Active Sodium Research Articles

Syntheses and identification of cefotaxime-non-transition metal complexes

The coordination chemistry of the biologically active cefotaxime sodium and, in particular, the mode of its interaction with some metal ions of electronic configuration d0 (alkaline earth) and others, Zn(II), Pb(II), and Ce ions with the electronic configuration d10 has been investigated. Seven complexes were synthesized, isolated in the solid-state, and characterized by elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, IR and UV/VIS spectra, as well as thermal analyses. Based on the obtained experimental data and literature, the structural formulae to these complexes were suggested and formulated as [Mg(cef)2].2H2O (1), [Ca(cef)2].2H2O (2) [Sr(cef)2].2H2O (3), [Ba(cef)2].2H2O (4), [Zn(cef)2(H2O)2] (5), [Pb(cef)2(H2O)2].4H2O (6) and [Ce(cef)2(H2O)2].3H2O (7). The data obtained show that cefotaxime interacted with metal in a molar ratio of 2:1, respectively. Cefotaxime bonded to metal ions in the anionic form as a bidentate ligand through the lactam carbonyl (C=O) and the carboxylate group (COO-). Tetrahedral and octahedral shapes were proposed as the most likely geometries associated with a metal having such electronic configurations. The absorption bands observed in the electronic spectrum of free cefotaxime are also observed with some shifts in the spectra of its complexes, indicating their formation. The absorption bands of free cefotaxime and its complexes were assigned to electronic transitions. The thermal analyses date strongly support the structures proposed for the complexes and indicate the formation of the corresponding metal oxide as a final decomposition product.

Natural lead-enriched biochar modifies TiO2 photocatalytic activation of sodium persulfate to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol

Due to the rapid development of the modern chemical industry, a large amount of chlorophenol pollutants remain in the environment. It poses a serious threat to the ecological environment and human health. Advanced oxidation technologies (AOPs) have the characteristics of mild reaction conditions and strong oxidation capacity, and are currently recognized as safe and effective pollutant treatment technologies. In this study, natural lead-rich biochar materials were used to activate sodium persulfate to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol, and natural lead-rich biochar modified TiO2 photocatalytically degraded 2,4-dichlorophenol. Then, using natural lead-rich metal biochar/TiO2 material, photocatalysis combined with active sodium persulfate to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol. The experimental results show that the combination of photocatalysis and activated sodium persulfate reaction can completely degrade 100 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenol under UV light for 3 h, and the degradation efficiency is much higher than the sum of the two separate reactions. Quenching experiments show that SO4- • radicals play the most important role in the three free radicals (SO4- •, •OH and •O2- ) in the advanced oxidation combination system. Finally, the reaction mechanism of the two advanced oxidation combined systems are speculated.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of disinfection in dog shelter

Cleaning and disinfection are among the most important tasks in shelters and an important link in the prevention and battle against infectious diseases. Inadequate cleaning and ineffective disinfection can spread the disease to animals in the surrounding pens or to people during their daily contact and care of the animals. It is important to follow the order of the individual steps performed during hygiene procedures and carry out subsequent control of their efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of disinfection by means of swabs taken from selected surfaces in a dog shelter – Happy dog, located in eastern Slovakia. The surfaces were disinfected with Savo Prim contains active substance sodium hypochlorite and anionic surfactant. For good cleaning effect was added disinfectant in a ratio of 1:5 to hot water at a temperature of 50°C and sprayed under pressure of 50 Bar. The effectiveness of mechanical cleaning followed by disinfection was evaluated by microbiological swabs from watering and food bowls, wall and floor. Swabs were taken before and after mechanical cleaning and disinfection, from 10cm2 areas. The surface area was wiped with a sterile cotton swab, the swab was placed in a sterile tube with 10ml of sterile saline solution and 0.1ml from this mixture was applied to Endo agar and meat peptone agar. Swabbing of the disinfected surfaces showed a significant decrease in TCB (total count of bacteria) and CB (coliform bacteria). However, on the walls and floors were detected small count of TCB and CB after disinfection in comparison with the counts detected before cleaning but the number of indicator bacteria was below the recommended value. Based on these observations, we can evaluate the hygienic program with the disinfection performed in the shelter as sufficient.

