Sample Of Active Galactic Nuclei Research Articles

A Systematic Search for Dual AGNs in Merging Galaxies (Astro-daring): III: Results from the SDSS Spectroscopic Surveys

Abstract As the third installment in a series systematically searching dual active galactic nuclei (AGN) among merging galaxies, we present the results of 20 dual AGNs found by using the SDSS fiber spectra. To reduce the flux contamination from both the fiber aperture and seeing effects, the angular separation of two cores in our merging galaxy pairs sample is restricted at least larger than 3″. By careful analysis of the emission lines, 20 dual AGNs are identified from 61 merging galaxies with their two cores both observed by the SDSS spectroscopic surveys. 15 of them are identified for the first time. The identification efficiency is about 32.79% (20/61), comparable to our former results (16 dual AGNs identified from 41 merging galaxies) based on the long-slit spectroscopy. Interestingly, two of the 20 dual AGNs show two prominent cores in radio images and their radio powers show they as the radio-excess AGNs. So far, 31 dual AGNs are found by our project and this is the current largest dual AGN sample, ever constructed with a consistent approach. This sample, together with more candidates from ongoing observations, is of vital importance to study the AGN physics and the coevolution between the supermassive black holes and their host galaxies.

A Systematic Search for Dual Active Galactic Nuclei in Merging Galaxies (ASTRO-DARING) II: First Results from Long-slit Spectroscopic Observations

Abstract Building a large sample of kiloparsec (kpc)-scale dual active galactic nuclei (AGNs) among merging galaxies is of vital importance to understand the coevolution between host galaxies and their central super massive black holes (SMBHs). Doing so, with just such a sample, we have developed an innovative method of systematically searching and identifying dual AGNs among kpc-scale merging galaxies and selected 222 candidates at redshifts ≤ 0.25. All the selected candidates have radio detection in the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeters survey and at least one of two cores previously revealed as AGN spectroscopically. We report the first results from a systematic search for dual AGNs in merging galaxies (ASTRO-DARING), which consist of spatially resolved long-slit spectroscopic observations of 41 targets selected from our merging galaxies sample carried out between 2014 November and 2017 February, using the Yunnan Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera mounted on the 2.4 meter telescope in Lijiang of Yunnan Observatories. Of these, 16 are likely dual AGNs, and 15 are newly identified. The efficiency of ASTRO-DARING is thus nearly 40%. With this method, we plan to build the first even sample of more than 50 dual AGNs constructed using a consistent approach. Further analysis of the dual AGN sample shall provide vital clues for understanding the coevolution of galaxies and SMBHs.

A Local Baseline of the Black Hole Mass Scaling Relations for Active Galaxies. IV. Correlations Between M BH and Host Galaxy σ, Stellar Mass, and Luminosity

Abstract The tight correlations between the mass of supermassive black holes (M BH) and their host-galaxy properties have been of great interest to the astrophysical community, but a clear understanding of their origin and fundamental drivers still eludes us. The local relations for active galaxies are interesting in their own right and form the foundation for any evolutionary study over cosmic time. We present Hubble Space Telescope optical imaging of a sample of 66 local active galactic nuclei (AGNs); for 14 objects, we also obtained Gemini near-infrared images. We use state-of-the-art methods to perform surface photometry of the AGN host galaxies, decomposing them into spheroid, disk, and bar (when present), and inferring the luminosity and stellar mass of the components. We combine this information with spatially resolved kinematics obtained at the Keck Telescopes to study the correlations between M BH (determined from single-epoch virial estimators) and host galaxy properties. The correlations are uniformly tight for our AGN sample, with intrinsic scatter 0.2–0.4 dex, smaller than or equal to that of quiescent galaxies. We find no difference between pseudo and classical bulges or barred and nonbarred galaxies. We show that all the tight correlations can be simultaneously satisfied by AGN hosts in the 107–109 M ⊙ regime, with data of sufficient quality. The M BH–σ relation is also in agreement with that of AGN with M BH obtained from reverberation mapping, providing an indirect validation of single-epoch virial estimators of M BH.

