Active Stress Coping Research Articles

The Resilience of Polish Doctors and Their Behavioral Patterns in Coping with Work-Related Stress

Background/Objective: The aim of this study was to assess stress-coping patterns among Polish doctors, taking into account their degree of resilience and sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: This study involved 832 (100%) Polish physicians working in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. All respondents gave their informed and voluntary consent to participate. This study was conducted using an original questionnaire and the Resilience Measurement Scale (SPP-25) Stress Coping Inventory (Mini-COPE). Results: Women used the strategies: Seeking Emotional Support and Seeking Instrumental Support significantly more often than men. Positive Re-evaluation strategy was used more often by doctors working in surgical wards, who also declared more frequent use of psychoactive substances. Younger doctors (≤30 years) were characterized by lower mental resilience compared to other age groups and doctors with high psychological resilience were characterized by higher scores in strategies belonging to the group of active coping with stress. Conclusions: The examined doctors with high resilience were mostly characterized by the use of active methods of coping with stress, in contrast to doctors with low resilience. Actions should be taken to increase the awareness of healthcare system employees in the field of active stress coping techniques and their adverse effects on health.

Exploring the Influence of Parental Involvement on Stress Coping Mechanisms among Students in Tamansari, Lelea, Indramayu, Indonesia: A Correlational Analysis

Various challenges experienced by a person in adolescence can make him feel stressed. Therefore, knowing the proper response and how to cope with stress is essential. Parental involvement is crucial in directing children to have good coping. This study aims to determine the relationship between father involvement and active and internal coping stress in students in Indramayu. This research is in the form of a quantitative correlational method by distributing questionnaires in schools located in Tamansari, Lelea, Indramayu, West Java, Indonesia. The variable perception of father involvement is measured by Reported Father Involvement Scale (Finley & Schwartz, 2004) and Coping stress is measured by the Coping Across Situation Questionnaire (Seiffge-Krenke, 1990). The participants in this research were 410 adolescents, ranging from adolescents aged 11-19 years. Using the Spearman correlation test, the data analysis technique using with the SPSS version 22 program. The result showed a positive and significant relationship between father involvement and active coping stress (r = 0,400 and p= 0,000) and internal coping stress (r = 0,385 and p = 0,000). These results indicatethat the higher the father's involvement, the higher the level of active and internal coping in adolescents in Tamansari, Lelea, Indramayu.

Stress perception, coping behaviors and work-privacy conflict of student midwives in times of COVID-19 pandemic: the “Healthy MidStudents” study in Germany

BackgroundStudent midwives deliver care for women under challenging job demands, which may affect their mental health– thus creating a high need for health promotion. Given the lack of research addressing this topic, the aim of this study is to examine the links between stress perception, coping behaviors, work-privacy conflict, and perception of COVID-19 pandemic impact on studies of student midwives in northern Germany.MethodsData were collected using a cross-sectional online-survey at nine midwifery study sites in northern Germany from October 2022 to January 2023. 342 student midwives (response rate: 61.3%) were surveyed on stress perception, coping behaviors, work-privacy conflict, and perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their studies. Descriptive, linear regression and moderation analyses were run to test explorative assumptions.ResultsResults revealed that higher levels of perceived stress were reported by 13.4% of student midwives. Social support (M = 13.76, SD = 2.19) and active stress coping (M = 10.72, SD = 2.01) were identified as most prevalent coping behaviors in the present sample. It was found that work-privacy conflict was positively associated with stress perception (ß = 0.53, p =.001) and maladaptive coping behaviors (alcohol and cigarette consumption: ß = 0.14, p =.015), and negatively associated with adaptive coping behaviors (positive thinking: ß = − 0.25, p =.001, social support: ß = − 0.23, p =.001). Students with children reported significantly lower levels of social support than students without children. 55.6% of student midwives perceived a negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their studies (mostly on lectures, seminars, and contact with fellow students).ConclusionsKey findings highlighted moderate stress levels among student midwives during theoretical study stage. Based on current research, prevalence of high stress levels among student midwives remains unclear. Given the overall heterogeneous, limited research on student midwives’ stress perception, coping behaviors, work-privacy conflict and perceptions of COVID-19 pandemic impact on studies, implications for research are suggested, e.g. longitudinal studies at different time points and settings and interventional studies. Findings provide a starting point for implementation of workplace health promotion in theoretical and practical stages of midwifery science study programs, e.g. training courses on stress prevention and adaptive coping, and for improvement of working conditions.