Дезинвазионное действие препарата нефтяного происхождения - гипохлорита натрия против яиц гельминтов

The disinvasive properties of 0.3% active chlorine-containing sodium hypochlorite solution were studied against trichocephalus eggs in the laboratory and farm conditions. The lethal effect of the preparation has been determined on both the developmental and the invasion larval stage of trichocephalus eggs.

13609 Nail degradation and decomposition secondary to extended use of cuticle remover cosmetic solutions

Background: Nail dystrophy commonly presents in dermatology, often secondary to cosmetic use for nail decoration, care, and maintenance. Reported side effects include contact dermatitis, leukonychia, onycholysis, brittle nails, and secondary infections. Chemical products used to soften or remove cuticles frequently cause local irritant reactions due to keratolytic effects of their active ingredients, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH), often in 2%-5% concentrations. Recommended application times typically range from 1 to 10 minutes, but a unique crateriform onychodystrophy has been observed in a patient who kept a cuticle product on overnight to allow prolonged contact. This study further investigates this finding and the effects of improper use of keratolytic products.

Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for sodium 5-nitroguaiacolate, sodium o-nitrophenolate and sodium p-nitrophenolate (sodium nitrocompounds) in table olives and olives for oil production.

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Asahi Chemical Europe s.r.o. submitted a request to the competent national authority in Greece to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the active substances sodium 5‐nitroguaiacolate (Na 5‐NG), sodium o‐nitrophenolate (Na o‐NP) and sodium p‐nitrophenolate (Na p‐NP) in table olives and olives for oil production in support of the intended SEU use. The data submitted in support of this MRL application were sufficient to derive an MRL of 0.12 mg/kg (at the combined limit of quantification (LOQ) of the three sodium nitrocompounds as validated in the framework of the residue trials). This higher MRL does not reflect residues in olives from the intended use but refers to occurrence of p‐nitrophenolate (p‐NP) from unidentified source. As p‐NP was present in all untreated olive samples regardless of the country of origin and the year of the treatment, in some cases at levels above the enforcement LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg, the applicant analysed residue trial samples using a method with a higher validated LOQ of 0.1 mg/kg for Na p‐NP. The competent authorities shall be aware that residues of p‐NP at levels < 0.1 mg/kg in olives are not related to the use of sodium nitrocompounds on the crop but to other sources of unknown origin. The current analytical methods for enforcement control residues of sodium nitrocompounds in high oil content matrices at the validated LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg per substance (combined LOQ of 0.03 mg/kg). Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short‐term and long‐term intake of residues resulting from the use of sodium nitrocompounds according to the reported agricultural practice and occurrence of p‐NP from unidentified source is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health.

Effectiveness of Chemical Compounds Used against African Swine Fever Virus in Commercial Available Disinfectants.

African swine fever (ASF) causes huge economic losses and is one of most dangerous diseases of pigs. The disease is known for almost 100 years, an effective vaccine or treatment is still unavailable, only proper biosecurity measures, including disinfection, are being applied, in order to prevent disease outbreaks. Eight active substances, i.e., formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, caustic soda, glutaraldehyde, phenol, benzalkonium chloride, potassium peroxymonosulfate and acetic acid, were tested, in order to confirm their effectiveness against African swine fever virus (ASFV). This specific selection was done based on the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)’s recommendation and previous disinfectant studies on surfaces. The result of our study shows that most of them inactivate the virus, in recommended concentrations. In order to reduce the cytotoxicity of the four substances, Microspin S-400 HR columns were applied, therefore making it possible to demonstrate four logarithms virus titer reduction. Sodium hypochlorite, glutaraldehyde, caustic soda and potassium peroxymonosulfate showed the best ASFV inactivation rates, achieving titer reductions over 5 logs. Despite microfiltration, the virucidal activity of formaldehyde was not assessable, due to its high cytotoxicity. Our results showed that cleaning is particularly important, because removal of the soiling provides improved effectiveness of the tested chemical compounds.

An Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Some Novel Chromene-Based Heterocyclic Compounds of Biological Interest

The target chromonylchalcone 3-(3-(4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)-acryloyl)-2H-chromen-2-one was synthesized by reacting 3-acetylcoumarin with 3-formylchromone. The chromonylchalcone was reacted with active methylene reagents, thiourea, hydrazines, aromatic amines, and sodium azide to afford new heterocyclic compounds. The newly prepared compounds were screened for their anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities.

Fluctuating Storage of the Active Phase in a Mn-Na2 WO4 /SiO2 Catalyst for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane.