LLAMA: Stellar populations in the nuclei of ultra-hard X-ray-selected AGN and matched inactive galaxies

The relation between nuclear (≲50 pc) star formation and nuclear galactic activity is still elusive; theoretical models predict a link between the two, but it is unclear whether active galactic nuclei (AGNs) should appear at the same time, before, or after nuclear star formation activity. We present a study of this relation in a complete, volume-limited sample of nine of the most luminous (log L14 − 195 keV > 1042.5 erg s−1) local AGNs (the LLAMA sample), including a sample of 18 inactive control galaxies (six star-forming; 12 passive) that are matched by Hubble type, stellar mass (9.5 ≲ log M⋆/M⊙ ≲ 10.5), inclination, and distance. This allows us to calibrate our methods on the control sample and perform a differential analysis between the AGN and control samples. We performed stellar population synthesis on VLT/X-shooter spectra in an aperture corresponding to a physical radius of ≈150 pc. We find young (≲30 Myr) stellar populations in seven out of nine AGNs and in four out of six star-forming control galaxies. In the non-star-forming control population, in contrast, only two out of 12 galaxies show such a population. We further show that these young populations are not indicative of ongoing star formation, providing evidence for models that see AGN activity as a consequence of nuclear star formation. Based on the similar nuclear star formation histories of AGNs and star-forming control galaxies, we speculate that the latter may turn into the former for some fraction of their time. Under this assumption, and making use of the volume completeness of our sample, we infer that the AGN phase lasts for about 5% of the nuclear starburst phase.

The role of scatter and satellites in shaping the large-scale clustering of X-ray AGN as a function of host galaxy stellar mass

ABSTRACT The co-evolution between central supermassive black holes (BHs), their host galaxies, and dark matter haloes is still a matter of intense debate. Present theoretical models suffer from large uncertainties and degeneracies, for example, between the fraction of accreting sources and their characteristic accretion rate. In recent work, we showed that active galactic nuclei (AGNs) clustering represents a powerful tool to break degeneracies when analysed in terms of mean BH mass, and that AGN bias at fixed stellar mass is largely independent of most of the input parameters, such as the AGN duty cycle and the mean scaling between BH mass and host galaxy stellar mass. In this paper, we take advantage of our improved semi-empirical methodology and recent clustering data derived from large AGN samples at z ∼ 1.2, demonstrate that the AGN bias as a function of host galaxy stellar mass is a crucial diagnostic of the BH–galaxy connection, and is highly dependent on the scatter around the BH mass–galaxy mass scaling relation and on the relative fraction of satellite and central active BHs. Current data at z ∼ 1.2 favour relatively high values of AGN in satellites, pointing to a major role of disc instabilities in triggering AGN, unless a high minimum host halo mass is assumed. The data are not decisive on the magnitude/covariance of the BH–galaxy scatter at z ∼ 1.2 and intermediate host masses $M_\mathrm{star} \lesssim 10^{11} \, \mathrm{M}_\mathrm{star}$. However, future surveys like Euclid/LSST will be pivotal in shedding light on the BH–galaxy co-evolution.

Orientation and Accretion in a Representative Sample of Active Galactic Nuclei

Abstract We highlight a representative sample of active galactic nuclei selected independent of orientation. The defining characteristic of the selection is sophisticated matching between the 0.1 < z < 0.6 Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasars from the Seventh Data Release to the Westerbork Northern Sky Survey at 325 MHz and the subsequent application of a spatially integrated radio spectral luminosity density cut. The resulting sample is complete down to the limiting luminosity and unbiased by orientation. Compared to orientation samples in the literature this approach yields less bias with redshift, relatively more lobe-dominated sources including those with radio lobes and no visible core, and a distribution of radio core dominance that is consistent with expectations from a uniform distribution of inclinations with solid angle. We measure properties of the optical spectra, and use the sample to investigate the orientation dependence of the velocity width of the broad Hβ emission line. We recover the known orientation dependence, but the sharp envelope of previous studies where only edge-on sources display the broadest lines, is absent. Scatter in this diagram is not attributable solely to black hole mass, Eddington ratio, or contamination in the sample from compact steep-spectrum sources. A physical framework for quasar beaming and a disk-like broad-line region can describe the representative sample when it is expanded to include additional parameters, in particular jet properties and the broad-line region velocity field. These points serve to illustrate the critical role of sample selection in the interpretation of observable properties as indicators of physical parameters of quasar central engines.

