Social Interaction Activity Research Articles

Impaired social interaction and enhanced sensitivity to phencyclidine-induced deficits in novel object recognition in rats with cortical cholinergic denervation

Dysregulated cholinergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, particularly negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of neocortical cholinergic innervation and of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) on social interaction and novel object recognition (NOR), a declarative memory task. The cholinergic corticopetal projection was lesioned by local infusion of the immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin into nucleus basalis magnocellularis of adult male Lister hooded rats. Behavior was assessed 2.5 weeks later in a social interaction paradigm followed by the NOR task. We found that selective cholinergic denervation of neocortex led to a significant reduction in duration of social interaction, specifically active social interaction. Acute administration of PCP (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) caused a marked decrease of active social interaction, such that there was no longer a difference between intact and denervated animals. Neither cholinergic denervation alone, nor PCP (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) alone blocked the ability of rats to recognize a novel object. However, when animals lacking cortical cholinergic innervation were challenged by PCP, they were no longer able to recognize a novel object. This study indicates that rats lacking cholinergic innervation of neocortex have impaired social interaction and specifically that the duration of active contact is shortened. Animals with severe cortical cholinergic hypofunction maintain the ability to perform in a declarative memory test, although the task is carried out less intensively. However, a provocation of psychosis-like behavior by a dose of PCP that does not by itself impair performance in normal animals, will abolish the ability to recognize novel objects in animals lacking cortical cholinergic innervation. The present findings support a possible role for cortical cholinergic hypofunction in the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, and the potential for cholinergic augmentation as part of the pharmacological profile of antipsychotic drugs.

A video ethnography approach to assessing the ecological validity of neurocognitive and functional measures in severe mental illness: results from a feasibility study.

The ecological validity of neurocognitive and functional measures in severe mental illness is poorly understood because of a lack of validated research methods to study community life-as-lived. We describe the development of a video ethnography method that measures naturalistic behaviors with codes called community performance indicators (CPIs). The method could provide a strategy to test the ecological validity of neurocognitive and functional assessments. We gathered up to 18.5 hours of video ethnography data on each of 9 subjects with schizophrenia selected for high or low composite scores on the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). We used video ethnography to capture subjects' everyday behaviors in their usual environments. We established 4 CPIs that showed excellent inter-rater and promising test-retest reliability: (1) behavioral activity level, (2) goal pursuit, (3) social interaction, and (4) problem solving. (1) High and low MCCB subjects showed statistically significantly differences on all 4 CPIs. (2) MCCB composite scores were correlated with all 4 CPIs (r = .54 to -.77, P < .01 to .07). (3) The MCCB domain scores demonstrated some specificity in their correlations with the CPIs; eg, verbal learning, reasoning/problem solving, and social cognition were correlated with CPI domains of social interaction and problem solving. We present a method for reliably measuring everyday functional performance in schizophrenia. Results from a small select sample suggest that CPIs capture skills associated with neurocognition, supporting their use in a larger study of ecological validity.

Multiracial Self-Identification and Adolescent Outcomes: A Social Psychological Approach to the Marginal Man Theory

Recent public health research has consistently reported that self-identified multiracial adolescents tend to display more problem behaviors and psychological difficulties than monoracial adolescents. Relying on insights from qualitative analyses using small or clinical samples to interpret these empirical patterns, these studies implicitly assume a pejorative stance toward adolescents' multiracial self-identification. Building on the social psychological arguments underlying Park's and Stonequist's seminal discussions of the “marginal man,” we derive hypotheses indicating that self-identified multiracial adolescents may show more psychological difficulties, but are also likely to have more active social interaction and participation than monoracial groups. We also incorporate later elaborations of the marginal man theory to develop alternative hypotheses regarding multiracial youth's school and behavioral outcomes. Based on a nationally representative sample of racially self-identified youth, the results suggest that patterns of multiracial-monoracial differences are generally consistent with the hypotheses derived closely from the marginal man theory or its subsequent elaborations. We examine the heterogeneities within these general patterns across different multiracial categories and discuss the implications of these findings.

