Active Subsidence Research Articles

Role of preexisting faults in the structural configuration of the South Rifian Ridges, Northern Morocco: Contribution of isobase maps and gravity data

The South Rifian Ridges are located in northern Morocco, to the south of the Gibraltar Arc, and constitute a portion of the south Rifian corridor in the Rif belt front. These active fault-related folds, separated by the Volubilis piggy back basin, were structured since the Late Miocene due to the reactivation of Triassic graben fault systems in the context of the Eurasia-Africa convergence.For the first time, a combination of morphotectonic and gravity analysis coupled with field Kinematic data have been used to characterize the main structures responsible for the Late Miocene to recent evolution of the area.The morphotectonic analysis based on the dynamics of drainage network analysis allowed the isobase lineament mapping to depict a general view of the tectonic framework of the South Rifian Ridges. The interpretation of gravity data, including maps derived from the Bouguer and residual anomalies, allowed subsurface geometric features characterization and revealed buried salt diapirs to establish a new structural map. Evidenced structures confirm previously interpreted ones and support the presence of new masked faults, with the presence of compressional and extensive deformations. The main inferred structures are the NW-SE oriented buried Prerif Nappe fronts. Rooted faults related to the main ridges show reverse displacement and are expressed by high-angle reverse faults, while the NW oriented normal faults within Volubilis basin, in the field, are probably related to an active subsidence. This event is related to the current NW-SE continental collision, within a context of transition from thin to thick skinned tectonics. Our results shed light on the Miocene to Quaternary tectonics that have taken part in the closure of the South Rifain marine gateway.

GABA-transaminase: A Key Player and Potential Therapeutic Target for Neurological Disorders.

Neurological disorders such as epilepsy, autism, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease alter brain functions like cognition, mood, movements, and language, severely compromising the well-being of persons, suffering from their negative effects. The neurotransmitters (GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, dopamine) are found to be involved in neuronal signaling and neurotransmission. GABA, a "commanding neurotransmitter" is directly or indirectly associated with various neurological disorders. GABA is metabolized to succinic semialdehyde by a mitochondrial gamma-aminobutyric acid-transaminase (GABA-T) enzyme. Therefore, the alterations in the GABA performance in the distinct regions of the brain via GABA-T overstimulation or inhibition would play a vital role in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. This review emphasizes the leading participation of GABA-T in neurological disorders like Huntington's disease, epilepsy, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. In Huntington's disease, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis, the surfeited performance of GABA-T results in diminished levels of GABA, whereas in autism, the subsidence of GABA-T activity causes the elevation in GABA contents, which is responsible for behavioral changes in these disorders. Therefore, GABA-T inhibitors (in Huntington's disease, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis) or agonists (in autism) can be used therapeutically. In the context of Alzheimer's disease, some researchers favor the stimulation of GABA-T activity whereas some disagree with it. Therefore, the activity of GABA-T concerning Alzheimer's disease is still unclear. In this way, studies of GABA-T enzymatic activity in contrast to neurological disorders could be undertaken to understand and be considered a therapeutic target for several GABA-ergic CNS diseases.

Thermal evolution and sediment provenance of the Cooper–Eromanga Basin: Insights from detrital apatite

AbstractThe prolific hydrocarbon and geothermal potential of the Cooper–Eromanga Basin has long been recognised and studied, however, the thermal history which underpins these resources has largely remained elusive. This study presents new apatite fission track and U–Pb data for eight wells within the southwestern domain of the Cooper–Eromanga Basin, from which thermal history and detrital provenance reconstructions were conducted. Samples taken from sedimentary rocks of the upper Eromanga Basin (Winton, Mackunda and Cadna‐owie Formations) yield dominant Early‐Cretaceous and minor Late‐Permian–Triassic apatite U–Pb ages that are (within uncertainty) equivalent to corresponding fission track age populations. Furthermore, the obtained Cretaceous apatite ages correlate well with the stratigraphic ages for each analysed formation, suggesting (1) little time lag between apatite exposure in the source region and sediment deposition, and (2) that no significant (>ca. 100°C) reheating affected these formations in this region following deposition. Cretaceous apatites were likely distally sourced from an eastern Australian volcanic arc, (e.g. the Whitsunday Igneous Association), and mixed with Permian–Triassic sediment sources from the New England and/or Mossman Orogens. Deeper samples (>2000 m) from within the southwestern Cooper Basin yielded partially reset fission track ages, indicative of heating to temperatures exceeding ca. 100–80°C after deposition. The associated thermal history models are broadly consistent with previous studies and suggest that maximum temperatures were reached at ca. 100–70 Ma as a result of hydrothermal circulation correlating with high rates of sedimentation. Subsequent Late‐Cretaceous–Palaeogene cooling is interpreted to reflect post magmatic thermal subsidence and cessation of hydrothermal activity, as well as potential modified rock thermal conductivity as a response to fluid flow. Five of the seven modelled wells record a Neogene heating event, the geological significance of which remains tentative but may suggest possible reactivation of the Cooper Hot Spot and associated hydrothermal circulation.

