Active Forms Of Oxygen Research Articles

ГЕНОТОКСИЧНОСТЬ МЕТАЛЛСОДЕРЖАЩИХ НАНОЧАСТИЦ

No more than 100 nm large, nanoparticles (NPs) are distinguished by unusual mechanical, electrical, optical, thermal and magnetic properties. They are used in biology, pharmacology, medicine, chemistry, physics, materials technology and engineering industry. Nanoparticles penetrate in organism through the skin, GIT and airways. Their genotoxicity depends on size, form, mode of action and composition. Two principal mechanisms of NPs genotoxicity are primary and secondary. The primary mechanism is realized in direct interaction with the genome; the secondary mechanism is achieved through mediation of the active forms of oxygen. NPs can modulate the epigenome by altering the gene functions and do not change the DNA sequence directly. Consequences of prolonged exposure to low NPs doses on the human organism still remain uninvestigated.

Comparison of the performance of lipoperoxidation-antioxidant protection system in rats at different periods under immobilization stress effects.

Background: Under physiological conditions, the activity of the formation of active oxygen is low. The activity of these processes is intensified under stress-induced situations. This study aimed to investigate the role of free-radical oxidation (FRO) in adrenal tissues and immunocompetent organs and cells in mature white rats after 6 hours of immobilization stress. Methods: The studies were performed on 40 White male rats of the Wistar line with a bodyweight of 200 to 240 g. Two series of experiments were conducted: I series: determination of indices in intact rats (10 rats); II series: determination of indices after a 6-hour immobilization stress action on them. Animals of II series were divided into 3 groups of 10 rats in each: group 1: those undergoing acute immobilization stress, withdrawal from the experiment in 1 hour; group 2: those undergoing acute immobilization stress, withdrawal from the experiment in 25 hours; and group 3: those undergoing acute immobilization stress, withdrawal from the experiment in 49 hours. The obtained data were processed by statistical methods with the help of the "Biostat" and "Excel" software packages. Results: In groups 1, 2, and 3, the animals were simulated acute immobilization stress by fixing the animals for 6 hours in bright light. The results of the conducted studies indicate changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system (LPO-AOS) in case of immobilization stress-excitation. In developing free-radical pathology at immobilization stress-excitation, the more expressed disturbance of LPO-AOS, and accordingly the intensity of lipoperoxidation in the structural membrane of all investigated organs was high at the initial stage of exposure. Conclusion: At 49 hours after immobilization, stress less pronounced influence on the lipoperoxidation process was noted. The increase in the intensity of excessive lipoperoxidation testifies to the inhibited manifestation of AOS in the organism.

Consumption dietary sources of lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin among young adults living in megapolis

Carotenoids are natural antioxidants, affecting apoptosis, absorbing active forms of oxygen, and improving visual performance through their blue light filtering capabilities. Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids of the macular pigment that play a significant role in protecting against age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataracts, and diabetic retinopathy. We analyzed the dietary sources of lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin of young adults living in a megapolis. We analyzed 431 food frequency questionnaires and used two different criteria for comparison: age (groups A1 and A2) and season (groups S1, spring, and S2, autumn). Raw red tomatoes and eggs are the main sources of carotenoids for the majority of respondents regardless of age and season. Significant differences between age groups were found for parsley, carrot, cheeseburger, and spring onion. Foods with high levels of carotenoids (tomato juice, pumpkin, spinach, and sprouts) were absent in the diets of most of the study participants. Watermelons and persimmons are seasonal sources of lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. Dietary sources of carotenoids are present in insufficient quantities in the diets. Foods with high levels of lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin are absent or only occasionally included in the diet.

Влияние металлов переменной валентности на окислительную модификацию аминокислотных остатков альбумина