“You're the Kind of Guy That We All Want for a Drinking Buddy”: Expressions of Parasocial Interaction on Floydlandis.com

This study traced fan reactions to and support of Floyd Landis over the final and dramatic stages of the 2006 Tour de France through the lens of parasocial interaction. A thematic analysis using constant comparative methodology of 1,086 fan postings on cyclist Floyd Landis's Web site (floydlandis.com) was conducted. Results indicated that fans' interaction with Landis reflected: (a) traditional dimensions of parasocial interaction, (b) relationally appropriate behaviors, and (c) active social interaction behaviors. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Internet communication technologies have shifted the nature of parasocial interaction from one-sided and passive to an approximation of actual social interaction and confirm that fans readily interact (para)socially with athletes.

Sept5 deficiency exerts pleiotropic influence on affective behaviors and cognitive functions in mice

Deletion or duplication of the human chromosome 22q11.2 is associated with many behavioral traits and neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. However, why phenotypes vary widely among individuals with identical deletions or duplications of 22q11.2 and which specific 22q11.2 genes contribute to these phenotypes are still poorly understood. Previous studies have identified a approximately 200 kb 22q11.2 region that contributes to behavioral phenotypes in mice. We tested the role of Septin 5 (Sept5), a gene encoded in the approximately 200 kb region, in affective behaviors, cognitive capacities and motor activity. To evaluate the impact of genetic backgrounds on behavioral phenotypes of Sept5 deficiency, we used mice on two genetic backgrounds. Our data show that Sept5 deficiency decreased affiliative active social interaction, but this phenotypic expression was influenced by genetic backgrounds. In contrast, Sept5 deficiency decreased anxiety-related behavior, increased prepulse inhibition and delayed acquisition of rewarded goal approach, independent of genetic background. These data suggest that Sept5 deficiency exerts pleiotropic effects on a select set of affective behaviors and cognitive processes and that genetic backgrounds could provide an epistatic influence on phenotypic expression.

Sense of community among mobile language learners: can blogs support this?

Language learners have a need to complement their classroom learning activities with experiences outside the classroom and interact with other speakers and learners of the language to practice it. Communities play a major role in supporting language learners. A class of university students studying French is, as such, a community of language learners. A mobile community blog was used to establish and support a sense of community among the students in the classroom as well as outside, particularly when some of the students travel to France as part of their studies. The blog was intended to facilitate active participation, social interaction and collaboration among the members of the community. This paper evaluates the use of the blog and analyses the results to identify the issues that are important in supporting a community of mobile language learners.

Behavioral effects of essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. inhalation in rats

The orange essential oil (OEO) and its components obtained from Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) has been attracting interest due to its sedative and relaxing actions. In the present study, rats previously exposed to OEO at the concentrations of 1.0%; 2.5% and 5.0%, w/w, by inhalation during 7 minutes in acrylic boxes were evaluated in two anxiety models: elevated plus maze (EPM) and open-field. The OEO at the concentration of 2.5% increased both the time of the animals in the open arms of the EPM and the time of active social interaction in the open-field being longer than that of the diazepam group (1.5 mg/kg i.p). In conclusion, the decrease in the level of emotionality of the animals observed in the two experimental models suggests a possible central action, which is in agreement with the phytochemical profile of the oil under study, since it showed the presence of limonene (96.24%) and mircene (2.24%), components with a well-known depressant activity on the central nervous system.

Integrate Web 2.0 technology to facilitate online professional community: EMI special editing experiences