NuSTAR view of heavily absorbed AGN: The R–NH correlation

Context. The nature of the putative torus and the outer geometry of active galactic nuclei (AGN) are still rather unknown and the subject of active research. Improving our understanding of them is crucial for developing a physical picture for the structure of AGN. Aims. The main goal of this work is to investigate the outer geometry of AGN by studying the observed hard X-ray spectrum of obscured sources. We primarily aim at researching the reflected emission in these sources. Methods. To that end, we analysed archived NuSTAR observations of a sample of nearby AGN, whose X-ray emission has been found to be heavily absorbed, with 1023 < NH < 2.5 × 1023 cm−2; the upper limit on NH was necessary due to the analysis we followed and the data quality. Fitting their emission with both a phenomelogical and a physical model, we investigated the relation between reflection and absorption. Results. The strength of reflected emission, as well as the equivalent width of the Fe Kα line, correlates with the absorption column density, which can be explained with a clumpy torus origin for the reflection in these sources. The shape of the observed correlation is found to be well reproduced when the effects of a clumpy torus with a variable filling factor are simulated. A similar increase in reflection seems to be featured even by sources with larger absorption, reaching the Compton thick (NH > 1.5 × 1024 cm−2) regime.

Evolution of Cold Gas at 2 < z < 5: A Blind Search for H i and OH Absorption Lines toward Mid-infrared Color-selected Radio-loud AGN

Abstract We present results from a spectroscopically blind search for associated and intervening H i 21 cm and OH 18 cm absorption lines toward 88 active galactic nuclei (AGN) at 2 ≤ z ≤ 5 using the uGMRT. The sample of AGN with 1.4 GHz spectral luminosity in the range 1027−29.3 W Hz−1 is selected using mid-infrared colors and closely resembles the distribution of the underlying quasar population. The search for associated or proximate absorption, defined to be within 3000 km s−1 of the AGN redshift, led to one H i 21 cm absorption detection (M1540−1453; z abs = 2.1139). This is only the fourth known absorption at z > 2. The detection rate ( 1.6 − 1.4 + 3.8 %) suggests a low covering factor of the cold neutral medium (CNM; T ∼ 100 K) associated with these powerful AGN. The intervening absorption line search, with a sensitivity to detect the CNM in damped Lyα systems (DLAs), has comoving absorption path lengths of ΔX = 130.1 and 167.7 for H i and OH, respectively. The corresponding number of absorbers per unit comoving path length are ≤0.014 and ≤0.011, respectively. The former is at least 4.5 times lower than that of DLAs and consistent with the CNM cross section estimated using H2 and C i absorbers at z > 2. Our AGN sample is optically fainter compared to the quasars used to search for DLAs in the past. In our optical spectra obtained using SALT and NOT, we detect five intervening (redshift path ∼9.3) and two proximate DLAs. This is slightly excessive compared to the statistics based on optically selected quasars. The nondetection of H i 21 cm absorption from these DLAs suggests a small CNM covering fraction around galaxies at z > 2.

Transient obscuration event captured in NGC 3227

From Swift monitoring of a sample of active galactic nuclei (AGN) we found a transient X-ray obscuration event in Seyfert-1 galaxy NGC 3227, and thus triggered our joint XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations to study this event. Here in the first paper of our series we present the broadband continuum modelling of the spectral energy distribution for NGC 3227, extending from near infrared (NIR) to hard X-rays. We use our new spectra taken with XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and the HST Cosmic Origins Spectrograph in 2019, together with archival unobscured XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and HST Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph data, in order to disentangle various spectral components of NGC 3227 and recover the underlying continuum. We find the observed NIR-optical-UV continuum is explained well by an accretion disk blackbody component (Tmax = 10 eV), which is internally reddened by E(B − V) = 0.45 with a Small Magellanic Cloud extinction law. We derive the inner radius (12 Rg) and the accretion rate (0.1 M⊙ yr−1) of the disk by modelling the thermal disk emission. The internal reddening in NGC 3227 is most likely associated with outflows from the dusty AGN torus. In addition, an unreddened continuum component is also evident, which likely arises from scattered radiation, associated with the extended narrow-line region of NGC 3227. The extreme ultraviolet continuum, and the ‘soft X-ray excess’, can be explained with a ‘warm Comptonisation’ component. The hard X-rays are consistent with a power-law and a neutral reflection component. The intrinsic bolometric luminosity of the AGN in NGC 3227 is about 2.2 × 1043 erg s−1 in 2019, corresponding to 3% Eddington luminosity. Our continuum modelling of the new triggered data of NGC 3227 requires the presence of a new obscuring gas with column density NH = 5 × 1022 cm−2, partially covering the X-ray source (Cf = 0.6).