Impact and Role of Hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Neurons in Withdrawal from Chronic Alcohol Consumption in Female and Male Mice.

Worldwide, alcohol use and abuse are a leading risk of mortality, causing 5.3% of all deaths (World Health Organization, 2022). The endocrine stress system, initiated by the peripheral release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from primarily glutamatergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), is profoundly linked with alcohol use, abuse, and relapse (Blaine and Sinha, 2017). These PVN CRH-releasing (PVNCRH) neurons are essential for peripheral and central stress responses (Rasiah et al., 2023), but little is known about how alcohol affects these neurons. Here, we show that two-bottle choice alcohol consumption blunts the endocrine-mediated corticosterone response to stress during acute withdrawal in female mice. Conversely, using slice electrophysiology, we demonstrate that acute withdrawal engenders a hyperexcitable phenotype of PVNCRH neurons in females that is accompanied by increased glutamatergic transmission in both male and female mice. GABAergic synaptic transmission was unaffected by alcohol history. We then tested whether chemogenetic inhibition of PVNCRH neurons would restore stress response in female mice with a history of alcohol drinking in the looming disk test, which mimics an approaching predator threat. Accordingly, inhibition of PVNCRH neurons reduced active escape in hM4Di alcohol history mice only. This study indicates that stress-responsive PVNCRH neurons in females are particularly affected by a history of alcohol consumption. Interestingly, women have indicated an increase in heavy alcohol use to cope with stress (Rodriguez et al., 2020), perhaps pointing to a potential underlying mechanism in alcohol-mediated changes to PVNCRH neurons that alter stress response.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus neurons that release corticotropin releasing hormone (PVNCRH) are vital for stress response. These neurons have been understudied in relation to alcohol and withdrawal despite profound relations between stress, alcohol use disorders (AUD), and relapse. In this study, we use a variety of techniques to show that acute withdrawal from a history of alcohol impacts peripheral stress response, PVNCRH neurons, and behavior. Specifically, PVNCRH are in a hyperactive state during withdrawal, which drives an increase in active stress coping behaviors in female mice only. Understanding how alcohol use and withdrawal affects stress responding PVNCRH neurons may contribute to finding new potential targets for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.

일부 치위생과 학생들의 자기효능감과 스트레스 대처전략이 적응유연성에 영향을 미치는 요인

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate resilience and the factors impacting resilience among dental hygiene students.
 Methods: Data were collected from 199 dental hygiene students in Chungcheong and Kyungsang from July 1 to 30, 2022 using the resilience scale, self-efficacy scale, and stress coping strategies scale.
 Results: Factors that significantly impacted the resilience of dental hygiene students were stress coping method, self-efficacy, and grade_dummy 2(2/3) in the order, and the most influential factor was active stress coping strategies, and the explanation power was 51.0%.
 Conclusions: There is a need for a systematic, tailored education program that can enhance resilience by strengthening protective factors such as self-efficacy, stress coping strategies.

Endocannabinoid release at ventral hippocampal-amygdala synapses regulates stress-induced behavioral adaptation

The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is a key modulator of glutamate release within limbic neurocircuitry and thus heavily modulates stress responsivity and adaptation. The ventral hippocampus (vHPC)-basolateral amygdala (BLA) circuit has been implicated in the expression of negative affective states following stress exposure and is modulated by retrograde eCB signaling. However, the mechanisms governing eCB release and the causal relationship between vHPC-BLA eCB signaling and stress-induced behavioral adaptations are not known. Here, we utilized invivo optogenetic- and biosensor-based approaches to determine the temporal dynamics of activity-dependent and stress-induced eCB release at vHPC-BLA synapses. Furthermore, we demonstrate that genetic deletion of cannabinoid type-1 receptors selectively at vHPC-BLA synapses decreases active stress coping and exacerbates stress-induced avoidance and anhedonia phenotypes. These data establish the invivo determinants of eCB release at limbic synapses and demonstrate that eCB signaling within vHPC-BLA circuitry serves to counteract adverse behavioral consequences of stress.