This article reports on the collaborative journal review of an online professional community that was established to prepare this special edition for publication. The focus is on how Web 2.0 technology can be used to support a professional journal review community and to enhance active social interaction among reviewers. The theme of this special edition is dedicated to Web 2.0 while the entire editing and reviewing processes integrated Web 2.0 tools to accomplish the tasks through an online professional learning community. Reviewers agreed that integrating Web 2.0 technology has value to facilitate an online professional community. Issues of trust, professional relationships, and authority relationships emerged from this examination, and they should be pondered further to obtain a better understanding in building and developing a knowledge‐centered community. L'intégration de la Technologie de la mise en réseau interpersonnel pour faciliter la création de Communautés Professionnelles en ligne Le but de la présente étude était d'examiner comment le Web 2.0 pouvait aider la communauté des lecteurs d'articles de revues professionnelles et à renforcer l'interaction entre ces lecteurs. La thématique de cette édition spéciale est consacrée au Web 2.0 alors que tous les protocoles d'édition et de révision ont intégré la technologie Web 2.0 pour accomplir ces tâches et construire une communauté professionnelle d'apprentissage en ligne. Une communauté professionnelle de lecteurs de revues possède un potentiel, celui d'améliorer la qualité des ‘revues’ individuelles ainsi que la sélection des articles de revue pour la publication. Sa valeur est reconnue. Il est temps que les chercheurs s'élèvent de l'intelligence individuelle à l'intelligence collective qui met l'accent sur une communauté professionnelle ‘centrée sur la connaissance’. Integriere soziale Vernetzungstechnik, um professionelle Gemeinschaft online zu erleichtern Die Zwecke dieser Studie waren, zu prüfen, wie über Web 2.0 professionelle Zeitschriften‐Überprüfungsgemeinschaften unterstützt werden können und aktive soziale Interaktion unter Kritikern zu verbessern sei. Das Thema dieser speziellen Auflage ist Web 2.0 gewidmet, während die gesamten Editier‐ und Überprüfungsprozesse Web 2.0 Technik integriert, um die Aufgaben zu schaffen und eine online arbeitende professionelle Bildungsgemeinschaft aufzubauen. Eine professionelle Gemeinschaft zur Zeitschriftenüberprüfung hat das Potential, die einzelne Überprüfungsqualität zu verbessern, und eine Auswahl von Zeitschriftenartikeln zu erstellen. Ihr Wert wird anerkannt. Es ist Zeit für die Forscher, von individueller Intelligenz zu kollektiver Intelligenz aufzusteigen, die eine “wissenskonzentrierte” professionelle Gemeinschaft erst ausmacht. La integración de la tecnología de las redes sociales para facilitar la creación de Comunidades Profesionales en línea El propósito del presente estudio era de examinar como la Web 2.0 podía ayudar la comunidad de los que hacen la reseña de las revistas profesionales y incentivar una interración social activa entre esos ‘reseñadores’. La temática de estaedición especial está dedicada a la Web 2.0 mientras todos los procesos de edición y reseña han integrado la tecnología Web 2.0 para cumplir esas tareas y construír una comunidad profesional de aprendizaje en línea. Una comunidad profesional en la reseña de revistas tiene un potencial para mejorar la calidad individual de las revistas y la selección de artículos de revistas para publicación.Su valor ha sido reconocida. Ya es hora que los investigadores asciendan de la inteligencia individual a la inteligencia colectiva que hace hincapie en una comunidad profesional ‘centrada sobre el conocimiento’.

Perinatal delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure disrupts social and open field behavior in adult male rats

Marijuana is the most frequently used illegal drug among women of reproductive age, but little is known about the consequences of using marijuana during pregnancy. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), one of the active chemicals in marijuana, has been shown to cross the placental barrier easily. In this study, pregnant Long Evans rats were assigned to one of three treatment groups (Δ9-THC-exposed, vehicle control, and non-treated control) on day 1 of gestation. Drug exposure consisted of 2 mg/kg of natural Δ9-THC, administered twice daily by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, from gestational day 1 through 22. Pups continued to receive drug exposure via s.c. injection from postnatal day 2 through 10. Male rats from each group were tested starting on postnatal day 90 in a battery of tests which included open field activity, active social interaction, and the forced swim test. There were no significant differences in weight gained by dams or weight of offspring when compared to controls. Δ9-THC-exposed rats showed decreased time in the inner part of the open field and an increase in investigation time in the test of social interaction compared to both control groups. There were no differences among groups in the forced swim test. Perinatal Δ9-THC exposure may result in increased susceptibility to anxious behavior and alter social functioning in adult offspring.

Online socio-cultural learning

Online socio-cultural learning assists the online learner to engage in active social interaction to build social relationships and to participate in online learning communities to improve knowledge development. Online technologies do not separate online learners causing them to work and learn alone. Effectively applying online socio-cultural learning concepts assists online learners in working alone while learning together by engaging in active online collaborative social interaction. The paper proposes an online socio-cultural learning construct that addresses six critical learning characteristics (meaningful activity; Learner uniqueness; process and development; relations; metacognition reflection; and cultural tools) to support effective online learning.