Platform-to-Basin Evolution of a Tectonically Indistinct Part of a Multiple Foreland—Analysis of a 3D Seismic Block in the Northern Adriatic Sea (Croatian Offshore)

The Aiza research area covers over 650 km2 of the northern Adriatic offshore, a common Adriatic foreland of the older Dinarides on the NE, and the younger Apennines on the SW. High-quality 3D reflection seismic data were used to investigate the area’s Mesozoic to Cenozoic tectono-stratigraphic evolution. Four main seismo-stratigraphical horizons were recognized: Base of Carbonate Platform (BCP), Top of Carbonate Platform (TCP), Messinian Erosional Surface (MES), and a Plio-Quaternary horizon (PlQh), as well as the dominant faults. The results depict the geological setting and tectonic evolution of the area. A long-lasting (Jurassic to Cretaceous) stable NW-SE striking platform margin evolved probably along the inherited Triassic normal fault. The marginal belt of the platform was affected during the Late Cretaceous to Palaeogene by extension and opening of the intra-platform basin, probably on the southern limb of the then developing Dinaric forebulge. The transverse fault system (Kvarner fault) was probably reactivated as a strike-slip zone during the late Miocene tectonic reorganization. The area was tilted to the SW during the Pliocene, in the distal foreland of the progressively northward propagating Northern Apennines. Sub-horizontal late Quaternary cover of Dinaric and Apenninic structures could imply active subsidence of the foreland in between nowadays sub-vertically exhuming neighboring orogenic belts.

Energetic Electron Precipitation During Slot Region Filling Events

AbstractThe slot region marks the equatorward boundary of the energetic electron precipitation (EEP). There are, however, numerous reports where energetic electrons cross these boundaries and fill the slot region. The ensuing EEP will occur long after the geomagnetic activity subsides. This is a missing energy input in current EEP estimates scaled by geomagnetic indices. This study explores the occurrence rate, duration, and local time dependence of slot region filling events using observations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites over a full solar cycle from 2004 to 2014. The EEP flux estimates are based on the Medium Energy Proton Electron Detector 0° and 90° detectors and the theory of pitch angle diffusion by wave‐particle interaction. The occurrence rates of >43, >114, and >292 keV events are found to be strongly energy and solar cycle dependent. Higher energy events are more likely to be associated with Coronal Mass Ejections and stronger geomagnetic deflections compared to lower energy events. Solar wind speed, Bz, and Ey reveal a calm period before the events, potentially important for preconditioning the ensuing magnetospheric mass convection. The slot region reforms more efficiently closer to the plasmapause, which creates a double EEP band throughout the recovery period. The slot region EEP maximizes around noon throughout the afternoon/evening sector, consistent with pitch angle scattering from plasmaspheric hiss and lightning induced whistler mode waves. Concurrent with slot region filling events, the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding/Envisat nitric oxide density show an increase at <55° corrected geomagnetic latitudes. This demonstrates the importance of including slot region EEP when assessing the EEP impact on the atmosphere.