Effect of clinical practice stress, stress coping style and empathy on clinical competence of nursing students

Background: This cross-sectional survey aimed to explore the influence of clinical practice stress, stress coping, and empathy on the clinical competence of nursing students. Additionally, it aimed to compare the effectiveness of multiple regression analysis and quantile regression analysis in identifying the factors influencing clinical competence. Methods: Data was collected from 201 nursing students between June 15th and August 1st, 2016, and analyzed using several statistical methods, including descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and quantile regression, using SPSS 21.0 and STATA 14.0 software. Results: The results demonstrated positive correlations among clinical competence and stress coping (r= .52, p < .001) and empathy (r= .39, p < .001). Variables like clinical learning environment (β= -.18, p=.007), practice workload (β= .22, p < .001), and active stress coping (β= .57, p < .001) were found to explain 50% of the variance in clinical competence. After quantile regression, affecting factors for clinical competence were active stress coping for all quantiles, clinical learning environment from 15% to 60% quantile, practice workload for 15~75% quantile, and nursing major satisfaction for 15% quantile. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of stress coping abilities, empathetic skills, and a supportive clinical environment in fostering the clinical competence of nursing students. These findings can serve as a foundation for designing targeted strategies and educational programs to enhance nursing students' clinical competence effectively, considering various levels of clinical competency. The study results offer valuable insights into developing interventions to improve nursing education and enhance the overall quality of patient care delivered by future nursing professionals.

노인의 스트레스 대처방식과 음주 행동과의 관계에서 우울의 매개효과

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of stress coping strategies in the elderly on drinking behavior and to determine whether depression mediates this relationship. To this end, 286 cases of responding to the 2022 ‘Mental Health and Addiction Survey’ conducted online by Sogang University Life Culture Research Institute for the elderly aged 65 or older were used for analysis . As a result of the study, the elderly's active stress-coping method had a negative effect on drinking behavior, and the passive stress-coping method had a positive effect on drinking behavior. It was found that the elderly's active stress-coping method had a negative effect on depression, while the passive stress-coping method had a positive effect on depression. As a result of verifying the mediating effect of depression in the relationship between the elderly's stress coping style and drinking behavior, a full mediating effect was found in the relationship between active stress coping style and drinking behavior. A partial mediating effect was found in the relationship between passive stress coping style and drinking behavior. These results mean that if the elderly actively cope with stress, it does not directly affect drinking behavior, and drinking behavior is alleviated through a decrease in depression. On the other hand, when the elderly cope with stress passively, it directly affects the deterioration of drinking behavior, but it means that it indirectly affects drinking behavior through increased depression. Based on these research results, practical and policy measures to alleviate the drinking behavior of the elderly were suggested.

BNST PKCδ neurons are activated by specific aversive conditions to promote anxiety-like behavior.

