Active Transport Of Potassium Research Articles

The M‐L blood group system and active potassium transport in sheep reticulocytes

SummaryImmature and mature red cells from anaemic homozygous and heterozygous low potassium (LK) type sheep were tested for the presence of the L antigen and for active potassium uptake. Evidence was obtained for the presence of L antigen on immature as well as mature cells, but immature cells had a higher intracellular potassium concentration and increased rate of active potassium transport which was only slightly enhanced after sensitization with L antiserum. The red cells which entered the circulation in the later phases of recovery from anaemia were not haemolysed by anti‐L as readily as normal cells, but showed normal haemolytic reactions with other blood typing reagents.It is suggested that, if the L antigen is directly concerned with suppressing part of the potassium pump in mature LK erythrocytes, its effect must be mediated by changes which occur during the final maturation processes of the red cell.

Norepinephrine and potassium fluxes in cardiac Purkinje fibers.

Dog ventricular Purkinje fibers, loaded with42K, were mounted in a tissue bath located over a beta-detector and washed in Tyrode solution. Tissue radioactivity was measured at intervals and transmembrane potential recorded by means of microelectrodes. Relative potassium influx was estimated by re-exposing the fiber to radioactive solution for fixed periods and measuring the tissue radio-activity increase at the end of the uptake period. Potassium efflux was estimated by measuring tissue and effluent radioactivities. After control recordings, administration of norepinephrine caused the following changes during the period it was applied: 1. increase in potassium influx; 2. increase in potassium efflux in nonstimulated fibers; 3. a smaller increase in potassium efflux in fibers stimulated electrically at a constant rate; 4. increase in potassium content in fibers loaded to equilibrium with42K; 5. a smaller increase in K uptake in fibers driven at a high rate; and 6. enhancement of potassium uptake even in the presence of high [K]0. It is concluded that norepinephrine increases both influx and efflux in Purkinje fibers. The larger enhancement of the influx with respect to the efflux and the increase in potassium content suggests that norepinephrine stimulates active transport of potassium. This stimulatory action can be dissociated from the stimulation of automaticity.

Stimulation of active potassium transport in LK sheep red cells by blood group-L-antiserum

Anti-L serum prepared by immunization of a high-potassium-type (HK) (blood type MM) sheep with blood from a low-potassium-type (LK) (blood type ML) sheep contained an antibody which stimulated four- to sixfold K(+)-pump influx in LK (LL) sheep red cells. In long-termin vitro incubation experiments, LK sheep red cells sensitized with anti-L showed a net increase in K(+) after two days of incubation at 37°C, whereas HK-nonimmune (NI)-serum-treated control cells lost K(+). The antibody could be absorbed by LK (LL) sheep red cells but not by HK sheep red cells. Kinetic experiments showed that the concentration of external K(+) ([K(+)]0) required to produce halfmaximum stimulation of the pump ([Na(+)]0=0, replaced by Mg(++)) was the same (0.25 mM) in L-antiserum-treated or untreated LK cells. LK cells with different [K(+)]i (Na(+) replacement) were prepared by the p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate (PCMBS) method. At [K(+)]0=5 mM, pump influx decreased as [K(+)]i increased from 1 to 70 mM in L-antiserum-treated LK cells, whereas LK cells treated with HK-NI-serum ceased to pump at [K(+)]i=35 mM. Exposure to anti-L serum produced an almost twofold increase in the number of pump sites of LK cells as measured by the binding of tritiated ouabain by LK sheep red cells. These findings indicate that the formation of a complex between the L-antigen and its antibody stimulates active transport in LK sheep red cells both by changing the kinetics of the pump and by increasing the number of pump sites.

