Active Political Role Research Articles

Risk and the gender gap in internal political efficacy in Europe

This study confirms the existence of a substantial gender gap in internal political efficacy in contemporary European democracies with survey evidence from the ESS08 and 09 waves. This gap is rooted in gendered patterns of socialisation according to which men are more likely than women to be socialised in ways that emphasise psychological traits such as assertiveness, predisposition to risk, competition, or self-promotion. Findings show that those who perceive themselves as ready to take risks are more likely to feel able to play an active role in politics. Using mediation analysis, this article shows that part of the gender gap in internal political efficacy is a result of the lower inclination of women to take risks in comparison to men. These findings confirm the masculine character of the political realm. A realm that is often perceived by citizens to be more in line with gender stereotypes about men.

The Tea Party: Grassroots Conservatism in the Obama Years & Into the Trump Presidency

The Tea Party is an contemporary American political movement that combines elements of mainstream Republican ideology, such as support for the War on Drugs and lowering taxes; libertarianism, such as drastically shrinking the state and opposing the unionization of workers; and anti-immigrant, pro-Medicare/Social Security populism to form a political nexus that has not been seen before in American political history. From the movement’s “birth” in 2009 to today, the Tea Party has had an active role in changing American politics, particularly in the 2010 congressional elections and the 2016 presidential election. With Tea Party backing, 44 congressional candidates won election in 2010, including 5 Senators, 4 Senators in 2012, and multiple Governors between 2010 and 2016. Despite the end of the House’s Tea Party Caucus and with only a few dozen still in Congress, the Tea Party has reshaped the Republican Party, facilitating a rapid shift in American conservatism and propelling Donald Trump to the White House. In this paper, I will analyze the factors that led to the rise of the Tea Party, their political ideology and stances, the makeup of their voting bloc, their connection to organizations that are openly bigoted and hostile to the federal government, an analysis of several of prominent Tea Party politicians, how the bloc of Tea Party voters contributed to the popularity surge for 2016 Republican candidate Donald Trump, and how the Tea Party’s bloc of voters influenced the Trump presidency while their tactics influenced the anti-Trump Resistance.

The political evolution of gaita zuliana in Venezuela: 1969–2019

ABSTRACT The gaita zuliana is a folk musical genre from Zulia State, in Western Venezuela. Its origins reflect an amalgam of Spanish, Indigenous and African elements, serving as a metaphor for Venezuela’s own racial image. By the 1960s, gaita was becoming increasingly standardised, and moved from improvisations in the barrios (poor neighbourhoods) to the recording studio. With that move, gaita also began to take a more active political role, as it coincided with the arrival of democracy in Venezuela. A subgenre developed as ‘protest gaita’, addressing the rampant problems of corruption in Venezuela’s failing democracy. Previous scholarship has addressed some of the political aspects of gaita, but none have studied how Venezuela’s dramatic political events in the last two decades have impacted the genre; likewise, unlike previous scholarship, this article follows an evolutionary process of musical transformation. This article evaluates such developments, considering how, after the rise of Hugo Chavez to power in 1999, protest gaita went into decline, partly due to self-censorship, and it remains this way under Nicolas Maduro’s tenure.