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a critical mediator of stress responses and anxiety-like behaviors. Neurons expressing protein kinase C delta (BNSTPKCδ) are an abundant but understudied subpopulation implicated in inhibiting feeding, but which have conflicting reports about their role in anxiety-like behaviors. We have previously shown that expression of PKCδ is dynamically regulated by stress and that BNSTPKCδ cells are recruited during bouts of active stress coping. Here, we first show that in vivo activation of this population is mildly aversive. This aversion was insensitive to prior restraint stress exposure. Further investigation revealed that unlike other BNST subpopulations, BNSTPKCδ cells do not exhibit increased cfos expression following restraint stress. Ex vivo current clamp recordings also indicate they are resistant to firing. To elucidate their afferent control, we next used rabies tracing with whole-brain imaging and channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping, finding that BNSTPKCδ cells receive abundant input from affective, arousal, and sensory regions including the basolateral amygdala (BLA) paraventricular thalamus (PVT) and central amygdala PKCδ-expressing cells (CeAPKCδ). Given these findings, we used in vivo optogenetics and fiber photometry to further examine BNSTPKCδ cells in the context of stress and anxiety-like behavior. We found that BNSTPKCδ cell activity is associated with increased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze, increases following footshock, and unlike other BNST subpopulations, does not desensitize to repeated stress exposure. Taken together, we propose a model in which BNSTPKCδ cells may serve as threat detectors, integrating exteroceptive and interoceptive information to inform stress coping behaviors.

의과대학생의 학습몰입과 자아존중감, 자기통제능력, 스트레스 대처방식 간의 관계

Objectives This study was conducted to identify the characteristics and relationships of psychological factors and behavioral methods such as stress coping methods, self-esteem, and self-control ability to the learning flow of medical students.
 Methods 141 1st-grade medical students participated in the study, and data were collected in the form of a questionnaire through learning flow, stress coping methods, self-esteem, and self-control ability test tools. The collected data were statistically analyzed. An independent sample t-test was conducted to confirm the difference between genders. Correlation analysis was conducted to confirm the correlation between variables, and multiple regression analysis was conducted to confirm the factors affecting the learning flow.
 Results It was confirmed that female students had statistically higher self-purpose experiences in learning flow and social support coping among active stress coping methods than male students. In addition, self-esteem, self-control ability, and active stress coping methods showed a correlation and effect with learning flow, but passive stress coping methods did not show a correlation with learning flow and did not have an effect.
 Conclusions It is necessary to consider the curriculum and teaching strategy so that medical students can enjoy the medical learning behavior itself and enhance their experience of learning flow. In addition, education and counseling to improve students' self-esteem and self-control skills should be combined, and social support is needed to take problem-oriented and social support measures in stressful situations.

Relationship between Self-Esteem and Stress Coping Strategies among Internship Nursing Students

BACKGROUND: Self-esteem is an essential personality trait in nursing professionals and nursing students need to have a high self-esteem and effective coping strategies to be successful in their future career. AIM: This study aimed to assess the relationship between the level of self-esteem and the stress coping strategies, used by internship nursing students (intern-nurses), at the completion of their internship training. METHODS: A descriptive correlational cross-sectional design was used to measure self-esteem and identify the stress coping strategies of intern-nurses at Alexandria University. Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire, including the Rosenberg self-esteem scale and the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief COPE). The questionnaire was distributed to all intern-nurses (273 intern-nurses) during their last rotation in the internship training. In total, 150 completed the survey, resulting in 54.9% response rate. SPSS software was used for the analysis. RESULTS: In total, 150 intern-nurses participated in the study. The majority of the sample had a moderate to high self-esteem, and the mean total self-esteem was 29.21/40 ± 4.44. The most frequently used coping strategy was problem-solving, followed by social support, positive thinking, and lastly an avoidance coping strategy. There was a positive correlation between self-esteem with both the problem-solving and social support coping strategies. However, there was a negative correlation between the self-esteem score and the avoidance coping strategy. CONCLUSION: The majority of the sample had a moderate to high self-esteem and they use problem-solving and social support coping strategies to manage stress. Intern-nurses with a high self-esteem cope positively and effectively with stress. Conversely, intern-nurses with a low self-esteem cope negatively with stress. Counseling and stress intervention programs are essential to promote nursing students self-esteem and assist them to develop positive and active stress coping strategies.