Active potassium transport and the L and M antigens of sheep and coat red cells

1. 1. Active K + transport and the distribution of the L and M antigens have been investigated in sheep and goat red cells. 2. 2. Low K − (LK) type goat red cells have a significantly lower rate of active K + uptake than high K + (HK) type cells. Active K + transport and the associated (Na +- K +-activated ATPase activity in LK goat red cells was stimulated 1.5-8-fold by sensitization with sheep anti-L, even though the presence of this antibody could not be detected by complement lysis. 3. 3. Ether and acid eluates of anti-L from sensitized goat and sheep red cells haemolysed sheep but not goat red cells and stimulated active K + transport in both goat and sheep red cells. There was no apparent correlation between the presence of the M antigen and K + types in goats as there is in sheep. 4. 4. It is suggested that there may be two specificities of L substance, one associated specifically with the K + pump in sheep and goat red cells and not readily detectable serologically, and the other, found only on sheep red cells which may or may not be associated with the pump but which is easily detected by haemolytic tests.

The Influence of the Diuretic Hormone On the Process of Urine Secretion by the Malpighian Tubules of Carausius Morosus

ABSTRACT The rate of urine secretion and the trans-wall potential have been measured in single, isolated Malpighian tubules in media of varying ionic composition. Potassium, present as the only monovalent cation in a saline, is able to support urine secretion at a higher rate than sodium. In the absence of sodium, the rate of urine secretion depends upon the concentration of potassium, but is enhanced in the presence of sodium, especially at low potassium concentrations. The replacement of part or all of the anions normally present in saline by sulphate results in a reduction in rate of urine secretion and a rise in trans-wall potential. Neither the rate of urine secretion nor the trans-wall potential is affected by ouabain, but both are reduced by 2,4-dinitrophenol. The ionic composition of the urine remains unchanged by the addition of diuretic hormone to the medium surrounding the tubule, but the rate of urine secretion and the trans-wall potential are increased. It is suggested that the diuretic hormone acts by stimulating active potassium transport.

The plasma control of erythrocyte sodium and potassium metabolism in depressive illness

There is increasing evidence that depressive illness is associated with changes in the metabolism of sodium and perhaps of potassium. Early reports were about patients suffering from short cycle manic depressive psychoses [1] who showed alterations in the excretion of sodium and water with changes in affect. However, the relationship of sodium and water excretion to mood differed from patient to patient. Though Gibbons [2] reported that on recovery from a depressive illness there was a decrease in the 24 hr exchangeable sodium, Russell [3] was unable to show by classic balance techniques any consistent change in the balance of sodium, potassium or water with recovery. It was later demonstrated that on recovery from a depressive illness there was no change in 7 day exchangeable sodium [4], though there was a fall in the residual sodium [5]. Glen et al. [6] reported that patients suffering from a manic depressive psychosis or recurrent depression had a lower pNa of saliva than did healthy controls. These workers suggested that this was the effect of diminished membrane transport. There have been many reports of changes in corticosteroid metabolism in depressive illness and these were reviewed by Gibbons [7]. How corticosteroid changes may be related to the electrolyte changes is uncertain. We have previously reported differences in active and passive erythrocyte transport of sodium and potassium between patients classified as “neurotic” and “psychotic” depressive [8]. We have also reported changes in these values with recovery from the illness [9]. The present paper is an attempt to determine whether the reported differences were due to the intrinsic state of the erythrocytes or to plasma factors.

High potassium type red cells in cattle

SUMMARYThe distribution of red cell potassium concentrations in ninety–one Jersey cows was examined, and shown to be consistent with two populations, a high (HK) and low (LK) type. In tracer potassium uptake experiments the HK type cells were shown to have a higher active K+uptake, and lower passive K+leak than LK type cells. Tests with the sheep anti–L antibody showed that the L–antigen system, which controls active potassium transport in sheep red cells does not appear to act in cattle red cells.

The influx of orthophosphate into squid giant axons.

1. The influx of (32)P, applied externally as orthophosphate, into the axoplasm of squid giant axons has been studied.2. An average orthophosphate influx of 20.9 f-mole/cm(2).sec is obtained if the (32)P found in the axoplasm is assumed to be indicative of orthophosphate which has crossed the axolemma.3. The influx does not show very much dependence on external orthophosphate concentration in the range 0.02-0.5 mM.4. The influx is reduced by cyanide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, ouabain and by the absence of external potassium.5. The (32)P appears to arrive in the axoplasm as orthophosphate.6. It is concluded that there is an inward movement of orthophosphate into the axons which is mediated by an active transport process and that this may have some connexion with the active transport of sodium and potassium.