Structural dynamics of a Mn‐Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst were detected directly under reaction conditions during the oxidative coupling of methane via in situ XRD and operando Raman spectroscopy. A new concept of fluctuating storage and release of an active phase in heterogeneous catalysis is proposed that involves the transient generation of active sodium oxide species via a reversible reaction of Na2WO4 with Mn7SiO12. The process is enabled by phase transitions and melting at the high reaction temperatures that are typically applied.

Fluctuating Storage of the Active Phase in a Mn‐Na2WO4/SiO2 Catalyst for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane

AbstractStructural dynamics of a Mn‐Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst were detected directly under reaction conditions during the oxidative coupling of methane via in situ XRD and operando Raman spectroscopy. A new concept of fluctuating storage and release of an active phase in heterogeneous catalysis is proposed that involves the transient generation of active sodium oxide species via a reversible reaction of Na2WO4 with Mn7SiO12. The process is enabled by phase transitions and melting at the high reaction temperatures that are typically applied.

Influence of NaOH content on the alkali conversion mechanism in MSWI bottom ash alkali-activated mortars

This is a microscopic analysis of the promoting effect that different NaOH contents exerted on both polymerization reaction and alkali conversion mechanism between free and union alkali. The study focuses on the strength development of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (BA) alkali-activated mortars. Mixing with the appropriate amount of NaOH (between 1.8% and 5.6%) formed a good alkalinity stimulating environment (13.5 < pH < 14.5) in alkali-activated samples and promoted the process of polymerization. Moreover the formation of high-strength polymerization products (C-A-S-H and C-S-H gels) was also promoted, which significantly facilitated the conversion from free alkali to union alkali and increased the compressive strength. However, excessive addition of NaOH (above 5.6%) cannot further promote the transformation from free alkali to union alkali and decrease the compressive strength. The polymerization and formation of silicate (C-S-H gels) were severely affected by the high alkalinity environment (pH > 14.5) and the excess active sodium competed with active calcium for active silicon and aluminium. This resulted in a large number of low strength N-A-S-H gels formation, while the yield of high strength C-S-H gels decreased significantly.

Evaluation of confirmatory data following the Article 12 MRL review for sodium 5-nitroguaiacolate, sodium o-nitrophenolate and sodium p-nitrophenolate (sodium nitrocompounds).

The applicant Asahi Chemical Europe s.r.o. submitted a request to the competent national authority in the Netherlands to evaluate the confirmatory data that were identified for the pesticide active substances sodium 5‐nitroguaiacolate, sodium o‐nitrophenolate and sodium p‐nitrophenolate (sodium nitrocompounds) in the framework of the maximum residue level (MRL) review under Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 as not available. To address the data gap related to validated analytical enforcement method, the validation data of a method for the determination of sodium nitrocompounds in high acid content commodities, dry commodities and hops (dried) was submitted. The data gap was considered satisfactorily addressed. The new information provided does not require a revision of the existing MRLs; the risk assessment performed for the three active substances sodium 5‐nitroguaiacolate, sodium o‐nitrophenolate and sodium p‐nitrophenolate in the framework of the MRL review remains valid.

Forced Degradation Studies on Sodium Picosulfate and Separation of 15 Process Related Impurities/Degradants by HPLC

A selective, precise and stability-indicating, high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the analysis of active ingredient sodium Picosulfate and forced degradation behavior was studied. The current article describes forced degradation behavior of the Sodium Picosulfate drug substance in detail by analyzing 15 process related/degradants in a single HPLC method under ICH recommended stressed conditions. Mobile phase comprised of 0.01 M of Disodium hydrogen phosphate and 0.01 M of potassium phosphate monobasic buffer and 1 mL of triethyl amine in 1000 mL water adjusted to pH 7.5 with 10% phosphoric acid. Acetonitrile was used as Mobile Phase B. The separation was achieved on a gradient method. The reversed phase chromatography was performed in Hypersil BDS C18 5.0 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm column maintained at temperature 35°C. Injection volume was 60 μL. Milli-Q water used as diluent. The mobile phase was pumped at 0.9 mL/min-1. The eluted compounds were monitored at 220 nm. Secondary wavelength of the 263 nm was studied to check any further degradants during the forced degradation studies. New additional degradants Sodium Picosulfate Benzyl alcohol Impurity and N oxide degradations were discussed and studied during the forced degradation to understand the chemical stability of the drug substance.