Patterns and processes of contemporary technology fusion: The case of intelligent Robots

Summary This paper aims to understand the patterns and processes of contemporary technology fusion. It attempts to argue that the mechanisms of technology fusion in upstream research activities typically begin as the researcher with a cognitive map as technology interacts with another researcher holding different cognitive maps. Their interaction evolves into a collective learning that causes the generation of a new knowledge. The collective knowledge also creates a new technology after it integrates into or absorbs a codified and tacit knowledge created by a third researcher with other knowledge. The creation of collective knowledge requires purposive effort as Martin Bell argued. Under active social interaction of many researchers, the diversity of applications for a given technology is quite large so that the possibility of technology fusion to create new functions and products becomes available. In the case investigation of intelligent robots, technology fusion appears to be quite distinctive wherein core technologies such as digital data treatment, control or adjustment, and manipulation lead the integration of various technologies to produce such. The literature analysis using abstracts of 624 papers on intelligent robots provided such key words as humanoid, control, service robots, sensors, systems, vision, manipulators, learning, micro/mobile, teleoperation, software, etc. It was found that vast areas of knowledge including humanities have been integrated into research on intelligent robots. It also implies that diverse knowledge is fused or integrated in the process of basic research before the commercial development of intelligent robots.

Anxiolytic effect of agmatine in rats and mice

In mammalian brain, agmatine is an endogenous neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator. In this study, the anxiolytic action of agmatine (p.o. or s.c.) was evaluated in three animal behavioral models in mice or rats. In the light–dark transition test, agmatine in a single dose (80 mg/kg, s.c) or repeated administration (20 mg/kg, s.c. or 10 mg/kg, p.o., once a day for 3 days) significantly increased the number of light–dark transitions in mice. Furthermore, treatment with agmatine (20–80 mg/kg, s.c or 10–40 mg/kg, p.o) three times in 24 h significantly increased the number of licks in the Vogel's drinking conflict test in rats. In the social interaction test, agmatine (10–40 mg/kg, p.o, three times in 24 h prior to test) increased the active social interaction of rats. All these results indicate that agmatine exerts a significant anxiolytic effect in both rats and mice.

Observations of activity levels and social interaction in a residential care setting

Immobility, inactivity and the lack of social interaction are associated with poor physical and mental health. The main aim of this study was to examine the type and frequency of activities and social interactions with took place in a care home for older people. Residents within the communal area of a care home were observed over a period of 16 hours at 10-minute intervals by two psychologists. Residents' positions, activities and interactions were recorded. The majority of observations (97%) found residents sitting and not engaged in activity (60.7%). Only 10.7% of observations involved social interaction of residents either with each other or with a carer. The results demonstrate a very low level of daily activity and interaction in the care home setting. The risks of immobility and inactivity related complications such as pressure sores, muscle weakness, depression and anxiety are high.

Abnormal social behaviors in young and adult rats neonatally infected with Borna disease virus

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been the focus of a great deal of research and clinical speculation. This intense interest relates to both the perplexing pathogenesis and devastating consequences of these disorders. One of the obstacles to understanding the pathogenesis of autism and to developing efficient treatment has been the paucity of animal models that could be used for hypotheses-driven mechanistic studies of abnormal brain and behavior development and for the pre-clinical testing novel pharmacological treatments. In this report, we briefly review our animal model of ASD based on neonatal Borna disease virus (BDV) infection and present new data about abnormal social interaction in adult BDV-infected rats. We found that neonatal BDV infection profoundly affected social behaviors in adult rats. Compared to the control rats, both 90- and 180-day-old infected rats spent less time in active social interaction and more time in following their partners. In the intruder–resident test, the BDV-infected resident rats exhibited less aggression towards the intruders and showed more the following-the-intruder behavior. The following-the-partner behavior may be an example of “stereotypic” activity due to BDV-induced abnormal social communication between rats. The previously published results and present findings indicate that neonatal BDV infection significantly altered the normal pattern of social interaction in rats. Co-localization of activated microglia and dying Purkinje cells in BDV-infected rats suggests that the BDV model could be used to study a pathogenic link of Purkinje cell dropout and neuroinflammation to abnormal social behaviors.