The M‐L blood group system and its influence on red cell potassium levels in sheep

SummaryFive phenotypes within the M‐L blood group system of sheep were identified with three reagents: anti‐L(m), anti‐M and anti‐M'. Factor M' only occurred in combination with M. The serological properties were studied and the potassium concentrations in the red cells of the various phenotypes were compared. Like M, the L antigen was only weakly developed on the red cells of newborn lambs, and it was only when adult low potassium levels were established that full L activity was reached. These results support the hypothesis that antigen L is acting as an inhibitor of active potassium transport.

Negative feedback regulation of amino acid transport in Streptomyces hydrogenans

The active uptake of amino acids in Streptomyces hydrogenans is inhibited in cells preloaded with a neutral amino acid. The “transinhibition” in not specific to a particular amino acid, i.e., the accumulation of all the amino acids tested was inhibited. This inhibition is restricted to amino acid transport. The active transport of potassium and sorbose is not influenced under these conditions. Other energy-dependent processes, such as protein synthesis, remain unaffected. Transinhibition appears to occur without any noticeable lag after loading the cells. It is reversible and repeatable in the same preparation. Kinetic data suggest that the transinhibitor, most likely the unaltered intracellular amino acid, acts as a feedback inhibitor which primarily affects the coupling between transport and energy supply.

Active and Passive Transport of Potassium in Cells of Excised Pea Epicotyls

The Ussing-Theorell equation, which provides a fundamental test for the independent passive movement of ions under conditions of nonequilibrium, has been used to assess the active and passive components of K(+) uptake by segments of pea epicotyl (Pisum sativum L. cultivar Alaska), incubated for 24 hours in both 1-fold and 10-fold concentrations of a complete nutrient solution. Measurements of the rates at which (42)K diffused out of the segments provided data from which were estimated the K(+) content of, and the fluxes to and from, the nonfree space compartments, interpreted as being cytoplasm and vacuole. For this analysis the serial model of MacRobbie and Dainty and Pitman for the spatial arrangement of cell compartments was used. On the basis of these values, and measurements of electrical potential across the cell membranes, the vacuolar K(+) concentration was found to be fairly close to that expected as a result of passive diffusion between the cytoplasm and vacuole provided that no potential exists across the tonoplast. Cytoplasmic K(+) concentration, however, was much too high in both treatments to be accounted for in passive terms. It was concluded, therefore, that, on the basis of the model, the high ratio of influx to efflux was maintained in the cells by an active K(+) pump located at the plasmalemma. There is some reason to question the applicability of this model for flux analysis to the conditions of high net influx as encountered here; nonetheless, it provides a first approach to an over-all flux analysis in pea stem tissue.

Active transport of sodium and potassium in Na-loaded skeletal muscles of potassium-deficient rats.

1. The active transport in Na-rich SOL and EDL muscles of K-deficient rats was studied by soaking the muscles in 10mM-K fluid with or without various agents at 30°C or at various temperatures for 2 hr.2. The active transport in Na-rich muscles of K-deficient rats after recovery was greater than that of normal rats, made Na-rich by soaking the muscles in cold K-free fluid for 2hr. Na extrusion and K uptake in Na-rich SOL muscles of K-deficient rats during recovery were greater than those in EDL muscles.3. Na extrusion in Na-rich EDL muscles during recovery was fully inhibited at temperature ranging from 1 to 11°C, while K uptake was inhibited partially at 11°C.4. The rate constant of Na extrusion during a recovery period of 0-30min were 2.19hr-1 in SOL muscles and 2.15hr-1 in EDL ones.5. The Na-K exchange in Na-rich muscles of K-deficient rats does not appea to occur on a simple one-to-one basis.6. Addition of ouabain (0.001mM), IAA (0.2mM) and FDNB (0.03mM) to the recovery fluid produced marked inhibition on the active transport in Na-rich SOL muscles. Presence of aspartate ion facilitated the active transport, but pyruvate and glutamate ions had no effect.7. Acetylcholine (8μg/ml) increased the active transport in Na-rich EDL muscles during recovery, whereas succinylcholine (2μg/ml) inhibited it. Little effect by tubocurarine (3μg/ml) was observed.8. FDNB (0.005mM)-treated Na-rich SOL muscles showed the action potential of a smaller amplitude and of a longer duration. Tetrodotoxin (0.08μg/ml) abolished the action potential of Na-rich EDL muscles and produced delayed rectification by a strong cathodal current.

