17 have been found in various plant species, no paralog occurs in Arabidopsis. AtRH17 protein is subcellularily localized in the nucleus. AtRH17-overexpressing transgenic plants (OXs) were more tolerant to high concentrations of NaCl and LiCl compared with WT, but no differences from WT were detected among seedlings exposed to mannitol and freezing treatments. Moreover, in the mature plant stage, AtRH17 OXs were also more tolerant to NaCl than WT, but not to drought, suggesting that AtRH17 is involved specifically in the salt-stress response. Notably, transcriptions of well-known abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and ABA-independent stress-response genes were similar or lower in AtRH17 OXs than WT under salt-stress treatments. Taken together, our findings suggest that AtRH17, a nuclear DEAD-box RH protein, is involved in salt-stress tolerance, and that its overexpression confers salt-stress tolerance via a pathway other than the well-known ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways.

Drone-Based High-Resolution Tracking of Aquatic Vertebrates

Determining the small-scale movement patterns of marine vertebrates usually requires invasive active acoustic tagging or in-water monitoring, with the inherent behavioural impacts of those techniques. In addition, these techniques rarely allow direct continuous behavioural assessments or the recording of environmental interactions, especially for highly mobile species. Here, we trial a novel method of assessing small-scale movement patterns of marine vertebrates using an unmanned aerial vehicle that could complement longer-term tracking approaches. This approach is unlikely to have behavioural impacts and provides high accuracy and high frequency location data (10 Hz), while subsequently allowing quantitative trajectory analysis. Unmanned aerial vehicle tracking is also relatively low cost compared to single-use acoustic and GPS tags. We tracked 14 sharks for up to 10 min in a shallow lagoon of Heron Island, Australia. Trajectory analysis revealed that Epaulette sharks (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) displayed sinusoidal movement patterns, while Blacktip Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) had more linear trajectories that were similar to those of a Lemon shark (Negaprion acutidens). Individual shark trajectory patterns and movement speeds were highly variable. Results indicate that Epaulette sharks may be more mobile during diurnal low tides than previously thought. The approach presented here allows the movements and behaviours of marine vertebrates to be analysed at resolutions not previously possible without complex and expensive acoustic arrays. This method would be useful to assess the habitat use and behaviours of sharks and rays in shallow water environments, where they are most likely to interact with humans.

An Active Tag Using Carrier Recovery Circuit for EPC Gen2 Passive UHF RFID Systems

An active tag using carrier recovery circuit (CRC) is proposed in this paper. The active tag is compliant with electronic product code class-1 generation-2 (EPC Gen2) passive ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) protocol, and it is used to extend the read range of EPC Gen2 RFID systems without changing existing readers. The EPC Gen2 compliant active tag is not reported yet, since it is difficult to generate a synchronized carrier with the reader in the active tag. Hence, the requirements of tag carrier are analyzed in detail, and a suitable CRC is proposed to track and hold the reader frequency in the active tag. An active tag prototype is designed to prove the proposed concept, and the communication between the prototype and a commercial EPC Gen2 reader is verified. The sensitivity of the tag prototype is −39.5 dBm and the output power is −4.5 dBm. That results in a 154.6 m read range under 36 dBm effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) reader output power and −80 dBm reader sensitivity.