The application of distributed optical fiber sensors (BOTDA) to sinkhole monitoring. Review and the case of a damaging sinkhole in the Ebro Valley evaporite karst (NE Spain)

Distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) have been postulated as a suitable technique for long-range monitoring of sinkhole-related subsidence, and possibly for the anticipation of catastrophic collapse (early-warning systems). The strain data published in previous works refer to artificial experiments considering real and virtual cover collapse sinkholes characterized by rapid subsidence and sharp lateral deformation gradients. The influence of the subsidence mechanism (sagging, collapse, suffosion) on the capability of DOFS to satisfactorily detect active subsidence is discussed. Sagging sinkholes with poorly-defined lateral edges, low lateral deformation gradients and slow subsidence are identified as the most challenging scenario. The performance of BOTDA optical fiber for monitoring such type of sagging sinkholes is evaluated in the active Alcalá sinkhole, which affects a flood-control dike creating a high-risk and -uncertainty scenario. This sinkhole shows active subsidence in sections tens of meters long with maximum subsidence rates ranging between 5 and 35 mm/yr. The comparison of vertical displacement data measured by high-precision leveling and the strain recorded by two types of fiber optic cables shows good spatial and temporal correlation. The subsidence sections are captured in the strain profiles by: (1) troughs of negative strain (contraction) in the area affected by subsidence, with the maximum strain associated with the point of most rapid settlement; and (2) lateral ridges of positive values (extension) in the marginal zones. A subsidence acceleration phase associated with a flood is also captured by substantial increments in the strain values. In this challenging scenario, despite the reasonably good spatial and temporal correlation between the displacement and strain data, the unambiguous identification of the active subsidence area with the fiber optic data alone might be difficult. Better results could be obtained improving the monitoring system (e.g., tighter cable-ground coupling) and testing other types of sinkholes with more localized deformation zones and higher subsidence rates.

Structure and morphology of an active conjugate relay zone, Messina Strait, southern Italy

AbstractMessina Strait is a narrow fault‐bounded marine basin that separates the Calabrian peninsula from Sicily in southern Italy. It sits in a seismically active region where normal fault scarps and raised Quaternary marine terraces record ongoing extension driven by southeastward rollback of the Calabrian subduction zone. A review of published studies and new data shows that normal faults in the Messina Strait region define a conjugate relay zone where displacement is transferred along strike from NW‐dipping normal faults in the northeast (southern Calabria) to the SE‐dipping Messina‐Taormina normal fault in the southwest (offshore eastern Sicily). The narrow marine strait is a graben undergoing active subsidence within the relay zone, where pronounced curvature of normal faults results from large strain gradients and clockwise rotations related to fault interactions. Based on regional fault geometries and published age constraints, we infer that normal faults in southern Calabria migrated northwest while normal faults in NE Sicily migrated southeast during the past ca. 2–2.5 Myr. This pattern has resulted in tectonic narrowing of the strait through time by inward migration of facing normal faults and rapid mantle‐driven uplift.

Present-Day Surface Deformation in North-East Italy Using InSAR and GNSS Data

Geodetic data can detect and estimate deformation signals and rates due to natural and anthropogenic phenomena. In the present study, we focus on northeastern Italy, an area characterized by ~1.5–3 mm/yr of convergence rates due to the collision of Adria-Eurasia plates and active subsidence along the coasts. To define the rates and trends of tectonic and subsidence signals, we use a Multi-Temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) approach called the Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS), which is based on the detection of coherent and temporally stable pixels in a stack of single-master differential interferograms. We use Sentinel-1 SAR images along ascending and descending orbits spanning the 2015–2019 temporal interval as inputs for Persistent Scatterers InSAR (PSI) processing. We apply spatial-temporal filters and post-processing steps to reduce unrealistic results. Finally, we calibrate InSAR measurements using GNSS velocities derived from permanent stations available in the study area. Our results consist of mean ground velocity maps showing the displacement rates along the radar Line-Of-Sight for each satellite track, from which we estimate the east–west and vertical velocity components. Our results provide a detailed and original view of active vertical and horizontal displacement rates over the whole region, allowing the detection of spatial velocity gradients, which are particularly relevant to a better understanding of the seismogenic potential of the area. As regards the subsidence along the coasts, our measurements confirm the correlation between subsidence and the geological setting of the study area, with rates of ~2–4 mm/yr between the Venezia and Marano lagoons, and lower than 1 mm/yr near Grado.