BACKGROUND: The constancy of the protein composition of the body is one of the most important conditions for normal vital activity. Deviations in the content of the main bioelements, in particular, mixed valence metals, caused by environmental factors, improper nutrition and other factors, lead to various disorders. One of the properties of metals of mixed valence is the abil-ity to cause metal-catalyzed oxidation of proteins in joint action with active forms of oxygen. It seems interesting to study the oxidative modification of the amino acid residues of albumin and the change in its properties. AIM: To study the effect of reactive oxygen intermediates generated by the Fenton reaction in the presence of Fe2+ and Cu2+ on the oxidative modification of amino acid residues of bovine serum albumin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out on bovine serum albumin (BSA), which was incubated for 2 hours in a mixture of Fenton's reagents – FeSO4 + H2O2 and in a mixture of СuSO4 + H2O2. The quantitative protein content in the samples was determined with the bromcresol green reagent (Albumin-Olvex). The content of carbonyl derivatives of proteins was estimated by the method of R.L. Levine modified by E.E. Dubinina. The content of thiol groups in albumin samples from the control and experimental groups was determined by the Ellman method with DTNB (under non-denaturing conditions. RESULTS: The presented results demonstrate that under the action of Cu2+ ions, the formation of carbonyl derivatives of aliphatic amino acids of albumin is less than in the presence of Fe2+, which can be explained by the different degrees of albumin affinity to metals of variable valence. The rate of mobility of oxidatively modified albumin in polyacrylamide gel decreases, which is explained by protein aggregation due to bityrosine cross-links. CONCLUSION: Variable valence metals affect the modification of albumin. The change in the functional properties of the protein is of physiological significance, including the case of extracellular mobilization of iron and copper.

Метаболічний синдром і ризик хронічної хвороби нирок

Метаболічний синдром (МС) є поєднанням порушення вуглеводного обміну, абдомінального ожиріння, дисліпідемії та артеріальної гіпертензії. Дослідження підтверджують, що існує тісний зв’язок між МС і хронічною хворобою нирок (ХХН). У пацієнтів із МС у 2,5 раза частіше спостерігається ризик ХХН. Факторами розвитку ХХН при метаболічному синдромі є підвищений рівень інсуліну й інсулінорезистентність, активні форми кисню, медіатори запалення, біологічно активні речовини, гормони, запальні цитокіни, посилення активності факторів коагуляції, гальмування фібринолітичної системи. Патологічні порушення в нирках у хворих із МС проявляються мікросудинною тубулярною атрофією, інтерстиціальним фіброзом і глобальним або сегментарним склерозом. Мікроальбумін є раннім маркером при МС.

Obesity as a risk factor for diseases of the digestive system

Currently, the global prevalence of obesity among the worlds adult population is about 650 million people, which makes it possible to consider this chronic metabolic disease as a non-infectious pandemic of the 21st century. It has been proven that obesity is associated with several gastroenterological diseases, while the mechanisms of these associations are extremely heterogeneous and multifactorial. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipocytes in obesity lead to a change in the profile of adipokine production (a decrease in adiponectin, an increase in leptin), an increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1, 6, 8, tumor necrosis factor ), C-reactive protein, free fatty acids, as well as active forms of oxygen (superoxide radicals, H2O2). All the above induces the development of chronic slowly progressive inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. In addition, peptides secreted by adipocytes (adiponectin, leptin, nesfatin-1 and apelin) can modulate gastrointestinal motility, acting both centrally and peripherally. The qualitative and quantitative changes in the intestinal microbiota observed in obese patients (increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes) lead to a decrease in the production of short-chain fatty acids and an increase in the intestinal permeability due to disruption of intercellular tight junctions, which leads to increased translocation of bacteria and endotoxins into the systemic circulation. Numerous studies have demonstrated the association of obesity with diseases of the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barretts esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophageal motility disorders), stomach (functional dyspepsia, stomach cancer), gallbladder (cholelithiasis, gallbladder cancer), pancreas (acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer), liver (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma), intestine (diverticular disease, irritable bowel syndrome, colorectal cancer).

Metabolic regulation in mitochondria as a prospective way of body rejuvenation

Scientists around the world are looking for ways to achieve high-quality and active longevity. The complexity of these searches is associated with the lack of unified concept of aging mechanisms, the problem of extrapolating the results of studies of geroprotectors from model organisms to humans. Therefore, modern medicine can only slow down the aging process so far. Nevertheless, it has been proven that disturbances in the functioning of mitochondria are an important link in the pathogenesis of aging; therefore, regulation of their metabolism is a promising way of rejuvenating the body. A decrease in protein synthesis and a general decrease in the intensity of the oxidative enzymes action are interrelated. Energy production for the protein and DNA synthesis decreases with a decrease in the intensity of oxidative processes. Dysfunction of mitochondrial adaptive reactions also develops with age, which may be associated with the low efficiency of the NADH dehydrogenase complex – NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone/coenzyme Q10, resulting in a decrease in electron transport and an increase of active oxygen forms. Coenzyme Q10 reducing plays a very important role in the aging process, as it is an antioxidant and, unlike other antioxidants, is produced in the body. An increase in mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as an increase in the rate and efficiency of mitochondrial metabolism (with a calorie restricted diet for example) helps to improve the energy supply of cells and prolong life.A drug based on xylitol Xylate can be a source of triglycerophosphate by metabolism through the pentose phosphate cycle and thereby reduce the amount of free fatty acids that can be oxidized into acetyl-CoA, increases the content of adenosine triphosphate acid and other adenine nucleotides in liver, and has a pronounced antiketogenic effect. It can reduce intoxication and improve microcirculation, which is especially important for high-quality and active longevity.Activation of mitochondrial metabolism is a promising direction in the aging prevention, since it allows balancing metabolic processes not only in cells, but also in body as a whole.