The sieve tube wall and its relation to translocation

The sieve tube wall possesses a broad inner layer often with pronounced radial striations. The plasmalemma of the sieve tube appears to penetrate this wall in the form of a "brush border" of irregular microvilli, greatly increasing its surface area. It is suggested that this is the site of active transport of potassium, which circulates electroosmotically through the sieve plate pores and back through the thick wall. The function of the companion cells is the "care and maintenance" of the active "brush border" sites; in conjunction with their activity in supplying high-energy intermediates movement in the column acts regeneratively and fully polarises the plates. Many of the lamellar stacks and curvilinear membrane aggregates hitherto regarded as endoplasmic reticulum are, it is suggested, plasmalemma displaced from the wall. These findings have important consequences for the electroosmotic theory.

Biochemical Studies of Synapses in Vitro: III. IONIC ACTIVATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Abstract In synaptosomes isolated from rat brain cortex, sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase is present in high concentration (70 µmoles of Pi per mg of protein per 30 min). The maximal sodium-potassium-ATPase activity occurred with sodium and potassium concentrations similar to those necessary to achieve maximal protein synthesis, oxygen uptake, and potassium accumulation (50 mm sodium and 10 mm potassium). Furthermore, varying the concentrations of sodium or potassium yielded parallel alterations in sodium-potassium-ATPase activity, protein synthesis, and potassium transport. Ouabain (10-4 m) inhibited sodium-potassium-ATPase activity by 98%; protein synthesis, 40%; and active transport of potassium, 33%. Diphenylhydantoin, which may stimulate or inhibit ATPase activity depending upon the sodium to potassium ratio present, exerted parallel effects on protein synthesis. On the other hand, the ionic stimulation of amino acid uptake did not parallel the ionic stimulation of protein synthesis and potassium transport. Amino acid uptake was stimulated by sodium and inhibited by potassium. The apparent Km for 14C-leucine uptake was 3.0 mm in the absence of sodium and 0.7 mm in 50 mm sodium. Although potassium was inhibitory, both sodium and potassium were necessary for the optimal inhibitory action of ouabain. The results suggest a tight coupling of membrane ATPase activity, potassium transport, and the synthesis of synaptosome proteins. They further suggest that changes in ionic pump activity may modulate the synaptic metabolism of macromolecules.

Stimulation of the potassium transport system in low potassium type sheep red cells by a specific antigen antibody reaction.

SOME sheep have high concentrations of potassium in their red blood cells (HK type) and some have low concentrations (LK type)1. The gene for LK (KaL) is dominant to that for HK (kah). Rasmusen and Hall2,3 reported an association between potassium type and an antigen (M) on the red cells of adult sheep. All HK type but only some LK type red cells were M-positive, that is, they were haemolysed by the isoantibody anti-M. They suggested that genes controlling potassium concentrations also controlled the M antigen, sheep homozygous for M (MM) being HK type (kahkah), and sheep homozygous for m (mm) that is M-negative, being homozygous for the gene for LK (kaLkaL). The heterozygous LK sheep (kaLkah) were also heterozygous for M (Mm). The red cells of all newborn lambs contain more potassium than those of adult HK type sheep4,5, and in those lambs which carry the gene for M, the cells do not react fully with anti-M until adult potassium concentrations are reached6,7. The conclusion was that the presence of M antigen per se was not essential for the maintenance of a high intracellular content of potassium, and it was suggested that if the hypothetical m factor could be identified, it might prove to be directly involved in active potassium transport. The work reported here sets out to test this hypothesis.