Commemorative city-texts: Spatio-temporal patterns in street names in Leipzig, East Germany and Poznań, Poland

AbstractThis article contributes to research on commemorative naming strategies by presenting a comparative longitudinal study on changes in the urban toponymy of Leipzig (Germany) and Poznań (Poland) over a period of 102 years. Our analysis combines memory studies, linguistic landscape (LL) research and critical toponymy with GIS visualization techniques to explore (turnovers in) naming practices across time and space. The key difference between the two localities lies in the commemorative pantheon of referents—events, people, and places inscribed as traces of a hegemonic national past—that are replaced when commemorative priorities change. Other patterns are common to both study sites. Notably, in both Poznań and Leipzig, peaks of renaming occur at the threshold of regime change, after which commemorative renaming activity subsides. We report on our findings and propose methodological guidelines for analyzing street renaming from a longitudinal, transnational, and interdisciplinary perspective. (Collective memory, critical toponymy, memoryscape, linguistic landscapes, encoding of ideology, comparative analysis of Eastern Europe, longitudinal analysis, commemoration, GIS visualization)*

Hazard Potential in Southern Pakistan: A Study on the Subsidence and Neotectonics of Karachi and Surrounding Areas

Coastal communities in deltaic regions worldwide are subject to subsidence through a combination of natural and anthropogenic processes. The city of Karachi in southern Pakistan is situated along the diffuse western boundary of the tectonically active Indian Plate, making it more susceptible to natural subsidence processes from plate motion-related deformational events such as earthquakes and faulting. Karachi has a dense population of over 16 million people, and determining the rate of subsidence and extent of neotectonic activity is crucial for mitigating seismic hazards. Excessive abstraction of groundwater and extensive groundwater use in irrigation are some of the anthropogenic contributions to subsidence in the area. A combination of the lack of historical data and few previous studies of the area make it difficult to determine the rate and extent of deformation in this region. We present an analysis of subsidence and neotectonic activity in Karachi and its surrounding areas using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) timeseries techniques. The InSAR results for satellite LOS velocity change in both ascending and descending Sentinel-1 tracks indicate subsidence in key residential and industrial areas. Further decomposition into two dimensions (east–west and vertical) quantifies subsidence in these areas up to 1.7 cm per year. Furthermore, InSAR data suggest the presence of an active north–east dipping listric normal fault in North Karachi that is confirmed in the shallow subsurface by a 2D seismic line. Subsidence is known to cause the reactivation of faults, which increases the risk of damage to infrastructure.

Trapped in a graben: deposition of Huronian gold-bearing conglomerates in a fault-influenced, valley-confined, fluvial system in the southern Cobalt Basin, Ontario, Canada

Isopachs of Huronian strata of the Elliot and Hough Lake groups in the southern part of the Cobalt Basin can be used to define the geometry of a 4 km wide valley system that directly influenced the location of gravel-bed rivers bearing detrital gold and auriferous pyrite in the Mississagi Formation. Distribution and thickness of these and underlying formations can be directly linked to initial valley formation parallel to existing north-south-oriented faults in the Archean basement. Thickness distributions were directly influenced by active subsidence associated with transverse, east-south-east (ESE)-oriented, normal faults, related to extension along the Huronian transform-rift margin further south. Strata underlying the Mississagi Formation were largely removed by erosion in the northern part of the paleovalley system, but thickened and then thinned south of the ESE faults. Pyrite and detrital gold in the Mississagi Formation may have been concentrated from reworking of coarse clastic rocks of the Matinenda and Ramsay Lake formations, along with significant contributions from erosion of proximal Archean basement within 3–5 km of the preserved basin margins. There is strong evidence to suggest that stream flow was initially concentrated in three main structurally influenced valley systems in the north, with one lateral tributary in the south-eastern part of the basin. The fluvial systems merged, and thickened, south of the Tee Lake fault, possibly reflecting trans-tensional influences on the basin margin faults.

