Active Shutter Research Articles

对快门式立体显示中环境光闪烁的影响研究

对快门式立体显示中环境光闪烁的影响研究

The Effect of Applying 2D Enhancement Algorithms on 3D Video Content

Enhancement algorithms are typically applied to video content to increase their appeal to viewers. Such algorithms are readily available in the literature and are already widely applied in, for example, commercially available TVs. On the contrary, not much research has been done on enhancing stereoscopic 3D video content. In this paper, we present research focused on the effect of applying enhancement algorithms used for 2D content on 3D side-by-side content. We evaluate both offline enhancement of video content based on proprietary enhancement algorithms and real-time enhancement in the TVs. This is done using stereoscopic TVs with active shutter glasses, viewed both in their 2D and 3D viewing mode. The results of this research show that 2D enhancement algorithms are a viable first approach to enhance 3D content. In addition to video quality degradation due to the loss of spatial resolution as a consequence of the 3D video format, brightness reduction inherent to polarized or shutter glasses similarly degrades video quality. We illustrate the benefit of providing brightness enhancement for stereoscopic displays.

A low-cost visual occlusion device

In this article, we propose a method to develop a low-cost visual occlusion device. This device is modified using three-dimensional (3-D) glasses (used to watch 3-D TV) that are operated via the active shutter technique. Because 3-D glasses are sold worldwide, they are readily available; moreover, the price of 3-D glasses is lower than that of other types of equipment used as the basis for visual occlusion devices. Three-dimensional glasses employing the active shutter technique have the same structure as do commercial visual occlusion devices; the modification of a voltage-driven liquid crystal display is fairly simple. In this study, we evaluated the response time and transparency of the proposed low-cost visual occlusion device; the experiments yielded reasonable results. The proposed visual occlusion device can be fabricated under a price of $100.

IR Sensor Synchronizing Active Shutter Glasses for 3D HDTV with Flexible Liquid Crystal Lenses

IR sensor synchronizing active shutter glasses for three-dimensional high definition television (3D HDTV) were developed using a flexible liquid crystal (FLC) lens. The FLC lens was made on a polycarbonate (PC) substrate using conventional liquid crystal display (LCD) processes. The flexible liquid crystal lens displayed a maximum transmission of 32% and total response time of 2.56 ms. The transmittance, the contrast ratio and the response time of the flexible liquid crystal lens were superior to those of glass liquid crystal lenses. Microcontroller unit and drivers were developed as part of a reception module with power supply for the IR sensor synchronizing active shutter glasses with the flexible liquid crystal lens prototypes. IR sensor synchronizing active shutter glasses for 3D HDTV with flexible liquid crystal lenses produced excellent 3D images viewing characteristics.

룩업 테이블 및 서브필드 맵핑을 이용한 계조 레벨 간 3D 크로스토크 저감 기술 구현

3D crosstalk is one of the disturbing things to recognize 3D images. This is caused by the phenomenon that input image for left eye is transferred at the right eye and right eye is transferred at the left eye because of the imperfect isolation by the device characteristics. In this paper, we review the 3D PDP (Plasma Display Panel) operation using active shutter glasses and crosstalk measurement method and investigate the major cause of 3D crosstalk and extend conventional 3D crosstalk using full white and full black image input to Gray-to-Gray (GtoG) 3D crosstalk. We suggest a specific method to reduce Gray-to-Gray 3D crosstalk by using Look up Table (LUT) and sub-field mapping in PDP. And then, we verify the method by measuring GtoG 3D crosstalk rate through specific test images and numerical results.

3D+2DTV

3D displays are increasingly popular in consumer and commercial applications. Many such displays show 3D images to viewers wearing special glasses, while showing an incomprehensible double image to viewers without glasses. We demonstrate a simple method that provides those with glasses a 3D experience, while viewers without glasses see a 2D image without artifacts. In addition to separate left and right images in each frame, we add a third image, invisible to those with glasses. In the combined view seen by those without glasses, this cancels the right image, leaving only the left. If the left and right images are of equal brightness, this approach results in low contrast for viewers without glasses. Allowing differential brightness between the left and right images improves 2D contrast. We observe experimentally that: (1) viewers without glasses prefer our 3D+2DTV to a standard 3DTV, (2) viewers with glasses maintain a strong 3D percept, even when one eye is significantly darker than the other, and (3) sequential-stereo display viewers with glasses experience a depth illusion caused by the Pulfrich effect, but it is small and innocuous. Our technique is applicable to displays using either active shutter glasses or passive glasses. Our prototype uses active shutter glasses and a polarizer.

Simultaneous 2D and 3D perception for stereoscopic displays based on polarized or active shutter glasses

Viewing stereoscopic 3D content is typically enabled either by using polarizing or active shutter glasses. In certain cases, some viewers may not wear viewing glasses and hence, it would be desirable to tune the stereoscopic 3D content so that it could be simultaneously watched with and without viewing glasses. In this paper we propose a video post-processing technique which enables good quality 3D and 2D perception of the same content. This is done through manipulation of one view by making it more similar to the other view to reduce the ghosting artifact perceived without viewing glasses while 3D perception is maintained. The proposed technique includes three steps: disparity selection, contrast adjustment, and low-pass filtering. The proposed approach was evaluated through an extensive series of subjective tests, which also revealed good adjustment parameters to suit viewing with and without viewing glasses with an acceptable 3D and 2D quality, respectively.