The dust-gas AGN torus as constrained from X-ray and mid-infrared observations

Context. In recent decades, several multiwavelength studies have been dedicated to exploring the properties of the obscuring material in active galactic nuclei (AGN). Various models have been developed to describe the structure and distribution of this material and constrain its physical and geometrical parameters through spectral fitting techniques. However, questions around the way in which torus mid-infrared (mid-IR) and X-ray emission are related remain unanswered. Aims. In this work, we aim to study whether the dust continuum at mid-IR and gas reflection at X-rays have the same distribution in a sample of AGN. Methods. We carefully selected a sample of 36 nearby AGN with NuSTAR and Spitzer spectra available that satisfy the following criteria: (1) the AGN component dominates the mid-IR spectra (i.e., the stellar and interstellar medium components contribute less than 50% to the spectrum), and (2) the reflection component contributes significantly to the X-ray spectrum. Furthermore, we discarded the sources whose reflection component could be produced by ionized material in the disk. We derived the properties of the nuclear dust and gas through a spectral fitting, using models developed for mid-IR and X-ray wavelengths assuming smooth and clumpy distributions for this structure. Results. We find that a combination of smooth and clumpy distributions of gas and dust, respectively, is preferred for ∼80% of sources with good spectral fits according to the Akaike criterion. However, considering extra information about each individual source, such as the absorption variability, we find that ∼50% of our sources are best described by a clumpy distribution of both dust and gas. The remaining ∼50% of our sources can still be explained with a smooth distribution of gas and a clumpy distribution of dust. Furthermore, we explored the torus dust-to-gas ratio, finding that it is [0.01–1] times that of the interstellar medium. Conclusions. The results presented in this paper suggest that the distribution of the gas and dust in AGN is complex. We find at least six scenarios to explain the observed properties of our sample. In these scenarios, three gas–dust distribution combinations are possible: clumpy–clumpy, smooth–smooth, and smooth–clumpy. Most of them are in agreement with the notion that gas could also be located in the dust-free region, which is consistent with the dust-to-gas ratio found.

Jet-Induced Feedback in the [O III] Lines of Early Evolution Stage Active Galactic Nuclei

It is well known that active galactic nuclei (AGN) show various forms of interaction with their host galaxy, in a number of phenomena generally called AGN feedback. In particular, the relativistic plasma jets launched by a fraction of AGN can strongly affect their environment. We present here a study of the [O III] λλ4959,5007 lines in a diverse sample of early evolution stage AGN–specifically narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies. Radio imaging observations of all of the sources enable a division to jetted and non-jetted sources, and exploiting this we show that the ionized gas properties are significantly influenced by the presence of the jets, as we often find the [O III] lines (blue-)shifted with respect to their restframe wavelength. We also show how the radio morphology and the radio spectral index do not seem to play a role in the origin of the [O III] shifts, thus suggesting that the source inclination is not relevant to the lines displacement. We do not find a strong relation between the [O III] line properties and the bolometric luminosity, suggesting that within our sample radiatively driven outflows do not seem to have a significant contribution to the [O III] line kinematics. We finally suggest that [O III] shifts may be a good proxy to identify the presence of relativistic jets. Additional studies, especially with integral-field spectroscopy, will provide a deeper insight into the relation between jets and their environment in early evolution stage AGN.