The role of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> photoreceptors in regulating the process of state transitions

The initial formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants occurs during photomorphogenesis. The red/far-red (phytochromes) and blue (cryptochrome) light protein-photoreceptors play the most important role in photomorphogenesis initiation and regulation. The exited phytochrome and cryptochrome molecules can interact with transcription factors, changing the expression of nuclear genes, which encode the proteins of the plant photosynthetic apparatus. Since light is a variable factor, plants have developed appropriate adaptation mechanisms, including their photosynthetic apparatus protection. The mechanism of state transitions ensures a rapid adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus. This adaptation mechanism increases the adsorption efficiency under current light conditions and prevents intensive generation of active forms of oxygen in chloroplasts, which leads to photo-oxidation and even cell death. This work aims to determine the role of photoreceptors - phytochromes A and B, as well as cryptochrome 1 and 2 - in regulating the process of state transitions in the Arabidopsis thaliana model plant. Arabidopsis mutants with the defects on A and B phytochromes and cryptochrome 1 and 2 genes were used as the research objects. The blue native electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel was used to visualise state transitions. It was found that these photoreceptors had no direct effect on the redox-regulation of the state transitions mechanism in Arabidopsis. Presumably, these photoreceptors protect the photosynthetic apparatus from excessive light not by regulating the state transitions but indirectly, through regulating the chlorophyll, carotenoid and antioxidant components content.

Pathogenetic justification of the use of simvastatin in the complex therapy of vitiligo

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is a chronic acquired disease with a genetic predisposition to pigmentation disorder caused by the destruction of skin melanocytes, leading to hypopigmentation. The effectiveness of currently available methods of treatment of vitiligo, on average, is about 40%. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new effective and safe methods of vitiligo therapy, characterized by minimal risk of side effects, and financial costs of the patient. Simvastatin inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis by inhibiting HMC-CoA reductase. In addition to lowering cholesterol, statins have pleiotropic effects, namely, they inhibit various inflammatory mediators and cytokines, activate the antioxidant system, and reduce the level of active forms of oxygen in melanocytes. AIMS: To develop a pathogenetic therapeutic complex using simvastatin for patients with vitiligo. MATERIALS AND METODS: To participate in the study, 81 patients with vitiligo were examined. Each patient was determined by the form and stage of the disease. The effectiveness of therapy in the groups was evaluated by assessing the area of repigmentation. The first group received treatment ― simvastatin in combination with UVB therapy 311 nm, the second group-UVB therapy 311 nm. Studies of cytokines were carried out using enzyme immunoassay. Study of the oxidative status using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Statistical processing of the research materials was carried out using the SPSS Statistics software package. RESAULTS: The combined method of therapy with the inclusion of simvastatin showed the following clinical results: 6 (12%) had a pronounced positive effect; improvement ― in 34 (69%) patients. Dynamics of the immune profile: decrease in IL-6 from 101 to 8.10.6; TNF- from 18.82.1 to 12.91.1; increase in IL-10 from 3.20.4 to 7.30.3. Dynamics of the oxidative profile: malondialdehyde 1.70.12 to 1.480.11, 8-oxo-DG 0.300.03 to 0.230.02, SOD 1703 to 2077, glutathione 69736 to 94232. CONCLUSION: The combined method of vitiligo therapy with the inclusion of simvastatin is effective and safe, leading to stabilization of the process, clinical improvement and a pronounced effect of therapy in 82% of patients. It also has an immune-correcting effect and normalizes the indicators of the oxidative profile.