A Low-Power Fractional-Order Synchronizer for Syncless Time-Sequential Synchronization of 3-D TV Active Shutter Glasses

The 3-D TV active shutter glasses (SGs) technology requires the communication of the sync timing for time-sequential frame synchronization, in contrast to the syncless film-type patterned retarder approach. To advance our previous work based on the fractional-order timer, this paper proposes a fractional-order synchronizer, including an adaptive sync reconstructor (ASR) based on FRT for syncless frame synchronization. The FRT enables accurate synchronization regardless of sync-clock speed. The hybrid cooperation of FRT and ASR reduces the required frequency of communication of the sync packets and turns off the emitter on the TV side for perfect syncless operation. The implemented one-chip solution uses less than roughly 11% of the operating current of major commercial SG. The syncless SG technique also minimizes synchronization failure and 3-D vision crosstalk from interruption in sync packets.

快门眼镜式立体显示中闪烁的客观评价

快门眼镜式立体显示中闪烁的客观评价

立体显示器质量测试与性能分析研究

3D display technology has become the frontier and hot issue in recent yesrs,and its display quality is gradually caused attention.For quality measurement of stereoscopic display,test methods of the crosstalk,angle crosstalk,brightness,the difference of binocular brightness and the brightness uniformity difference of stereoscopic displays are given in this paper.The most popular LCD display and PDP display samples are selected to detect,and testing values of stereoscopic display with different size are compared.Through experiments,influences of mentioned index on different stereoscopic displays are obtained.Results show PDP displays with active shutter technology have a large watching angle and a lower crosstalk than LCD displays.

User-friendly minimization technology of three-dimensional crosstalk in three-dimensional liquid crystal display televisions with active shutter glasses

We propose a new three-dimensional (3-D) crosstalk minimization method for the active shutter glasses-type 3-D liquid crystal displays (LCD) television (TV). The crosstalk was reduced from 43% to 10% on average with the proposed technology. Furthermore, we propose a user-friendly method to reduce the 3-D crosstalk without any measurement equipment, which enables consumers to make their TVs crosstalk free. It is found that the results of the proposed crosstalk minimization method and user-friendly method are matched well. Thus, 3-D TV consumers can easily minimize the 3-D crosstalk with their eyes only.

30.2: UD Resolution 240Hz LCD TV Display System with High Speed Driving

AbstractThe Ultra high Definition (3840times2160) resolution, 70″ LCD TV with 240Hz frame rate has been developed. A cost effective single bank driving architecture with multi‐chip structure is realized by adopting a vertical quarter partitioned (VQP) and overlap data exchange (ODX) driving scheme. Even though half‐gate two‐data line design (hG‐2D) is adopted to overcome the charging time limitation, scan line overlapping driving scheme has also been implemented to enhance the actual pixel charging performance. The 240Hz frame rate driving technology makes 3‐dimensional display through temporal division such as 3D display of active shutter glass possible. Furthermore, a novel up‐scaling algorithm with inventive single‐frame super‐resolution methodologies has been invented to cope with input display data of FHD resolution.

12.3: Characterizations of 3D TV: Active vs Passive

AbstractTwo different techniques are dominating the 3D TV market today i.e. active shutter glasses and passive film patterned retarder. Both the techniques have their pros and cons. In this paper we compare these two types of 3D TV3D TV by evaluating them with respect to some important visual ergonomic parameters such as angle dependent cross talk, luminance levels, flicker and resolution.

12.1: Invited Paper: Ergonomic Evaluation of Visual Discomfort with Autostereoscopic Displays

AbstractWe conducted an experiment that examined how visual discomfort arises while viewing autostereoscopic displays in a practical viewing situation. Visual discomfort was evaluated by measuring subjective symptoms and accommodative step response before and after viewing displayed material. Subjective discomfort measurements showed that viewing autostereoscopic displays resulted in relatively less discomfort than viewing 3D television with active shutter glasses. Moreover, we calculated the correlations between subjective visual discomfort and accommodation amplitude to near and far visual targets using an infrared optometer. With an autostereoscopic display and a 2D display, there was moderate correlation, whereas 3D television showed no correlation. This suggests that the discomfort arising from viewing autostereoscopic and 2D displays could be related to accommodative response. However, the discomfort arising from viewing 3D TV probably derives from other factors in a practical viewing.