AGNs on the Move: A Search for Off-nuclear AGNs from Recoiling Supermassive Black Holes and Ongoing Galaxy Mergers with the Zwicky Transient Facility

Abstract A supermassive black hole (SMBH) ejected from the potential well of its host galaxy via gravitational wave recoil carries important information about the mass ratio and spin alignment of the pre-merger SMBH binary. Such a recoiling SMBH may be detectable as an active galactic nucleus (AGN) broad-line region offset by up to 10 kpc from a disturbed host galaxy. We describe a novel methodology using forward modeling with The Tractor to search for such offset AGNs in a sample of 5493 optically variable AGNs detected with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). We present the discovery of nine AGNs that may be spatially offset from their host galaxies and are candidates for recoiling SMBHs. Five of these offset AGNs exhibit double-peaked broad Balmer lines, which may have arisen from unobscured accretion disk emission, and four show radio emission indicative of a relativistic jet. The fraction of double-peaked emitters in our spatially offset AGN sample is significantly larger than the 16% double-peaked emitter fraction observed for ZTF AGNs overall. In our sample of variable AGNs we also identified 52 merging galaxies, including a new spectroscopically confirmed dual AGN. Finally, we detected the dramatic rebrightening of SDSS 1133, a previously discovered variable object and recoiling SMBH candidate, in ZTF. The flare was accompanied by the reemergence of strong P Cygni line features, indicating that SDSS 1133 may be an outbursting luminous blue variable star.

Nowhere to hide: Radio-faint AGN in the GOODS-N field

Context. Obtaining a census of active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity across cosmic time is critical to our understanding of galaxy evolution and formation. Many AGN classification techniques are compromised by dust obscuration. However, very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) can be used to identify high brightness temperature compact radio emission (> 105 K) in distant galaxies that can only be reliably attributed to AGN activity. Aims. We present the second in a series of papers dealing with the compact radio population in the GOODS-N field. This paper reviews the various multi-wavelength data and AGN classification techniques in the context of a VLBI-detected sample and use these to investigate the nature of the AGN as well as their host galaxies. Methods. Multi-wavelength data from radio to X-ray were compiled for the GOODS-N AGN sample, and fourteen widely used multi-wavelength AGN classification schemes were tested. We discuss and compare the various biases that affect multi-wavelength and VLBI selection. We use the physical interpretation to imply the nature of VLBI-selected AGN and their hosts. Results. Firstly, we find that no single identification technique can identify all VLBI objects as AGN. Infrared colour–colour selection is most notably incomplete. However, the usage of multiple classification schemes can identify all VLBI-selected AGN, independently verifying similar approaches used in other deep field surveys. In the era of large area surveys with instruments such as the SKA and ngVLA, multi-wavelength coverage, which relies heavily upon observations from space, is often unavailable. Therefore, VLBI remains an integral component in detecting AGN of the jetted efficient and inefficient accretion types. Secondly, a substantial fraction (46%) of the VLBI AGN have no X-ray counterpart, which is most likely due to lack of sensitivity in the X-ray band. Thirdly, a high fraction of the VLBI AGN reside in low or intermediate redshift dust-poor early-type galaxies. These most likely exhibit inefficient accretion. Fourthly, A significant fraction of the VLBI AGN reside in symbiotic dusty starburst – AGN systems. Finally, in the appendix, we present an extensive compilation of the multi-wavelength properties of all the VLBI AGN in GOODS-N.

A Chandra survey of z ≥ 4.5 quasars

ABSTRACT X-ray observations provide a unique probe of the accretion disc corona of supermassive black holes (SMBHs). In this paper, we present a uniform Chandra X-ray data analysis of a sample of 152 z ≥ 4.5 quasars. We firmly detect 46 quasars of this sample in 0.5–2 keV above 3σ and calculate the upper limits of the X-ray flux of the remaining. We also estimate the power-law photon index of the X-ray spectrum of 31 quasars. 24 of our sample quasars are detected in the FIRST or NVSS radio surveys; all of them are radio-loud. We statistically compare the X-ray properties of our z ≥ 4.5 quasars to other X-ray samples of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at different redshifts. The relation between the rest-frame X-ray luminosity and other quasar parameters, such as the bolometric luminosity, UV luminosity, or SMBH mass, shows large scatters. These large scatters can be attributed to the narrow luminosity range at the highest redshift, the large measurement error based on relatively poor X-ray data, and the inclusion of radio-loud quasars in the sample. The LX–LUV relationship is significantly sublinear. We do not find a significant redshift evolution of the LX–LUV relation, expressed either in the slope of this relation, or the departure of individual AGNs from the best-fitting αOX–LUV relation (ΔαOX). The median value of the X-ray photon index is Γ ≈ 1.79, which does not show redshift evolution from z = 0 to z ∼ 7. The X-ray and UV properties of the most distant quasars could potentially be used as a standard candle to constrain cosmological models. The large scatter of our sample on the Hubble diagram highlights the importance of future large unbiased deep X-ray and radio surveys in using quasars in cosmological studies.