Engineering oxygen vacancies via amorphization in conjunction with W-doping as an approach to boosting catalytic properties of Pt/Fe-W-O for formaldehyde oxidation

Engineering functional defects in support materials has gained ever-increasing attention as a novel approach to boosting the catalytic performance of oxide-supported catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of engineering oxygen vacancy in iron oxide through amorphization in conjunction with foreign cation doping and elucidate the important role of support functionality in the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO). A supported Pt catalyst on Fe-W-O amorphous nanosheets (denoted as Pt/a-Fe-W-O) was synthesized using a one-step solvothermal method. This simple method allowed us to simultaneously create abundant oxygen vacancies in the substrate and to ensure uniform dispersion of tiny Pt nanoparticles with an average diameter of 1.4 nm on the high-surface-area substrate. This renders an increased possibility of Pt/O-vacancy coexistence in close proximity, which synergistically boosts the formation of active oxygen and surface hydroxyl species. Consequently, the Pt/a-Fe-W-O catalyst with an optimal W/Fe molar ratio of 0.08:1 and a 1.51 wt% Pt loading exhibited a high specific reaction rate of 68.3 μmol gPt−1 s−1 and excellent stability during 24 h continuous test, outperforming most existing HCHO oxidation catalysts. Our study highlights the importance of functional oxygen defects in construction of synergistic active sites for promoting the reactions requiring multiple active species.

Photoinactivation of mycobacteria to combat infection diseases: current state and perspectives.

The spread of multi-drug-resistant bacterial strains causing serious infectious diseases dictates the development of new approaches to combat these diseases. In addition to drug resistance, the important causative agent of tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)) is able to persist asymptomatically in individuals for many years, causing latent forms of tuberculosis. In such a dormant state, Mtb cells are also resistant to known antibiotics. In this regard, photodynamic inactivation (PDI) could be an effective alternative to antibiotics as its action is based on the generation of active forms of oxygen independently on the presence of specific antibiotic targets, thereby inactivating both drug-resistant and dormant bacteria. In this review, we summarise examples of the application of PDI for the elimination of representatives of the genus Mycobacteria, both in vitro and in vivo. According to published results, including photosensitisers in the PDI regime results in a significantly higher lethal effect. Such experiments were mainly performed using chemically synthesised photosensitisers, which need to be transported to the areas of bacterial infections, limiting PDI usage by surface (skin) diseases. In this regard, endogenous photosensitisers (mainly porphyrins) could be used to solve the problem of transportation. In vitro experiments demonstrate the effective application of PDI for mycobacteria, including Mtb, using endogenous porphyrins; the intracellular contents of these substances can be elevated by administration of 5-aminolevulenic acid, a precursor of porphyrin synthesis. Photodynamic inactivation can also be used for dormant mycobacteria, which are characterised by high levels of endogenous porphyrins. Thus, PDI can effectively eliminate drug-resistant mycobacteria. The exploitation of modern light-transmitting techniques opens new possibilities to use PDI in clinical settings.Key points •The potential effects of photodynamic inactivation of mycobacteria are critically reviewed. •Approaches to photoinactivation of mycobacteria using exogenous and endogenous photosensitisers are described. •Prospects for the use of photodynamic inactivation in the treatment of tuberculosis are discussed.

PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY WITH METHYLENE BLUE IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PARALYSIS

Children with cerebral palsy suffer from dental diseases almost three times more often than healthy children. Risk factors that cause the development of dental diseases in children with CP include low rates of unstimulated salivation rate, acidity, increased saliva osmolarity and total protein concentration, which indicates a violation of hydration. The above factors contribute to the formation of acquired pellicles and biofilms due to increased bacterial agglutination. Ultimately, this contributes to the accelerated formation of plaque. There is a tendency to increase the concentration of hemoglobin and reduce the degree of oxygenation of oxyhemoglobin and, as a result, to increase the active forms of oxygen and nitrogen, which, in turn, have a toxic effect and lead to cell death. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using photosensitizers (FS) improves blood filling and the degree of oxygenation in periodontal tissues, and also allows the elimination of bacterial biofilm. At the same time, opto-spectral diagnostics painlessly in the monitoring mode allows to identify and fix tissue areas with low hemoglobin oxygenation rates for precision photodynamic effects. PDT is a method used as a therapy for oral diseases of various origins, such as cancer, precancerous diseases, caries, periodontitis and gingivitis. Initially, methylene blue was the first dye used in medicine as an antiseptic, as well as the first tested and approved photosensitizer for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. The use of photodynamic therapy with methylene blue as a photosensitizer can allow to deactivate inflammation and completely destroy bacteria in the biofilm, which will contribute to the functional normalization of gum tissue and restore oxygenation in the microcirculatory bed. The advantages of this method are antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects. The article presents the literature data on photodynamic therapy with the use of methylene blue in children, on the methodology and results of the use of this treatment technique in practice.