Antecedent topography and active tectonic controls on Holocene reef geomorphology in the Great Barrier Reef

The Great Barrier Reef is generally considered a passive tectonic setting, however the effect of antecedent topography and local geological structures on Holocene reef development is poorly understood. Offshore reefs along the central shelf were recently hypothesized to have grown continuously through a possible small Holocene sea level fall, in response to greater local subsidence, in contrast to reefs immediately to the north and south, which experienced synchronous turnoff phases. We tested this hypothesis by isolating four map zones along the GBR shelf and using: (1) a geomorphic reef type classification applying perceived evolutionary “age” as juvenile, mature, and senile domains based on geomorphology; (2) analysis of bathymetry data to understand the role of antecedent topography on the spatial distribution of reef type domains and general sea floor depths; and (3) the distribution of earthquake epicentres as an indication of possible active geological structures (i.e., faults). The results reveal that juvenile reefs (42.25 %) are more abundant in the central shelf, whereas mature-2 (40 %) and senile (31 %) reefs are more abundant in the northern zone. In the south-central zone, mature-2 reefs are prevalent, while the southern zone includes a mixture of juvenile and mature to senile domains with a sharp internal boundary. These results support the hypothesis that the central zone may have experienced greater active subsidence during the Holocene. Bathymetric data support greater regional subsidence in both central and south-central zones, but reefs are less abundant and cover a lesser percentage area of their antecedent platforms in the central zone, consistent with greater subsidence there. The boundaries between the central zone and adjacent zones are the sites of clusters of recent earthquakes, consistent with the occurrence of active geological faults bounding the zone of greater Holocene subsidence. Combined, our data support the occurrence of a tectonically defined region of active greater subsidence in the central GBR shelf that has affected the geomorphology and growth history of reefs through the Holocene. Knowledge of such spatial partitioning of reef behaviour may allow reef managers to better suite their efforts to local conditions, especially in regard to predicted sea level rise, while highlighting potential seismic risks over longer time frames.

Soft‐sediment deformation structures in the Late Messinian Abu Madi Formation, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt: Triggers and tectonostratigraphic implications

The Upper Messinian Abu Madi Formation of the Nile Delta constitutes sediments deposited during the final stage of the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC). Several levels of soft‐sediment deformation structures (SSDS) were observed in the transgressive heterolithic fluvial facies deposited adjacent to the deep‐seated faults. The most common deformation features include diapiric structures, intraformational lithoclastic breccia, small‐scale normal faults, slump folds, and liquefied beds. Such association of SSDS typically resembles those described elsewhere as generated by a complex interplay of gravity‐driven and seismically induced liquefaction processes. The pore pressure measurements revealed high pore fluid density ~ 9.1 ppg equivalent density values which reflect a mild pressure disequilibrium in Abu Madi sediments. Pressure disequilibration is observed all over the studied section of the Abu Madi Formation and is not only restricted to the fluvial channel sandstones deposited during rapid loading. Therefore, allogenic seismic activity has been proposed as the main trigger for pressure disequilibrium and the development of SSDS in the Abu Madi Formation. The heterolithic nature of the Abu Madi sediments as well as the scarcity of bioturbation provides the favourable conditions for the preservation of the seismically induced deformation. The lateral variation in thickness suggests deposition of the Abu Madi Formation during periods of active subsidence which promotes the generation of the SSDS. Late MSC tectonism likely controlled the evolution and sedimentary facies variability of the Abu Madi canyon‐infill system, and therefore the distribution of Abu Madi facies varies significantly over very short distances. Abu Madi SSDS follows the spatial distribution observed in other “lago‐mare” deposits (e.g., Foes Formation and SE Spain), characterized by spatial variability and vertical rhythmic alternation between deformed and non‐deformed layers. Accordingly, regional tectonic instability in the circum‐Mediterranean margins during the late stage of the MSC is proposed.