The LOFAR Two-meter Sky Survey: Deep Fields Data Release 1

We present the source associations, cross-identifications, and multi-wavelength properties of the faint radio source population detected in the deep tier of the LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS): the LoTSS Deep Fields. The first LoTSS Deep Fields data release consists of deep radio imaging at 150 MHz of the ELAIS-N1, Lockman Hole, and Boötes fields, down to RMS sensitives of around 20, 22, and 32 μJy beam−1, respectively. These fields are some of the best studied extra-galactic fields in the northern sky, with existing deep, wide-area panchromatic photometry from X-ray to infrared wavelengths, covering a total of ≈26 deg2. We first generated improved multi-wavelength catalogues in ELAIS-N1 and Lockman Hole; combined with the existing catalogue for Boötes, we present forced, matched aperture photometry for over 7.2 million sources across the three fields. We identified multi-wavelength counterparts to the radio detected sources, using a combination of the Likelihood Ratio method and visual classification, which greatly enhances the scientific potential of radio surveys and allows for the characterisation of the photometric redshifts and the physical properties of the host galaxies. The final radio-optical cross-matched catalogue consists of 81 951 radio-detected sources, with counterparts identified and multi-wavelength properties presented for 79 820 (>97%) sources. We also examine the properties of the host galaxies, and through stacking analysis find that the radio population with no identified counterpart is likely dominated by active galactic nuclei (AGN) atz~ 3−4. This dataset contains one of the largest samples of radio-selected star-forming galaxies and AGN at these depths, making it ideal for studying the history of star-formation, and the evolution of galaxies and AGN across cosmic time.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEPENDENCE OF AGE, STELLAR MASS, STAR FORMATION RATE AND STELLAR VELOCITY DISPERSION OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS HOST GALAXIES

Using the apparent-magnitude limited active galactic nucleus (AGN) host galaxy sample of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12 (SDSS DR12), we investigate the environmental dependence of age, stellar mass, the star formation rate (SFR) and stellar velocity dispersion of AGN host galaxies. We divide the whole apparent-magnitude limited AGN sample into many subsamples with a redshift binning size of Δz = 0.01, and analyse the environmental dependence of these galaxy properties of subsamples in each redshift bin. It turns out that these parameters of AGN host galaxies seemingly only have a weak environmental dependence.

An XMM–Newton study of active–inactive galaxy pairs

ABSTRACT While theory and simulations indicate that galaxy mergers play an important role in the cosmological evolution of accreting black holes and their host galaxies, samples of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in galaxies at close separations are still small. In order to increase the sample of AGN pairs, we undertook an archival project to investigate the X-ray properties of an SDSS-selected sample of 32 galaxy pairs with separations ≤150 kpc containing one optically identified AGN, which were serendipitously observed by XMM–Newton. We discovered only one X-ray counterpart among the optically classified non-active galaxies, with a weak X-ray luminosity (≃ 5 × 1041 erg s−1). 59 per cent (19 out of 32) of the AGNs in our galaxy pair sample exhibit an X-ray counterpart, covering a wide range in absorption-corrected X-ray luminosity (5 × 1041–2 × 1044 erg s−1). More than 79 per cent of these AGNs are obscured (column density NH > 1022 cm−2), with more than half thereof (i.e. about 47 per cent of the total AGN sample) being Compton-thick. AGN/no-AGN pairs are therefore more frequently X-ray obscured (by a factor ≃1.5) than isolated AGNs. When compared to a luminosity and redshift-matched sample of bona fide dual AGN, AGN/no-AGN pairs exhibit one order-of-magnitude lower X-ray column density in the same separation range (>10 kpc). A small sample (4 objects) of AGN/no-AGN pairs with sub-pc separation is all heavily obscured, driving a formal anticorrelation between the X-ray column density and the galaxy pair separation in these systems. These findings suggest that the galactic environment has a key influence on the triggering of nuclear activity in merging galaxies.