Adolescent binge-like alcohol exposure dysregulates NPY and CGRP in rats: Behavioural and immunochemical evidence

Alcohol binge drinking during adolescence impacts affective behaviour, possibly impinging on developing neural substrates processing affective states, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Here, we modelled binge-like alcohol exposure in adolescence, by administering 3.5 g/kg alcohol per os, within 1 h, to male adolescent rats every other day, from postnatal day 35 to 54. The effects on positive and negative affective behaviour during abstinence were explored including: consummatory behaviour and weight gain; social behaviour in the modified social interaction test; thermal nociception in the tail-flick test; psychosocial stress coping in the resident-intruder paradigm. Moreover, CGRP and NPY levels were evaluated in functionally relevant brain regions. Our data shows that binge-like intermittent alcohol administration during adolescence decreased weight gain, social preference and motivation, nociception, and active psychosocial stress coping during abstinence. In addition, intermittent alcohol-exposed rats displayed increased expression of CGRP and NPY in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens; decreased NPY levels in the amygdala; opposite changes in CGRP levels in the hypothalamus and brainstem. Overall, our data shows that adolescent binge-like alcohol exposure, through the allostatic load of alternate intoxication and withdrawal, produces long-term consequences in sensory and affective processes and dysregulated complementary neuropeptidergic systems. Thus, neuropeptide-targeted interventions hold promising potential for addressing negative affect during prolonged withdrawal in young subjects.

GluN2D expression is regulated by restraint stress and supports active stress coping bouts

Stress coping strategies represent critical responses to environmental challenges, and active coping has been linked to stress resilience in humans. Understanding the neuroadaptations that support these strategies may provide insights into adaptive and maladaptive stress responses. NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play key roles in neuroadaptation, and NMDARs have been specifically implicated in stress responsiveness. Constitutive knockout mice have been used to implicate the GluN2D NMDAR subunit in regulation of stress-sensitive and affective behavior, but the brain regions in which GluN2D expression changes drive these effects remain unknown. Here we report that following an acute restraint stressor, GluN2D subunit expression is specifically decreased in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a key region involved in stress processing, in male but not female mice, with no differences found in the thalamus or ventral hippocampus in either sex. Rodents engage in active struggling events during restraint stress that may represent active coping strategies to stress. Thus, we assessed active coping bouts during acute and chronic restraint stress sessions in GluN2D knockout mice. During the first restraint session, GluN2D knockout mice exhibited a pronounced decrease in struggling bouts during restraint stress relative to wild-type littermates, consistent with a role of GluN2D in active coping responses to stress. Repeated, daily restraint sessions revealed a sex-specific role of GluN2D expression on certain aspects of active coping behaviors, with male GluN2D KO mice exhibiting a decrease in total coping bouts measured across five sessions. However, BNST-specific knockdown of GluN2D in male mice did not alter active coping bouts, suggesting either a multi-synaptic role of GluN2D and/or a developmental role of GluN2D in this behavior. Altogether, these data are consistent with a growing literature suggesting that exploration of GluN2D control of stress circuit actions may lead to a novel therapeutic target to consider for stress-related mood disorders.

The Impact of Coping Styles and Gender on Situational Coping: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study With the mHealth Application TrackYourStress.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different coping styles on situational coping in everyday life situations and gender differences. An ecological momentary assessment study with the mobile health app TrackYourStress was conducted with 113 participants. The coping styles Positive Thinking, Active Stress Coping, Social Support, Support in Faith, and Alcohol and Cigarette Consumption of the Stress and Coping Inventory were measured at baseline. Situational coping was assessed by the question “How well can you cope with your momentary stress level” over 4 weeks. Multilevel models were conducted to test the effects of the coping styles on situational coping. Additionally, gender differences were evaluated. Positive Thinking (p = 0.03) and Active Stress Coping (p = 0.04) had significant positive impacts on situational coping in the total sample. For women, Social Support had a significant positive effect on situational coping (p = 0.046). For men, Active Stress Coping had a significant positive effect on situational coping (p = 0.001). Women had higher scores on the SCI scale Social Support than men (p = 0.007). These results suggest that different coping styles could be more effective in daily life for women than for men. Taking this into account, interventions tailored to users’ coping styles might lead to better coping outcomes than generalized interventions.