EFFECTS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL ON THE OPPORTUNITY RECOGNITION PROCESS

The study hypothesizes that social capital of entrepreneurs enhances their opportunity recognition process. The study investigated metal- and ICT-ventures established in 1998 in three different regions of Finland. The results showed that entrepreneurs when recognizing opportunities have (1) active social interaction to acquire knowledge, to forecast future trends, and to evaluate information and decisions, (2) personal contacts to acquire knowledge and to analyze markets, and (3) cognitively committed relationships to evaluate and understand the information and to enact proactively future trends.

Importance of cooperation and affiliation in the evolution of primate sociality

The idea that competition and aggression are central to an understanding of the origins of group-living and sociality among human and nonhuman primates is the dominant theory in primatology today. Using this paradigm, researchers have focused their attention on competitive and aggressive behaviors, and have tended to overlook the importance of cooperative and affiliative behaviors. However, cooperative and affiliative behaviors are considerably more common than agonistic behaviors in all primate species. The current paradigm often fails to explain the context, function, and social tactics underlying affiliative and agonistic behavior. Here, we present data on a basic question of primate sociality: how much time do diurnal, group-living primates spend in social behavior, and how much of this time is affiliative and agonistic? These data are derived from a survey of 81 studies, including 28 genera and 60 species. We find that group-living prosimians, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and apes usually devote less than 10% of their activity budget to active social interactions. Further, rates of agonistic behaviors are extremely low, normally less than 1% of the activity budget. If the cost to the actors of affiliative behavior is low even if the rewards are low or extremely variable, we should expect affiliation and cooperation to be frequent. This is especially true under conditions in which individuals benefit from the collective environment of living in stable social groups.

Comparative behavioral changes in postpubertal rats after neonatal excitotoxic lesions of the ventral hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex

The neonatal ventral hippocampal (nVH) and the neonatal prefrontal cortex (nPFC) lesions in rats have been used as models to test the hypothesis that early neurodevelopmental abnormalities lead to behavioral changes putatively linked to schizophrenia. We investigated the role of the nVH and the nPFC lesions on behavioral characteristics related to locomotor behaviors, social interaction, and grooming. Bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the VH, the PFC, or both were made in neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal day 7, P7) and their behaviors studied at P35 and P60. No significant differences in any of the behaviors were observed between sham animals and rats with ibotenic acid lesions at P35. Postpubertally (at P60), the spontaneous locomotor activity of nVH-lesioned rats was significantly enhanced compared to the sham controls; however, this hyperactivity was reversed by nVH and nPFC double lesions. Neonatal PFC lesion alone did not alter spontaneous activity, although a trend of increased activity was observed. The duration of grooming was significantly decreased in rats with neonatal lesions of the VH. Similar to the data on locomotion, nVH plus nPFC lesion normalized the grooming behavior. Lesion of the PFC alone was without any significant effect on grooming behavior. Neonatal VH-lesioned animals spent less time in active social interaction, and this effect persisted even in nVH plus nPFC-lesioned animals. By itself, nPFC lesion did not alter social behavior. These data suggest that subtle developmental aberrations within PFC caused by nVH lesions, rather than the lesion of PFC itself, may contribute to some of the behavioral changes seen in the nVH-lesioned rats.

Anxiolytic properties of agomelatine, an antidepressant with melatoninergic and serotonergic properties: role of 5-HT2C receptor blockade.