Effect of downsizing the maricite α-phase sodium cobalt phosphate (α-NaCoPO4) in sodium-ion battery

Maricite α-phase sodium cobalt phosphate (α-NaCoPO4) (so called NCP) was fabricated by easily scalable and energy efficient method such as solution combustion synthesis. The obtained material was further ball-milled with carbon (NCP/C) to get nano-sized resultant particles. The orthorhombic crystal structure was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and purity of the material evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface morphology and particle size of the materials were studied by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopic analyses. In cyclic voltammetric analysis, the cathode made up of NCP/C material showed a significant redox activity at 2.33 and 4.3 V. The NCP/C material exhibited a reversible intercalation with a discharge capacity of 36 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 50% capacity retention after 100 cycles in Na half-cell. To the best of our knowledge, the maricite α-NaCoPO4 cathode has been taken part in the charge/discharge process with the active sodium ions.

Electrochemically activated solutions in beekeeping

The article studies in detail the disease of the mixed form of infectious diseases of honey bee brood. The characteristics of pathogens, features of diagnostics and control of this disease of honey bees are indicated. When conducting epizootic monitoring of bee diseases encountered in surveyed apiaries, it was found that a large percentage of mycosis lesions is associated with the weakening of bee families resulting from adverse weather conditions and insufficient feed base (50-68.3 %). It was further complicated by the process of varrosy invasion, which occurred in all surveyed apiaries with an invasion intensity of more than 4%. In studying the effect of weather conditions on the epizootic process, a peculiarity of the course of infectious breeding diseases in the bee family was established. It was characterized by the onset of symptoms of ascospherosis (solid chalky pieces in the cell and at the bottom of the hive) during periods of adverse weather (cold, prolonged rain). Symptoms of ascospherosis appeared not only in healthy families but also in families undergoing treatment. During the laboratory examination of dead larvae, cultures of different pathogens were isolated. A study of the contamination of cellular honey, which was selected from sick and conditionally healthy bee families, indicated that Ascosphaera apis culture was more commonly isolated and 100% contaminated. We also calculated the epizootic index of infectious diseases of bees that were found on the apiaries surveyed. Ascospherosis was found to be the longest recorded in comparison with other infectious diseases and the epizootic index was accordingly higher. And the development of European foulbroods, other types of rot and aspergillosis occurred against the background of bee ascospherosis. In a study of intestinal toxic effects of active sodium hypochlorite at concentrations of 0.7%, 0.5% and 0.25% a.d., it was found that the drug did not cause bee death within 72 hours after feeding in any group of bees. Active sodium hypochlorite effectively decontaminates test objects at a concentration of 2.5 g / l for two hours. When using cells from sick families, the concentration of 5.0 g / l was effective.

A high capacity bentonite clay for the sorption of aflatoxins

ABSTRACTPreviously a calcium bentonite clay (CB) has been shown to tightly bind aflatoxins in vitro, significantly reduce mortality and morbidity in animals, and decrease molecular biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure in humans and animals. Extensive studies have shown that CB is safe for human and animal consumption. In further work, we have investigated a highly active sodium bentonite (SB) clay (SB-E) with enhanced aflatoxin sorption efficacy compared to CB and other clays. Computational models and isothermal analyses were used to characterise toxin/clay surface interactions, predict mechanisms of toxin sorption, and gain insight into: 1) surface capacities and affinities, and 2) thermodynamics and sites of toxin/surface interactions. We have also used a toxin-sensitive living organism (Hydra vulgaris) to confirm the safety and predict the efficacy of SB-E against aflatoxin toxicity. Compared to CB, SB-E had a higher capacity for aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) at pH 2 and 6.5. Results from this work suggest that high capacity clays such as SB-E can be used as effective aflatoxin enterosorbents to decrease short-term exposures in humans and animals when included in food and/or water during extended droughts and outbreaks of aflatoxicosis.

Safety and efficacy of Elancoban® G200 (monensin sodium) for chickens for fattening, chickens reared for laying and turkeys.