How platform-based internet hospital innovation affects doctors’ active stress coping efforts: The conservation of resource theory perspective

Doctor's effort of active stress coping is a key factor for keeping stability of healthcare system in the COVID pandemic. The Internet hospital breaks through the boundaries and expands external resources of the physical hospital, but brings doctors stress and challenges. However, it is not clear how Internet hospital innovation affects doctors' active stress coping effort. To address this question, based on conservation of resource theory (COR), we explore the issue and examine the model through a face-to-face situational investigation of 174 doctors from 66 Internet hospitals with complete online service functions in China. The results show that the personal characteristics and energy resources provided by platform-based hospital will promote doctors to actively respond to stress. The increase in object and condition resources will lead to doctors' avoidance of coping with stress in the short term, but help doctors to actively cope with stress in the long term. We extend the COR theory by considering platform-based feature of Internet hospital and suggest that hospital should continue to promote technological innovation for its long-term benefits. This study contributes to the growing literature on platform-based healthcare innovation and its non-economic benefits for healthcare professionals.

치유농업활동이 요양보호사의 스트레스 대처와 직무 만족도에 미치는 영향

This paper was to testify effects of agro-healing activity on stress coping and job satisfaction in elderly care givers. This study is Non-equivalence control pre-post design. 22 caregivers were selected to the subject, then equivalently assigned to the experiment group and the control group. The experiment group was treated for one hour once a day, totally 7 sessions with the Agro-healing activity of the subject ‘Joy of Harvest’. As a result, first, it showed significantly correlation between active stress coping and passive stress coping. Second, job stress was significantly decreased. Third, while active coping behavior was more frequently sought, passive coping was less frequently, Finally, job satisfaction was increased. Therefore, agro-healing activity is useful to increase the ability of stress coping and job satisfaction in elderly caregivers vulnerable to stress.

치유농업활동이 요양보호사의 스트레스 대처와 직무 만족도에 미치는 영향

This paper was to testify effects of agro-healing activity on stress coping and job satisfaction in elderly care givers. This study is Non-equivalence control pre-post design. 22 caregivers were selected to the subject, then equivalently assigned to the experiment group and the control group. The experiment group was treated for one hour once a day, totally 7 sessions with the Agro-healing activity of the subject ‘Joy of Harvest’. As a result, first, it showed significantly correlation between active stress coping and passive stress coping. Second, job stress was significantly decreased. Third, while active coping behavior was more frequently sought, passive coping was less frequently, Finally, job satisfaction was increased. Therefore, agro-healing activity is useful to increase the ability of stress coping and job satisfaction in elderly caregivers vulnerable to stress.

치유농업활동이 요양보호사의 스트레스 대처와 직무 만족도에 미치는 영향

This paper was to testify effects of agro-healing activity on stress coping and job satisfaction in elderly care givers. This study is Non-equivalence control pre-post design. 22 caregivers were selected to the subject, then equivalently assigned to the experiment group and the control group. The experiment group was treated for one hour once a day, totally 7 sessions with the Agro-healing activity of the subject ‘Joy of Harvest’. As a result, first, it showed significantly correlation between active stress coping and passive stress coping. Second, job stress was significantly decreased. Third, while active coping behavior was more frequently sought, passive coping was less frequently, Finally, job satisfaction was increased. Therefore, agro-healing activity is useful to increase the ability of stress coping and job satisfaction in elderly caregivers vulnerable to stress.