AHMED B. İBRÂHÎM ES-SERÛCÎ VE TUHFETU’L-ASHÂB VE NUZHETU ZEVÎL-ELBÂB ADLI ESERİ

Serûc’da doğan Aḥmed b. İbrâhîm es-Serûcî (ö. 710/1310), küçük yaşlarda Şam’a oradan da Mısır’a göç etmiş ve burada yaşamını sürdürmüştür. VII/XIII yüzyılın ikinci çeyreği ile VIII/XIV. yüzyılın başları arasında Bahrî Memlükler döneminde yaşamıştır. Bu dönemde ilmî faaliyetler ve ilimle meşgul olanlar her zaman teşvik edilmiş ve âlimler toplumda önemli görevlere getirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda es-Serûcî de dönemin ilim merkezi olan Mısır’daki medreselerde ve camilerde devrin önemli âlimlerinden ders alarak yetişmiş ve burada birçok talebe yetiştirmiştir. Ayrıca kadılık vazifesinden dolayı bir süre dönemin siyaseti içerisinde aktif bir rol oynamıştır. Hususiyetle dinî ilimlerdeki bilgisiyle öne çıkan âlim, bu alanda telif ettiği ve el-Ġâye adını verdiği eserle gerek kendi devrinde gerekse kendinden sonraki asırlarda adından çokça söz ettirmiştir. Hanefi fıkhına dair kaleme alınan el-Hidâye üzerine yazılan bu eser, ilk mufassal Hidâye şerhi olması hasebiyle de önemlidir. Devrin önde gelen âlimlerinden aklî ve naklî ilimleri öğrenen müellif, bu ilimlerin yanı sıra Arap dili ve edebiyatı alanında da derin bilgi sahibidir. Hocalığı ve kadılığı gibi meziyetlerinin yanısıra müellifin Arap edebiyatına olan ilgisinin en güzel örneği de hiç şüphesiz bu alana dair yazmış olduğu ve tespit edilen tek eseri Tuḥfetu’l-Aṣḥâb ve Nuzhetu Ẕevi’l-Elbâb ’dır. Çok sayıda kaynağın toplanılmasıyla telif edilen bu çalışmada ayet, hadis ve şiirlerden getirilen şevâhidlerle birlikte klasik nesir ve nazım geleneğine ait birçok türe yer verilmiştir. Bu eser, Arap dili ve edebiyatının yanı sıra dinî ilimlerle birlikte tarih, edebiyat tarihi, tıp, sosyoloji ve coğrafya gibi muhtelif alanlara dair bilgiler de içermektedir. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak müellifin hayatı ve eserleri hakkında bilgi verilecek akabinde şimdiye kadar bilim dünyasında hakkında hiçbir çalışma yapılmamış olan Tuḥfetu’l-Aṣḥâb ve Nuzhetu Ẕevi’l-Elbâb adlı yazma halindeki eseri müellife aidiyet, yazma eser nüshaları, telif sebebi, muhteva, yararlanılan kaynaklar ve metod gibi açılardan incelenecektir.

PROBLEMS OF TURKISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE TO THE UKRAINIANS

Küreselleşen dünya düzeni resmi sınırları ortadan kaldırmış gün geçtikçe çeşitlenen ve gelişen kitle iletişim araçları dünya ülkelerindeki farklı milletlerden insanların iletişimini ayrı bir boyuta taşımıştır. Ayrıca ülkeler arasındaki siyasi, ekonomik, bilimsel ve kültürel faaliyetler de günden güne artmıştır. Bu iki unsur yabancı dil öğretimini gündeme getirmiş ve bu alandaki çalışmaların hız kazanmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Türkçe de Türkiye’nin dünya üzerindeki jeopolitik ve stratejik konumu ve dünya siyasetinde oynamış olduğu etkin rol dolayısıyla dünya ülkelerinin ve diğer milletlerin dikkatini çekmiştir. Bu da Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretimi konusunu meydana getirmiştir. Türkiye son zamanlarda çevresinin ilgi odağı ülke haline gelmiştir. Buradan hareketle Türkçe de öğrenilmesi gereken diller arasında yerini almıştır. Türkçe öğrenen topluluklar arasında Ukraynalılar önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Farklı dil ailelerine mensup bu iki millet hedef dili öğrenirken çeşitli zorluklar yaşamaktadır. Çalışmanın konusu olan Ukraynalılara yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde karşılaşılan problemlerin başında, Türkçenin sesletimiyle ilgili problemler, biçim bilgisi açısından yaşanan problemler, tümce kuruluşu açısından yaşanan problemler ve anlam bilgisine ilişkin problemlerin geldiğini görmekteyiz. Bu çalışmada yukarıda belirtilen yapı farklılıklarına, bireylerin bu farklılıklarından meydana gelen problemlerine değinilmiş, yaptıkları hatalar incelenmiş ve önerilere yer verilerek yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenimini Ukraynalılar için etkin bir hale getirmek amaçlanmıştır.

From Rags to Riches: Corporate Elite of Pakistan from 1947-1970

This paper focuses on the historical narrative of the establishment and development of corporate elite of Pakistan in almost twenty years which became a symbol of a success story to follow in those years. Literature cover this area under the concept of industrial development and resource allocation but less work is done on it with the Power Elite approach under political economy perspective. This paper argues that it is due to collusion and contestation of the existing elite of that time, that a new elite, Corporate, was established and then was nurtured by other elites to safe guard their own vested interest. The private investors who turn up to be big business groups within two decades used networking among themselves via family links and playing active role in politics. This act of developing corporate elites was aided by international affairs which in turn enhanced the economic and political influence of business groups.