Reversal by potassium of an effect of barium on the frog gastric mucosa.

ARTICLESReversal by potassium of an effect of barium on the frog gastric mucosaAD Pacifico, M Schwartz, TN MacKrell, SG Spangler, SS Sanders, and WS RehmAD Pacifico, M Schwartz, TN MacKrell, SG Spangler, SS Sanders, and WS RehmPublished Online:01 Mar 1969https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.216.3.536MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByAmmonia and gastric acid secretion: a key to understanding activity and regulation of the H+,K+-ATPaseInflammoPharmacology, Vol. 10, No. 4-6NH4Cl inhibition of acid secretion: possible involvement of an apical K+ channel in bullfrog oxyntic cellsSusan J. Hagen, Hui Wu, and Sarah W. Morrison1 August 2000 | American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, Vol. 279, No. 2Effect of melittin on PD, resistance and short-circuit current in the frog gastric mucosaBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 1369, No. 2Potential difference responses to nutrient K+, Na+ and Cl− changes with varying nutrient HCO3− in resting frog stomachBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 979, No. 3[31] Direct current electrical measurement in epithelia: Steady-state and transient analysisInhibition of acid secretion of fundus of Rana pipiens with a high concentration of potassium on the secretory sideBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 899, No. 1Inhibition of Ca2+-activated K+ channels in pig pancreatic acinar cells by Ba2+, Ca2+, quinine and quinidineBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 819, No. 2Effect of Ba2+ on the K+ conductance pathways in the frog corneaBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 819, No. 1Barium modifies the concentration dependence of active potassium transport by insect midgutThe Journal of Membrane Biology, Vol. 86, No. 2Effects of antidiuretic hormone on cellular conductive pathways in mouse medullary thick ascending limbs of Henle: I. ADH increases transcellular conductance pathwaysThe Journal of Membrane Biology, Vol. 80, No. 3Channels across Epithelial Cell LayersMicroelectrode study of K+ accumulation by tight epithelia: I. Baseline values of split frog skin and toad urinary bladderThe Journal of Membrane Biology, Vol. 72, No. 3The role of divalent cations in controlling amphibian lens membrane permeability; The mechanisms of toxic cataractsExperimental Eye Research, Vol. 36, No. 4Normal and anomalous potential responses due to K+ changes in bullfrog antrumBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 727, No. 1Anomalous potential response and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in in vitro frog gastric mucosaBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 649, No. 2Mechanisms of cation permeation across apical cell membrane ofNecturus gallbladder: Effects of luminal pH and divalent cations on K+ and Na+ permeabilityThe Journal of Membrane Biology, Vol. 59, No. 3The effects of barium on the electrical properties of the basolateral membrane in proximal tubuleNaunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, Vol. 318, No. 2K+-permeability of the outer border of the frog skin (R. temporaria)The Journal of Membrane Biology, Vol. 52, No. 2Relative roles of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ and Mg2+ in controlling lens permeability characteristicsCell Calcium, Vol. 1, No. 1Inhibition of potassium conductance by barium in frog skin epitheliumBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 552, No. 2Mechanism of the Inhibitory Action of Electric Current on H+ Secretion by Frog Gastric MucosaGastroenterology, Vol. 76, No. 4Gastric SecretionIon and Water Transport in Gastric MucosaElectrical Events During Activation and Inhibition of Gastric HCI SecretionGastroenterology, Vol. 73, No. 4Effects of barium on some stimulus evoked inhibitory post-synaptic potentials in the brain of Helix pomatiaComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 58, No. 2Barium inhibition of sodium ion transport in toad bladderBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 436, No. 3IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEUTRAL CARRIER Cl − -HCO 3− EXCHANGE MECHANISM IN GASTRIC MUCOSA fn116 December 2006 | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 264, No. 1Secretory Events in Gastric MucosaConductance of epithelial tissues with particular reference to the frog's cornea and gastric mucosaExperimental Eye Research, Vol. 15, No. 5Influence of Fixation on Physiological Properties of Frog Gastric MucosaActa Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 88, No. 1Proton TransportUnstirred-layer model for the long time-constant transient voltage response to current in epithelial tissueJournal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 32, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 216Issue 3March 1969Pages 536-541 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1969 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.216.3.536PubMed5765605History Published online 1 March 1969 Published in print 1 March 1969 Metrics

Active transport of potassium by the cecropia midgut. VI. Microelectrode potential profile.