Lithium augmentation of ketamine increases insulin signaling and antidepressant-like active stress coping in a rodent model of treatment-resistant depression

Lithium, a mood stabilizer and common adjunctive treatment for refractory depression, shares overlapping mechanisms of action with ketamine and enhances the duration of ketamine’s antidepressant actions in rodent models at sub-therapeutic doses. Yet, in a recent clinical trial, lithium co-treatment with ketamine failed to improve antidepressant outcomes in subjects previously shown to respond to ketamine alone. The potential for lithium augmentation to improve antidepressant outcomes in ketamine nonresponders, however, has not been explored. The current study examined the behavioral, molecular and metabolic actions of lithium and ketamine co-treatment in a rodent model of antidepressant resistance. Male Wistar rats were administered adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; 100 µg/day, i.p. over 14 days) and subsequently treated with ketamine (10 mg/kg; 2 days; n = 12), lithium (37 mg/kg; 2 days; n = 12), ketamine + lithium (10 mg/kg + 37 mg/kg; 2 days; n = 12), or vehicle saline (0.9%; n = 12). Rats were subjected to open field (6 min) and forced swim tests (6 min). Peripheral blood and brain prefrontal cortical (PFC) tissue was collected one hour following stress exposure. Western blotting was used to determine the effects of treatment on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK); mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phospho kinase B (Akt), and glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK3ß) protein levels in the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) subregions of the PFC. Prefrontal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) were also determined in anterior PFC tissue at rest and following stimulation with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Blood plasma levels of mTOR and insulin were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Overall, rats receiving ketamine+lithium displayed a robust antidepressant response to the combined treatment as demonstrated through significant reductions in immobility time (p < 0.05) and latency to immobility (p < 0.01). These animals also had higher expression of plasma mTOR (p < 0.01) and insulin (p < 0.001). Tissue bioenergetics analyses revealed that combined ketamine+lithium treatment did not significantly alter the respiratory response to BDNF or TNFα. Animals receiving both ketamine and lithium had significantly higher phosphorylation (p)-to-total expression ratios of mTOR (p < 0.001) and Akt (p < 0.01), and lower ERK in the IL compared to control animals. In contrast, pmTOR/mTOR levels were reduced in the PL of ketamine+lithium treated animals, while pERK/ERK expression levels were elevated. Taken together, these data demonstrate that lithium augmentation of ketamine in antidepressant nonresponsive animals improves antidepressant-like behavioral responses under stress, together with peripheral insulin efflux and region-specific PFC insulin signaling.

The Relationship among Insecure Attachment, Disconnection and Rejection Schemas and Relationship Satisfaction, Subjective Well-Being of University Students: The Mediating Effect of Active Stress Coping Strategy

목적 본 연구는 대학생의 불안정 애착, 단절 및 거절 도식과 대인관계만족도, 주관적 안녕감의 관계에서 적극적 스트레스대처 방식의 매개 효과를 검증하고 변인들의 구조적 관계를 분석하였다. 방법 이를 위해 2020년 1월에서 2020년 3월까지 서울, 경기, 충청 5개 대학의 1,100명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고 회수된 1,024부 중 불성실 응답과 결측치가 있는 자료를 제거한 후 928부를 연구 분석에 활용하여 SPSS 23.0과 AMOS 23.0을 통해 구조방정식모형 분석을 실시하였다. 결과 연구결과, 첫째, 대학생의 불안정 애착, 단절 및 도식, 대인관계만족, 주관적 안녕감, 적극적 스트레스대처 방식은 모두 유의미한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 구조모형 분석을 통해 애착불안, 애착회피, 단절 및 거절 도식 수준이 높을수록 대인관계만족과 주관적안녕감이 낮게 나타났다. 셋째, 구조모형 분석을 통해 대학생의 애착불안, 애착회피, 단절 및 거절 도식과 대인관계만족, 주관적 안녕감의 관계에서 적극적 스트레스대처 방식이 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다 결론 본 연구를 통해, 대학생의 대인관계만족도와 주관적 안녕감을 위해 애착불안, 애착회피, 단절 및 거절 도식 그리고 매개변인인 적극적 스트레스대처 방식과 관련하여 보다 통합적인 이해가 필요하며, 적극적 스트레스대처 방식을 통해 대인관계만족과 주관적 안녕감을 향상시킬 수 있음을 검증하였다. 이로써 대학생들의 삶의 질과 행복감 향상을 위해 대학 현장에서 실질적인 상담 개입과 교육적 활용방안의 기초 자료를 제공하는데 의의가 있다.