液晶材料与3D显示

The article describes the basic principles of the 3D display,highlights the current mainstream 3D display types,including glasses 3D technology and naked eye 3D technology.Glasses 3D technology contains anaglyphic 3D,polarized 3D and active shutter 3D;naked eye 3D technology contains parallax barrier 3D,lenticular lens 3D,directional backlight 3D and multi-layer display 3D.The realization methods of 3D images and applications of the different 3D technologies mentioned above are described.Advantages and disadvantages of the 3D technologies concerning liquid crystal display are discussed in details.According to the characteristics of liquid crystal materials and 3D liquid crystal display,rapid response property of liquid crystal materials used in 3D display panels are concluded.Also requirements of the optical anisotropy parameters of liquid crystal materials are summarized.

A simulation model of 3D crosstalk phenomenon on 3D plasma display with active shutter glasses

We present a novel simulation model for the 3D crosstalk of plasma displays, which is a partial leaking of the image for the left eye into the right eye and vice versa. It is known that the 3D crosstalk degrades the 3D image quality seriously. In plasma displays, active shutter glasses are used to realize 3D display capability, and the phosphor decay response and the slow rising response of the liquid crystal (LC) shutter lenses influence the 3D crosstalk. In this paper, we investigate the mechanism of 3D crosstalk on plasma displays, and estimate its characteristics using the proposed model. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed model can be used efficiently to optimize the synchronization condition between the display and the active shutter glasses. In addition, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed model by introducing a new material for shutter lenses-ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC)-which has fast switching characteristics and can enhance 3D image quality.

Visibility of Digital Video Artifacts in Stereoscopic 3DTV

Georgia Tech has developed a testbed to explore new encoding techniques and other enhancements to stereoscopic 3DTV. A methodical subjective testing program is important in evaluating new approaches, so the testbed has been designed to explore issues such as (1) whether typical compression and network artifacts are more or less visible in stereoscopic 3DTV than in 2DTV, (2) what new artifacts specific to stereoscopic 3DTV exist and what might be an actionable taxonomy of these artifacts, and (3) how the visibility of stereoscopic 3DTV artifacts depends on the content, the codec and codec bit rate, and the transport method (e.g., frame-compatible transport). This paper describes the research testbed and initial content database, provides initial results of subjective testing using stereoscopic 3DTV video containing artifacts with both active shutter and passive polarization displays, and discusses the next steps in the research program. Initial subjective results from the work thus far show that (1) compared with passive polarization, the active shutter display gave a better experience in full 3D as well as greater visibility of artifacts, and better viewing of two independent channels by multiple viewers; (2) subjects were evenly split in terms of noticing a significant difference in frame-compatible format versus full 3D format; (3) subjects were evenly split on whether compression and network artifacts were more or less visible in 3D versus 2D format; and (4) the isolation between left and right eye in both active shutter and passive polarization glasses is currently insufficient to support high-quality independent channel viewing using 3D technology.

Crosstalk Evaluation in Stereoscopic Displays

Substantial progress in liquid-crystal display and polarization film technology has enabled several types of stereoscopic displays. Despite all progress, some image distortions still exist in these 3-D displays, of which interocular crosstalk-light leakage of the image for one eye to the other eye-is probably the most annoying. The aim of the current research is to investigate how the two most important physical quantities, contrast and binocular disparity, influence crosstalk perception. Images consisting of a single character and varying in contrast and disparity were computer-generated to measure crosstalk visibility and acceptability thresholds for two stereoscopic displays; one display was based on active shutter glasses, and the other on passive glasses. Results show that, under the same experimental condition, there is no significant difference in crosstalk perception between both 3-D display technologies. Crosstalk annoyance increases with increasing contrast and disparity, i.e., less crosstalk is allowed for higher levels of contrast and disparity. Based on the experimental results, an analytical formula for predicting crosstalk perception is proposed.

Reduced cross‐talk in shutter‐glass‐based stereoscopic LCD

Abstract— It is expected that 3‐D will be the next step in the enhanced viewing experience. At present, there are two competing 3‐D technologies for glasses‐based consumer TVs: active shutter glasses and passive polarized glasses. With the ongoing reduction in response time of liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs), this article will focus on shutter‐glass‐based stereoscopic LCDs. In this paper, the properties of such a display system is described and it is demonstrated that by adding a line‐scanning backlight, the cross‐talk can be reduced to less than 1.4%, allowing for excellent 3‐D portrayal. For images of extreme contrast, this is perceivable, but not judged annoying by a panel of expert viewers. Which characteristics of the display and shutter glasses that should be optimized to create an inexpensive, cross‐talk‐free, 3‐D LCD are discussed.

Prototyping and optical evaluation of 9‐in. OCB time‐division‐multiplexing 18‐view 3‐D display

Abstract— An integral imaging time‐division‐multiplexing 18‐view 3‐D display based on the one‐dimensional integral‐imaging (1‐D‐II) technique using a 9‐in. OCB‐LCD, lenticular sheet, and active shutter has been developed. By simulating a lens shape and a shutter structure and analyzing the light‐beam profile of the increasing‐parallax‐number region to find the best conditions, depth range, and viewing angle were an enhanced and a brighter and flicker‐less 3‐D image with smooth motion parallax was obtained.