The post-Herschel view of intrinsic AGN emission: constructing templates for galaxy and AGN emission at IR wavelengths

ABSTRACT Measuring the star-forming properties of active galactic nucleus (AGN) hosts is key to our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution. However, this topic remains debated, partly due to the difficulties in separating the infrared (i.e. 1–1000 ${\rm \mu m}$) emission into AGN and star-forming components. Taking advantage of archival far-infrared data from Herschel, we present a new set of AGN and galaxy infrared templates and introduce the spectral energy distribution fitting code iragnsep. Both can be used to measure infrared host galaxy properties, free of AGN contamination. To build these, we used a sample of 100 local (z < 0.3), low-to-high luminosity AGNs (i.e. Lbol$\ \sim \ 10^{42-46}$ erg s−1), selected from the 105-month Swift–BAT X-ray survey, which have archival Spitzer–IRS spectra and Herschel photometry. We first built a set of seven galaxy templates using a sample of 55 star-forming galaxies selected via infrared diagnostics. Using these templates, combined with a flexible model for the AGN contribution, we extracted the intrinsic infrared emission of our AGN sample. We further demonstrate that we can reduce the diversity in the intrinsic shapes of AGN spectral energy distributions down to a set of three AGN templates, of which two represent AGN continuum, and one represents silicate emission. Our results indicate that, on average, the contribution of AGNs to the far-infrared (λ ≳ 50 ${\rm \mu m}$) is not as high as suggested by some recent work. We further show that the need for two infrared AGN continuum templates could be related to nuclear obscuration, where one of our templates appears dominated by the emission of the extended polar dust.

Discovery of soft and hard X-ray time lags in low-mass AGNs

ABSTRACT The scaling relations between the black hole (BH) mass and soft lag properties for both active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and BH X-ray binaries (BHXRBs) suggest the same underlying physical mechanism at work in accreting BH systems spanning a broad range of mass. However, the low-mass end of AGNs has never been explored in detail. In this work, we extend the existing scaling relations to lower mass AGNs, which serve as anchors between the normal-mass AGNs and BHXRBs. For this purpose, we construct a sample of low-mass AGNs ($M_{\rm BH}\lt 3\times 10^{6} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) from the XMM–Newton archive and measure frequency-resolved time-delays between the soft (0.3–1 keV) and hard (1–4 keV) X-ray emissions. We report that the soft band lags behind the hard band emission at high frequencies ∼[1.3−2.6] × 10−3 Hz, which is interpreted as a sign of reverberation from the inner accretion disc in response to the direct coronal emission. At low frequencies (∼[3−8] × 10−4 Hz), the hard-band lags behind the soft-band variations, which we explain in the context of the inward propagation of luminosity fluctuations through the corona. Assuming a lamppost geometry for the corona, we find that the X-ray source of the sample extends at an average height and radius of ∼10rg and ∼6rg, respectively. Our results confirm that the scaling relations between the BH mass and soft lag amplitude/frequency derived for higher mass AGNs can safely extrapolate to lower mass AGNs, and the accretion process is indeed independent of the BH mass.

Extended X-Ray Emission in Compton Thick AGN with Deep Chandra Observations

Abstract We present the spatial analysis of five Compton thick (CT) active galactic nuclei (AGNs), including MKN 573, NGC 1386, NGC 3393, NGC 5643, and NGC 7212, for which high-resolution Chandra observations are available. For each source, we find hard X-ray emission (>3 keV) extending to ∼kiloparsec scales along the ionization cone, and for some sources, in the cross-cone region. This collection represents the first, high-signal sample of CT AGN with extended hard X-ray emission for which we can begin to build a more complete picture of this new population of AGN. We investigate the energy dependence of the extended X-ray emission, including possible dependencies on host galaxy and AGN properties, and find a correlation between the excess emission and obscuration, suggesting a connection between the nuclear obscuring material and the galactic molecular clouds. Furthermore, we find that the soft X-ray emission extends farther than the hard X-rays along the ionization cone, which may be explained by a galactocentric radial dependence on the density of molecular clouds due to the orientation of the ionization cone with respect to the galactic disk. These results are consistent with other CT AGN with observed extended hard X-ray emission (e.g., ESO 428-G014 and the Ma et al. CT AGN sample), further demonstrating the ubiquity of extended hard X-ray emission in CT AGN.