ГЕОДИНАМІКА

The most dangerous exogenous geological processes (EGP) in terms of the amount of damage caused to economic objects include: landslides, karst, flooding, abrasion, mudslides, etc. The distribution and intensity of EGP are determined by the peculiarities of geological and geomorphological structure of the territory, its tectonic, neotectonic and seismic regime, as well as hydrological, climatic, hydrogeological paleo- and modern conditions. Solotvynsky salt mine is one of the oldest enterprises in Transcarpathia. The field has been exploited since the Roman Empire. In 1360, a settlement of salt miners, Solotvyno, was founded on the site of the mine, which later became a center of salt production and a royal monopoly. There are a total of nine mines in the field. In 1995-1996 and 2001, floods began flooding mines. In 2005, landslides and karst abysses intensified in Solotvyno, leading to damage to residential buildings, roads and infrastructure. There was a complete flooding of the mines of two mines. Currently, dangerous natural and man-made processes are observed on the territory of the salt mine and adjacent territories. This is mainly salt karst, both underground and surface, the collapse of areas in the location of mines, as well as landslides. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to conduct a geodynamic audit of SOLOTVYNSKY SALT MINE SE and the surrounding area with the possibility of identifying areas with subsidence or rise of the earth's surface, which are gradually slowing down, accelerating or developing at a constant rate. Output data. Radar interferometry data in the period from April 30, 2016 to June 25, 2018 were used for research and performance of geodynamic audit of SOLOTVYNSKY SALT MINE SE and the adjacent territory. Modern methods of interferometric processing of satellite radar data are used in the work: the method of "PS" – the method of constant scatterers, and the method SBAS – the method of small baselines. The method of geometric leveling was used to measure vertical displacements in some places on the earth's surface in order to verify interferometric data. Monitoring of the area of interest was carried out using modern technologies of satellite radar interferometry. According to the results of observations of landslides and individual objects by space (radar interferometry) and ground (geometric leveling) methods, a high correlation of data was recorded and the presence of zones of active subsidence in the mining area was confirmed.

Mobile mud layer underneath the desiccated maar lake of Rincón de Parangueo and insights into its microbial fingerprints

We surveyed a subsurface layer of saturated mobile mud and its microbial fingerprints below the desiccated bottom of a maar lake at Rincón de Parangueo (RP), Mexico. A multi-scale approach was followed using geological fieldwork, coring of the sediments, ground penetrating radar survey, physico-chemical characterization including X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, and high-throughput DNA sequencing methods. The mobile mud is an organic-rich silty clay, with high values of alkalinity, volumetric water content and conductivity. Mud mobility has been attributed to overpressure caused by disequilibrium compaction of sediments related to active subsidence and pore overpressure produced by an input of groundwater and gas content in the sediments and resulted in a diverse set of structures related to mud tectonics such as injection domes and fluid seeps through fractures. Extraction and sequencing of sedimentary environmental DNA in the mud layer were performed for Bacteria and Archaea. Despite the small number of samples obtained, the microbial fingerprint from the sedimentary environmental DNA at subsurface shares similarities with the microbial communities identified on the crater surface. Additionally, we identify the DNA of specific methanogenic microorganisms in the mud, such as Bathyarchaeia, Methanomassiliicoccales, and Methanobacteriales, and we speculate on their probable role in gas production and pore overpressure in the mud layer. The underground mud at Rincón de Parangueo represents a geologically dynamic environment with conditions that are favorable for the thriving of microbial communities.

Mining footprint of the underground longwall caving extraction method: A case study of a typical industrial coal area in China

Longwall caving mining (LCM) can lead to many environmental problems that have drawn worldwide attention. A previous survey found that most scholars tend to analyze the two issues separately, that is, coal mining-induced subsidence and heavy metal pollution sources in the soil of the mining regions. Based on field monitoring as well as the collection and analysis of soil samples, a previous study estimated ground settlement and analyzed the surface subsidence law and spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals in soils. Moreover, a geographic information system was combined with multivariate statistical analysis methods to analyze the heavy metal pollution sources in soils. At the same time, the mechanism of heavy metal accumulation in the subsidence area was analyzed. The study found that the most active subsidence of settlement was 137.5 m behind the workface and moved forward with the workface. LCM has already caused significant disturbance to the soils in the Hengyuan Mine. Moreover, the distribution pattern of eight heavy metals was consistent with the surface subsidence law. The sources of heavy metal pollution in the soils were also identified; namely, coal mining-induced subsidence (64.1%) and mixed transportation and wind-mediated spread (35.9%), offering a reinterpretation of the LCM’s footprint.