FOREIGN POLICY OF THE HOLY SEE UNDER THE PONTIFICATE OF POPE FRANCIS

There are many religious actors in world politics, but only one of them – the Holy See represents more than one billion people, is active in politics, is the only religious organization with a special status in the UN, has full diplomatic relations with almost all countries. as an ordinary actor in the world public and political sphere. Today, the Holy See plays an even more active role in world politics than in the past. Since the election of Pope John Paul II in 1978, the Holy See has played a prominent role in world politics. The charismatic and successful leadership of the Church is of great importance for the establishment by the Holy See of an agenda in the international arena, which is an important prerequisite for the effectiveness of its foreign policy. Playing a special role in international relations, the Holy See takes an active part in world policy-making and has all the important foreign policy resources that should not be underestimated. This article reveals the formation of the main priorities of the foreign policy of the Holy See, based on historical and modern examples. The structure of the article consists of four main parts, in which the Holy See is considered as a global transnational actor in world politics, the personal factor of the Pontiff in shaping the Holy See's foreign policy is studied, the main foreign policy tasks and priorities of the Holy See are solved.

Institutional Challenges and Political Costs in the US Failure to Ratify the ICESCR

Author(s): Hamidi, Emmanuel | Abstract: On the international stage, the United States has played an active political role in the drafting process of international human rights treaties that shape both how human rights are framed and enforced. However, the United States has politically struggled to implement these international human rights treaties on a domestic level. Particularly, the United States government has carried structural and political tension preventing its embrace of the ICESCR. The following analysis will draw upon existing literature of the US relationship with the ICESCR and utilize Beth Simmon’s theory of treaty implementation as a framework to explain why the US has failed to ratify this central international human rights treaty. The investigation will find, by accounting for institutional hurdle, cultural preferences, and political will, that the politicization of economic rights in the US leads to favoring obstruction and isolationism in terms of treaty implementation, particularly when these deal with positive, economic rights.

An Historical Review of Mass Sports Policy Development in China, 1949–2009

This analysis considers the evolution of China’s mass sports policy through four distinct periods between 1949 and 2009. From 1949 to 1957 represented the initial stage which was concurrent with the establishment of ‘New China’. In this period, mass sports policies focussed on enhancing fitness for labour and national defence, underpinning a new nationalism. From 1958 to 1976, mass sports policies were viewed as a political tool for social control, contributing to the establishment of the party’s absolute leadership and enhancing a sense of esprit de corps and positive teamwork in different departments and areas. From 1977 to 1994, mass sports policy was focussed on the reform of the management system and the construction of a sports culture. From 1995 to 2009, policy moved onwards to equality of opportunity for participation. It is argued that China’s mass sports policy has shifted from a unified national perspective to a more human-based standard supported by a variety of policy systems from national to local government. This account shows how mass sports policy has played an active political role in the nation’s economic construction and cultural development.

The state (of mind) of Dumrul

This article re-reads the tale of Deli Dumrul (one of the stories of the Book of Dede Korkut), who built a bridge over a dried-up riverbed to collect tribute from both passengers and non-passengers. He usually surfaces when a government demands new taxes, drafts new regulations putting the citizens in charge, a bureaucrat or politician asks bribery for their duties, etc. This article suggests that Dumrul is one of the archetypes that represent the image of the state in the political culture of Turkey. Deli Dumrul presents a scheme to track some specific affects which play an active role in contemporary politics, such as individual and/or collective anxiety of survival.

Lifelong Learning on the Go: English Language Mobile Learning in China

AbstractAs China is playing an active role in the World's politics, economy, and cultural circles, being able to communicate in English has become one of the basic life and work skills and a key for global access and integration. High mobile technology penetration, together with the proliferation of mobile learning applications, have made it possible for Chinese adult learners to learn English on the go. Mobile technology's core features including portability, instant power‐on, on‐demand, and the ability to accommodate multimodal learning styles and preferences are accounted for to describe mobile learning apps’ affordances for lifelong adult learners’ English learning. Four popular English language learning apps, are compared to illustrate how Chinese lifelong adult learners are learning English on the go.