Effects of white phosphorus on the cellular morphology and protein profile of <i>Aspergillus niger</i>

Microorganisms are known for their ability to adapt easily to any environment, forming specific ecosystems capable of surviving in harsh media. White phosphorus is one of the most dangerous and toxic pollutants, whose widespread use for various industrial and military purposes creates conditions for environmental pollution. It has previously been shown that some microbial cultures can adapt to the presence of white phosphorus in the environment, oxidizing it to a phosphate and then using it as a source of biogenic macronutrients. In prior studies, we have demonstrated the possibility of white phosphorus biodegradation by the fungal strains of Aspergillus niger. However, it is important to study the resistance of this species to such a toxic substance as white phosphorus. There may be several probable mechanisms, including the following: the cell wall of the fungus is a barrier to the penetration of white phosphorus into the cell, in which case an increase in the thickness of the cell wall should be observed in response to the impact of the toxicant; a mechanism associated with the expression of stress genes and the production of proteins involved in the disposal of toxins, including white phosphorus. In addition, white phosphorus causes an overall activation of metabolism, accompanied by an increase in the number and size of mitochondria in the cells. It is likely that the active forms of oxygen produced by mitochondria are involved in the detoxification of both white phosphorus and its transformation products. Microscopic and proteomic studies have confirmed the presence of the above-mentioned resistance mechanisms.

Synthesis of C12A7 calcium aluminate aerogels

Calcium aluminate aerogels with mayenite stoichiometry C12A7 were prepared for the first time. The surface area of amorphous aerogel obtained after hydrolysis with stoichiometric amount of water was about 330 m2/g after the supercritical drying and 170 m2/g after calcination at 500 °C. The latter sample mostly consisted of 10–20 nm amorphous platelets. The mayenite phase was observed after the supercritical drying only if overstoichiometric amount of water was used for hydrolysis. Diphenyloxyl nitroxyl radicals were observed on the surface of calcined C12A7 aerogels after diphenylamine adsorption. Their formation on the surface of the samples calcined at 500 °C suggests that mayenite cages capable of stabilizing active forms of oxygen are present on the surface of the amorphous aerogels.

Cancer Treatment Based on the Selective Accumulation of a Photosensitiser and Laser Light Irradiation: A Review

Background: Cancer Photodynamic Therapy (CPDT) is a promising future treatment quality based on the selective accumulation of a photosensitiser in the malignant tissues and the dependent irradiation with laser light. Objective: The aim of this work was to estimate an optimum effect involves the performance of a photosensitizing agent served by irradiation at a wavelength corresponding to an absorbance band of the sensitizer. In the appearance of oxygen, a series of effects lead to direct tumour cell death and damage to the microvasculature and initiation of a local inflammatory reaction. Methods: Photosensitiser is a material that sensitizes an organism, cell, or tissue to the light. It is a deeprooted part of CPDT, which absorbed by cancerous cells and exposed to laser light, gets activated, damaging and killing cancer cells. The direct targeting of laser source on hyper proliferative tissue and its preferential origin absorption at the targeted site gives rise CPDT double selectivity with least damage to adjacent normal tissues. Results: Photosensitiser absorbs the light and then produces an active form of oxygen, which destroys nearby cancer cells. The photosensitiser is able to spoil the blood vessels in the tumour, that way preventing cancer from receiving any necessary nutrients. The light which needed to activate most of the photosensitisers cannot pass through more than about one-third of an inch of tissue, because of that reason, the CPDT is usually used to treat cancer on or just under the skin or on the lining of internal organs. In addition, CPDT may activate the immune system to attack the tumour cells, directly killing cancer cells. Conclusion: This review focuses on the aspects of CPDT as an advanced and original site directed therapy for cancer treatment and the other non-oncogenic diseases. Minimal average of tissue toxicity controlled a long-term morbidity, deficiency of intrinsic or acquired resistance mechanisms. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2020; 46(3): 150-153

Electrocatalytic Resorcinol Oxidation by Active Oxygen forms in Situ Generated in Conjugate Reactions on Pt and Pb/PbO₂ Anodes and Mesostructured Carbon Cathode СМК‑3