ABSTRACT The potential profile recorded as a microelectrode is advanced from the blood side through the isolated midgut of Hyalophora cecropia consists of negative plateaus followed by a large positive step to the full midgut potential. Oxygen deprivation diminishes both the positive step and the midgut potential ; the negative plateaus are not affected. Changes in the potassium concentration in the blood-side solution affect both the negative plateaus and the midgut potential; the large positive step remains about the same. From these results it is concluded that the positive step is probably produced by the electrogenic potassium pump and that the negative steps are due to a potassium equilibrium potential. The discrete and independent nature of the negative and positive potentials argues that there are two barriers separating a ‘midgut’ compartment from the two bathing solutions. It is inferred that the epithelial cells are the site of the profile negativity and therefore that they constitute the ‘midgut’ compartment. This interpretation implies that the potassium equilibrium potential appears across the basal cell membranes and that electrogenic pump potential appears across the apical plasma membranes of the epithelial cells. The most conservative interpretation of these results is that the electrogenic potassium pump is located somewhere in or on the apical plasma membrane of the epithelial cells.

Cation fluxes and permeability changes accompanying bacteriophage infection of Escherichia coli.

Infection of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage T2 was accompanied by a rapid but transient increase in the rate of loss of small molecules from the bacterial cells. This transient leakage was studied with radioactive labels such as (42)K and (28)Mg. Bacteriophage-induced leakage was dependent on the ratio of phage to bacteria: the higher the multiplicity of infection, the greater the leakage. No leakage occurred at 4 C [when adsorption proceeds but injection of phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is blocked]. Leakage was caused by heavily irradiated phage as well as by normal phage; therefore, the intracellular functioning of the bacteriophage DNA was not required. This conclusion was supported by experiments which showed phage-induced leakage in the presence of chloramphenicol or sodium cyanide. Leakage could be prevented by infecting the bacteria with phage in the presence of high magnesium concentrations. Phage-induced leakage was terminated by a "sealing" reaction, after which potassium turnover by infected and uninfected cells was very similar. The sealing reaction occurred even in the presence of chloramphenicol, suggesting that the sealing is controlled by bacterial and not bacteriophage genes. We were not able to detect any effect of normal bacteriophage infection on the influx (active transport) of potassium and magnesium into the cells.

Action of steroidal diamines on active transport and permeability properties of Escherichia coli.

The steroidal diamine irehdiamine A (IDA) is a potent inhibitor of bacteriophage growth and macromolecular synthesis in Escherichia coli. By using radioactive (42)K and (14)C-thiomethylgalactoside (TMG), rapid effects of IDA and related steroids, both on the influx of potassium and TMG via their respective transport systems and on the efflux (leakage) of radioactivity from the treated cells, have been measured. IDA affects both the influx and efflux of (42)K at concentrations of steroid as low as 2 x 10(-5)m. Because of the increased leakage, it is not possible to tell whether there is a direct effect reducing the rate of active transport of potassium. The primary diamine, IDA, and its bis-secondary, bis-tertiary, and bis-quaternary diamine analogues are decreasingly effective in altering cell permeability properties in the order 1 degrees > 2 degrees > 3 degrees > 4 degrees . The effects of IDA on potassium transport are mirrored by similar effects on the transport of TMG. Therefore, the action of IDA is on the cell membrane and not directly on one or another transport system. The effects of IDA on cell permeability can reasonably explain the inhibitory actions of the drugs on bacteriophage growth and cellular metabolism.

Effect of ouabain on ion transport mechanisms in the isolated turtle bladder.

Effect of ouabain on ion transport mechanisms in the isolated turtle bladder.