India-Vietnam in the Changing Tide: Exploring the Significance of the Relations

In the changing face of political governance and security structure in the Asia-Pacific regions, India want to play an active political and security role as the region is very critical to India's strategic calculus for many reasons, including the political and economic reasons and the growing assertive role of China in Southeast Asia which controls a significant section of the Southeast Asian economy. In this context, New Delhi looks at Vietnam in sustaining its presence in the Asia-Pacific region. India and Vietnam share a long history of shared political, culture and economic interest. India supported Vietnam's independence from France, opposed American involvement in the Vietnam War, and supported unification of Vietnam. India was also one of the few noncommunist countries to assist Vietnam during the Cambodian-Vietnamese War. Furthermore, with extensive economic, defense and maritime cooperation, including oil exploration, agriculture, manufacturing, sale of military equipment, sharing of intelligence, joint naval exercises and training in counterinsurgency and jungle warfare, the relation has improved extensively. In the recent time, India's consideration in strengthening its link with Southeast Asian countries through its Act-East policy has heightened Vietnam's importance in India's strategic calculus from being a ‘strategic partner’ to ‘Comprehensive strategic partner’. Vietnam gives a strategic advantage in India's pursuance of its policy objective. First, Vietnam provides an impetus to India's Act East policy that aims to re-invigorate its historical ties with countries in Southeast and East Asia. Second, Vietnam's rich natural resources like hydrocarbon can add to India's growing energy needs. As for Vietnam, India can help in playing an alternative emerging power against the dominance of China in the Asia-Pacific region where Vietnam is in a long festering territorial dispute with Beijing in the South China Sea. Second, India can infuse much needed capital and technology into Vietnam, thereby bringing it par with its other ASEAN countries.

For president-elect: Bonnie A. Charpentier

For president-elect: Bonnie A. Charpentier

VIENAS IŠ TRIJŲ: SEIMO PIRMININKO STATUSAS IR VAIDMUO

Šiame straipsnyje, remiantis neoinstitucionalizmo ir politinės lyderystėsteorijų nuostatomis, analizuojami parlamento pirmininko pareigybėsstatusas, vaidmuo ir reikšmė parlamento institucionalizacijos kontekste, pristatomi mokslinėje literatūroje nurodomi šios pareigybės tipai, pagrindžiamosteorinės prielaidos analizuoti Seimo Pirmininko pareigybę. Remiantisišskirtais kriterijais, analizuojami Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo Pirmininkovaidmuo ir reikšmė politikos procese, per Lietuvos nepriklausomybės istorijąsusiformavęs šios pareigybės tipas, jis lyginamas su atitinkamais Vakarųvalstybių modeliais.

Ulema and the Freedom Struggle for Pakistan

In the freedom struggle in British India, Ulama had played a significant role. Ranging from the socio-cultural guidance of the Muslims to leading them politically, they played their role actively in every sphere of life. Starting their active political role in British India in 1803, Ulama continued their struggle till 1947. Darul Uloom-i-Deoband, apparently a religious seminary, was built for the revitalization of Muslim society in India. The Ulama were the pioneers, who initiated the very idea of freedom from the imperial power. The tenderness, dynamism, and catholicity which was created in this movement, in fact, was due to the unending and countless struggle of the Ulama. It is an undeniable fact that the independence movement and the history of the Indo-Pak subcontinent are so mixed-up with the history of Ulama and religious personalities that it is now difficult to separate one from another

Book Review: From Voice to Influence: Understanding Citizenship in a Digital Age by Danielle Allen and Jennifer S. Light, eds

From Voice to Influence: Understanding Citizenship in a Digital Age. Danielle Allen and Jennifer S. Light, eds. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 2015. 376 pp. $75 hbk. $25 pbk. $25 ebk.In From Voice to Influence, Danielle Allen and Jennifer Light address issues of political participation in contemporary United States. Technology must be a part of conversation, but this book does not make technology itself principal focus. Rather, editors examine how participation in political process is changing. Concepts that were once central to a study of politics, such as voting and citizenship, lose relevance in a world where actors who influence political sphere may neither vote nor be citizens. The editors propose a focus on civic agency as a crucible for examining the activities through which people pursue political efficacy. The book does not exclusively examine youth engagement in politics, but youth participation is an emphasis. From very first chapter, Light reminds us of historical context: Since founding of United States, young people have always played an active role in politics, and new technology has always been a part of their participation and disruptive activity.Three chapters of text focus on very specific case studies: hip hop as a means of expression for marginalized Black youth, engagement of queer immigrant activists in political process, and reality of political participation in an environment where public and private spheres converge. These are intriguing examinations of youth engagement in political activity.The final chapters differ from rest in that they actually advocate for structures for digital political ethics. Noted education scholar Howard Gardner makes an argument for provision of real and virtual common spaces where people can gather to discuss issues. Part of his premise is that participants play different roles at different times. Gardner believes that disinterested (which he distinguishes from lacking interest) professionals are critical to process. Some might call these people objective professionals, but Gardner accepts that these professionals have predispositions but are capable of putting their personal biases aside. Sometimes, a journalist must be disinterested, while other times, same person may become an advocate for a cause. Different roles in different spaces. Other chapters advocate for redesign of political institutions with new media in mind, viewing cosmopolitanism as equitable self-interest that motivates self-interested to be more other-focused, and discuss how new media can be used by ordinary citizens wanting to become effective political participants. …