The feed additive Elancoban® G200, containing the active substance monensin sodium, an ionophore anticoccidial, is intended to control coccidiosis in chickens for fattening, chickens reared for laying and turkeys. The FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of the additive for the target species, consumer, user and environment with regard to the safety of the production strain. The following conclusions apply to monensin sodium included in the additive. Based on the available data set, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of Elancoban® G200 for chickens for fattening. Monensin sodium is safe for turkeys for fattening with a margin of safety of 1.5. Monensin sodium is not genotoxic and not carcinogenic. The pharmacological no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 0.345 mg monensin sodium/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified in dog. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) derived from this NOAEL is 0.003 mg monensin sodium/kg bw applying an uncertainty factor of 100. Elancoban® G200 is safe for the consumer. The existing maximum residue limits (MRLs) ensure consumer safety, provided that the withdrawal period of 1 day is respected. Elancoban® G200 is very irritant for the eye, but it is not a skin irritant. Elancoban® G200 should be regarded as a potential skin and respiratory sensitiser. Inhalation exposure is considered a risk to persons handling the additive. Elancoban® G200 does not pose a risk for the terrestrial compartment, the aquatic compartment and the sediment. The bioaccumulation potential of monensin in the environment is low. Monensin sodium from Elancoban® G200 has the potential to effectively control coccidiosis in chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying. The FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy Elancoban® G200 as a coccidiostat for turkeys for fattening.

Presodiation Strategies and Their Effect on Electrode-Electrolyte Interphases for High-Performance Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Most active materials for sodium-ion batteries suffer from the problem of low-energy efficiency in the first cycle because of the loss of active sodium ions consumed for the formation of a solid electrolyte interface. To make up for the lost sodium ion, presodiation treatments have been applied, which are effective ways to mitigate the low initial efficiency. Here, we developed a direct-contact method to achieve the presodiation for cathode and anode electrodes and demonstrated the enhanced Coulombic efficiency of the first cycle with improved cyclability and reversible capacity. Moreover, we proved the formation of a thick passivation layer at the cathode-electrolyte interface during the presodiation process; this contributes to the improved cycle stability by preventing the dissolution of the active material and its deposition on the anode surface. The direct-contact method is a simple and cost-effective way to complete presodiation, and this simple process will be widely applicable for practical battery manufacturing.

A Simple Electrode‐Level Chemical Presodiation Route by Solution Spraying to Improve the Energy Density of Sodium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractThe formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the surface of a carbon anode consumes the active sodium ions from the cathode and reduces the energy density of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, a simple electrode‐level presodiation strategy by spraying a sodium naphthaline (Naph‐Na) solution onto a carbon electrode is reported, which compensates the initial sodium loss and improves the energy density of SIBs. After presodiation, an SEI layer is preformed on the surface of carbon anode before battery cycling. It is shown that a large irreversible capacity of 60 mAh g−1 is replenished and 20% increase of the first‐cycle Coulombic efficiency is achieved for a hard carbon anode using this presodiation strategy, and the energy density of a Na0.9[Cu0.22Fe0.30Mn0.48]O2||carbon full cell is increased from 141 to 240 Wh kg−1 by using the presodiated carbon anode. This simple and scalable electrode‐level chemical presodiation route also shows generality and value for the presodiation of other anodes in SIBs.

Mega High Utilization of Sodium Metal Anodes Enabled by Single Zinc Atom Sites.

Low utilization of active metallic sodium (Na) and uncontrollable growth of Na dendrites remain significant challenges for high-performance Na metal batteries, which are limited to inefficient Na utilization (<1%) and shallow cycling conditions (0.25-1.0 mAh cm-2). In this work, a kind of Na metal anode with record-high utilization and long-term cycling stability is reported, using carbon-substrate-supported nitrogen-anchored zinc (Zn) single atoms as a current collector. Single Zn atom sites whichserve as a strong "magnet" for Na ions,can guide the metallic Na uniform nucleation and free from dendrite-induced short circuit. The nucleation overpotential of our strategy is essentially zero, where most of the reported modified substrates weregreatly exceed 20 mV. Specifically, the Na anodes exhibit a high Na stripping/plating Coulombic efficiency with 99.8% over 350 cycles and a stable voltage response with small voltage hysteresis after cycling 1000 h. The full cell exhibits high Na utilization up to 100% and superior long-term cycling stability for more than 1000 cycles with excellent capacity retention. In terms of lifetime and Na utilization, the Na metal anodes based onour strategysignificantly outperforms the reported state-of-the-art Na metal anodes. Moreover, this affords new insights into the controllable Na nucleation behavior and high Na utilization and sheds fresh light on atomic level design of an electrode for Na metal anodes.