Понижение порядка сложных моделей с помощью инструментов Robust Control Toolbox

The city of Berezniki, Perm region is located on an underworked mine area. For several years, the city has been experiencing active subsidence of the soil, which provoke the destruction of buil-dings. Therefore, for several years now, the city's buildings and structures have been monitored, which makes it possible to analyze the degree of subsidence. Models of a sufficiently high order are used for an accurate analysis of the situation and forecasting. The article is about a possibility of modeling the deformation of buildings associated with soil subsidence, as a result of mine workings in the city of Berezniki. The purpose of the study is to consider the capabilities of the ‘Robust Control Toolbox’ for reducing the order of complexity of models. An example of an eight-story building included in the collection of reference examples for reducing models of linear dynamic systems is used. Materials and methods. Typical steps for solving the problem of model reduction are presented, commands and tools used to solve this problem are described. The parameters of the model in the state space are determined, which has 48 states, which are displacements or rates of change. The singular values of Hankel are used to select states that can be neglected. The model is reduced using an adaptive error boundary. Reduction using the multiplicative error bound is considered. Comparison of the results of reduction of the model by all described methods is carried out, the choice of the best method of reduction of the model is substantiated. Results. An analysis of the approximation error was performed for all the methods. The maximum relative error has been calculated. An example of calculating the order of the model for a given error value of 5% is given. The order of the result model is 34 states with the error less is then 1%, which is less than the original model. As a result, the AFCs of the original and reduced models, as well as the transient processes of the models, were constructed. The plots in the frequency domain of the models practically coincide, which indicates an adequate description of the system. Conclusions. As a result, it was shown that it is possible to reduce the size of the model by 14 orders of magnitude, goal achieved.

Application of the Comparison of Multibeam Echo-Sound Records to the Study of Stability of a Toxic Waste Stockpile Located on the Margin of a Tidal System: Tinto Estuary, Huelva, SW Spain

For more than 40 years, the industrial complex which developed near Huelva (in SW Spain) produced a huge amount of phosphogypsum as a waste product of manufacturing fertilizers. This waste was stockpiled in a stack 25 m high, covering 1200 ha of what was once a salt marsh. The weight of that enormous amount of waste produced active subsidence in the underlying sediment. Part of the sediment was injected into the marginal areas, where the load pressure is minor, causing significant vertical movement in the floor of the estuarine channel. This manuscript describes several surficial features using multibeam echosound. A crest formed by cones and a bulge area could be interpreted as injection structures. The evolution of the topographic position of the floor was also analyzed by comparing different records of the estuarine bed in the margins of the stockpile. The data in this work document the changes in the dynamics of the estuary in relation to these vertical movements. These changes in dynamicsled to erosion and deposition in various areas of the bed.

The T-lymphocytes of peripheral blood reflect the phase of activity tuberculous granuloma

Abstract Forms are tubercular inflammation expose them to many. Assessment tuberculous granuloma activity carried out on the basis of pathological examination of the data in the postoperative period. However, the study of immunological parameters may open the way to a minimally invasive method for evaluating the activity on the basis of immunological data. The purpose of this study was the comparative evaluation of quantitative and functional state of T-lymphocytes in different phases tuberculous granuloma activity. The study involved 56 people: 31 - tuberculous granuloma, 25 were healthy volunteers. Patients with tuberculous granuloma were differentiated into two cohorts: active tuberculous granuloma, tuberculous granuloma in the phase of moderate activity subsides. The studies to identify subpopulations of T-lymphocytes and the establishment of functional activity of the cells. The statistical unit included the use of Statistica for Windows v.6.1. It has been established that the T-cell component of the immune system in patients with active tuberculous granuloma characterized by increasing expression of CD25+ and HLA-DR on T-lymphocytes, CD95+ markers on T-helper, reduction of γδ-T-cells as well as increasing the number T-NK-lymphocytes and T-reg-cells. Tuberculous granuloma in the phase of moderate and subside activity accompanied by increased CD25+ and CD95+ expression on T-lymphocytes and T-helpers, as well as a decrease in HLA-DR expression on T-lymphocytes. Notes the intention expressed by the reduction in the number of NK-cells and increase γδ-T-cells associated with increases in the number of T-reg. These data allow the use of laboratory immunological parameters for indirect estimation tuberculous granuloma activity.

When day meets night: Subsiding calcium signalling translates daylight into new neurones

Day/night cycle controls neurogenesis; melatonin released from pineal gland in darkness stimulates intracellular Ca2+ dynamics thus decreasing proliferation of neural stem cells. In the daylight intracellular Ca2+ activity subsides, which stimulates neural stem cells division and increases generation of newborn neurones.