The novel antidepressant agent, agomelatine, behaves as an agonist at melatonin receptors and as an antagonist at serotonin (5-HT)(2C) receptors. To determine whether, by virtue of its antagonist properties at 5-HT(2C) receptors, agomelatine elicits anxiolytic properties in rats. Employing a combined neurochemical and behavioural approach, actions of agomelatine were compared to those of melatonin, the selective 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist, SB243,213, and the benzodiazepine, clorazepate. In unfamiliar pairs of rats exposed to a novel environment, agomelatine enhanced the time devoted to active social interaction, an action mimicked by clorazepate and by SB243,213. In a Vogel conflict procedure, agomelatine likewise displayed dose-dependent anxiolytic activity with a maximal effect comparable to clorazepate, and SB243,213 was similarly active in this procedure. In a plus-maze procedure in which clorazepate significantly enhanced percentage entries into open arms, agomelatine revealed only modest activity and SB243,213 was inactive. Further, like SB243,213, and in contrast to clorazepate, agomelatine did not suppress ultrasonic vocalizations emitted by rats re-exposed to an environment associated with an aversive stimulus. Whereas clorazepate reduced dialysate levels of 5-HT and noradrenaline in hippocampus and frontal cortex of freely moving rats, agomelatine did not affect extracellular levels of 5-HT and elevated those of noradrenaline. SB243,213 acted similarly to agomelatine. Melatonin, which did not modify extracellular levels of 5-HT or noradrenaline, was ineffective in all models of anxiolytic activity. Furthermore, the selective melatonin antagonist, S22153, did not modify anxiolytic properties of agomelatine in either the social interaction or the Vogel Conflict tests. In contrast to melatonin, and reflecting blockade of 5-HT(2C) receptors, agomelatine is active in several models of anxiolytic properties in rodents. The anxiolytic profile of agomelatine differs from that of benzodiazepines from which it may also be distinguished by its contrasting influence on corticolimbic monoaminergic pathways.

Decreased social interaction in aged rats may not reflect changes in anxiety-related behaviour

There is evidence that ageing both in humans and animals is accompanied by changes in emotional behaviour. Behavioural studies in rats point to an increase in emotional reactivity and/or anxiety-related behaviour with age. Here we studied social interaction in young adult (3 months) and aged (30 months old) rats using an established test system for anxiety-related behaviour. Using Fos expression as a marker of neuronal activation, we aimed to investigate whether age-related differences in anxiety would be reflected by changes in neuronal activity in brain regions known to be sensitive to fear- and anxiety-related stimuli. Aged rats spent significantly less time (75%) in active social interaction than young rats, without concomitant changes in general locomotor activity. Social interaction enhanced Fos expression both in young and aged rats in several anxiety-related brain areas. Lower Fos response in aged versus young rats was noted in the dorsomedial, dorsolateral and ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal grey, the medial and basolateral amygdala and parvocellular region of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, while no differences in Fos expression were observed in the other regions examined, including the hippocampus, septum or locus coeruleus. These results demonstrate age-related reduction in social interaction, indicative of enhanced anxiety-related behaviour in aged rats. However, since the supposedly increased anxiety level was not accompanied by augmented Fos expression in any of the key brain areas of the fear/anxiety circuitry known to be activated by anxiogenic stimuli, it is suggested that reduced social interaction does not reflect enhanced anxiety in aged rats.

Viral vector-mediated gene transfer of the vole V1a vasopressin receptor in the rat septum: improved social discrimination and active social behaviour.

This study explores the effects of enhancing vasopressin V1a receptor expression in the septum using viral vector-mediated gene transfer on social discrimination and social interactions. Bilateral infusion of an adeno-associated viral vector containing the prairie vole V1a receptor gene (V1aR-AAV) regulated by a neuron-specific enolase promoter resulted in a stable increase in V1a receptor binding density in the rat septum without affecting oxytocin receptor density. Control animals were infused with a vector expressing the lacZ gene. In a social discrimination paradigm, only V1aR-AAV-treated animals succeeded in discriminating a previously encountered from a novel juvenile after an interexposure interval (IEI) of more than 2 h, demonstrating the functional incorporation of the vole V1a receptor in the rat septal circuits underlying short-term memory processes. Microdialysis administration of synthetic vasopressin during the first juvenile exposure, used to mimic intraseptal release patterns of the neuropeptide, produced similar prolongations in recognition (up to an IEI of 24 h) in both V1aR-AAV and control animals. Septal microdialysis administration of a selective V1a, but not oxytocin, receptor antagonist in both groups prevented discrimination even after an IEI of as short as 0.5 h, confirming the specificity of the vole V1a receptor involvement in social discrimination abilities. In addition, active social interactions were found to be increased among V1aR-AAV rats compared to controls. Viral vector-mediated gene transfer provides a valuable tool for studies on the role of localized gene expression on behavioural parameters.