The Contemporary Tea Party: Conservatism in the Obama Era

The Tea Party is an interesting political movement in contemporary America. Combining populist fervor with elements of the mainstream Republican establishment, such as support for the War on Drugs and opposition to immigration, and some elements of libertarian ideology such as opposition to the unionization of workers, they form a political nexus that has not been seen before in American political history. From the movement’s “birth” in 2009 to today, the Tea Party has had an active role in changing American politics, particularly in the 2010 congressional elections. In this paper, I will analyze the factors that led to their rise, their political ideology and stances, the makeup of their voting bloc, their connection to organizations that are openly bigoted and hostile to the federal government, an analysis of several of prominent Tea Party politicians, and how they are contributing to the popularity surge for 2016 Republican candidate Donald Trump.

De la confrontation à la coopération et à la prise d'influence : la politique de l'Eglise orthodoxe russe en Europe occidentales (2000-2010)

From confrontation to cooperation and influence : politics of Russian Orthodox Church in Western Europe since the 2000s. The article examines the development of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) in Europe since the early 2000s. After a brief historical overview , the author the ROC’s change of policy from the middle of the 2000s as it began to a rapprochement with the European Christian churches and be increasingly in the European Union. The reasons for this change are multiple, from the of the head of the Catholic Church, to growth of " Orthodox tourism ", to the emigration from the former Soviet Union that increased the number and size Orthodox parishes, and helped the ROC to a victory over other Russian Orthodox in Western Europe. This expansion has been supported by logistical and aid of the Russian State, which envisages the ROC as one of its soft power The desire to play an active political role in Europe prompts the ROC to seek with mainstream European Christian churches. However, due to differences over their respective views on the role of religion in society, the ROC is often forced to ally itself with ultra­conservative movements and political forces.

A Participação Popular Na Última Eleição Presidencial e a Democracia Brasileira: Falácia do Engajamento Político e Crise da Representatividade

Seja por ausência de participação do povo brasileiro na consolidação da República ou, ainda, pela experimentação tardia do fenômeno democrático, a experiência democrática brasileira não se comportou, na prática, com a mesma efusividade que nascera. Os movimentos populares antecessores à eleição presidencial de 2014 pareceram uma retomada do papel ativo na política pelos cidadãos, significando uma aparente mudança na nossa democracia. Os índices de comparecimento às urnas, contudo, diminuíram substancialmente em comparação com as duas últimas eleições presidenciais. O descompasso entre o suposto engajamento político, altamente noticiado pela mídia, e a diminuição do exercício efetivo do poder de escolha pelos cidadãos, evidencia a importância do olhar jurídico e sociológico para a atual situação da democracia no Brasil, assolada por uma possível crise na representatividade e legitimidade do povo brasileiro. Há, portanto, a necessidade de reformar o processo de interação iterativa entre representantes e representados, de forma a estimular a participação política e a cultura cívica da população.

The International Humanitarian Regime and its Discontents: India’s Challenge

In recent years, concerns over whether the humanitarian regime as we know it will survive a many-pronged challenge have spurred humanitarian organisations to embark on processes of soul-searching and innovation. With a steadily increasing aid budget and its more active and vocal role in development and humanitarian politics—and in global politics more generally—India has acquired the label of ‘emerging’ humanitarian actor. This article, however, shows that in many ways India has been a humanitarian pioneer, and connects the norms and values of the international humanitarian regime with India’s own philosophical, religious and democratic traditions. It also discusses how Indian policy-makers have critiqued the current United Nations-led international humanitarian regime and investigates how the government of an increasingly powerful and influential Commonwealth country from the South interacts with an international regime created in Europe. For many Indian policy-makers, current humanitarian practices are tainted by what they see as North American and European interventionist and highly political agendas in the South. The article concludes that while there is still a lot to be said for a global, multilateral humanitarian regime led by the United Nations, it need not be Western-biased, either in theory or in practice.