Kinetics and selectivity of indirect electrocatalytic resorcinol oxidation by active oxygen forms (AOF) in situ generated from oxygen in gas diffusion electrode (GDE) mesostructured carbon CMK‑3 and Pt, Pb/PbO2 at different pH were studied. The high resorcinol oxidation process effectivity in both Pt-GDE at pH=10 (99 %) and Pb/PbO2 + Fe2+ at рН=2 (99 %) systems was shown; the resorcinol oxidation scheme was proposed

Gut-Hepatic Relationship: From Disorders of the Gut Microbiota to Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Enterohepatic relationships reflect the integrity of homeostasis regulation in the human body. Anatomical and physiological connection through the portal vein of the intestine and liver ensures the transport of products derived from the intestine directly to the liver and through the liver ensures the connection of bile and the secretion of antibodies into the intestine. However, impairment of intestinal barrier integrity, endotoxemia, increase of lipopolysaccharides in hepatocytes, Kupffer and stellate cells with increasing content of pro-inflammatory cytokines and active oxygen forms creates inflammatory environment with sensitization of liver cells to injury and profibrotic processes. The goals of experimental and clinical research in this course are multifaceted, ranging from regulating human metabolism, immune and inflammatory reactions to preventing carcinogenesis, inhibition of liver cancer progression and improving the efficiency of liver cancer treatment. Here we will discuss epidemiological issues of hepatocellular carcinoma, the role of intestinal microbiota when enterohepatic relationships are impaired, and the intestinal-associated mechanisms of carcinogenesis in this form of liver cancer.

Chemical Modification of Surfaces and the Kinetics of Oxidation of Aqueous Salts of Silver Nanoparticles

Hydrosols of silver nanoparticles chemically modified with cysteine and cysteamine are obtained. Their oxidation with solutions containing active oxygen and chlorine forms is studied. It is shown that the grafted layer of the modifier does not affect the oxidation of the metal core with sodium hypochlorite, but it does have a protective effect in the reaction with hydrogen peroxide. The orders of the reaction for the initial and chemically modified nanoparticles are 1 for sodium hypochlorite, and 0 for hydrogen peroxide. Chemically modified nanoparticles tend to form aggregates.

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ПЕРИФЕРИЧЕСКОЙ КРОВИ КАК ПРЕДИКТОРЫ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ВЛИЯНИЯ ГИДРОФИЛЬНОЙ ФРАКЦИИ ПЧЕЛИНОЙ ОБНОЖКИ НА ОРГАНИЗМ КРЫС ПРИ ИММОБИЛИЗАЦИОННОМ СТРЕССЕ

The novelty of the research involves studying the influence of the innovative product such as hydrophilic factions of bee pollen on an organism in a view of a classical predictor that is an indica-tor of peripheral blood. It is proved that multi-component structure helps the product optimize blood cell structure of the rats from the test group under stress. It equalizes it to the level of the intact an-imals. With increasing stress caused by immobilization the changes of hematopoiesis of the rats were noticed such as erythrocyte, leukocytosis with simultaneous replication, increasing number of thrombocytes in blood. There were no such changes after using hydrophilic factions of bee pollen in the test group, like it was observed in the test group after prolonged usage of the products. It is pos-sible that they were so discreet and didn't influence the indicators under the research. Mainly it is caused by highly-expressed antioxidant quality, prevention of making active form of oxygen, ap-pearing with increasing stress and formulation of basis for restoring homeostatic mechanisms in an organism. The practical interest is connected with famous general biological mechanism of stress. So there are some opportunities that the results of the research can be projected on both humans and animals.

Prooxidant and antioxidant processes in lymphoma cells under the action of pyrazolopyrimidine derivative

Background. The influence in vitro of thiazole derivative 8-methyl-2-Me-7-[trifluoro­methyl-phenylmethyl]-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-[1,3]-thiazolo-[3,2-a]-pyrimidin-4(2H)-one (PP2) on the level of lipid peroxidation products, superoxide anion radical and antioxidant system activity in lymphoma cells was studied. A pronounced cytotoxic action of the thiazole derivative on the tumor cells in vitro was reported earlier, however, no cytotoxicity of this substance was detected toward non-cancerous cells. In addition, it was shown that the sca­vengers of active forms of Oxygen significantly reduced the cytotoxic effect of the studied compound. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of 8-methyl-2-Me-7-[trifluoromethyl-phenylmethyl]-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-[1,3]-thiazolo-[3,2-a]-pyrimidin-4(2H)-one on the content of lipid peroxidation products, superoxide radical and the activity of enzymes of antioxidant defense in the lymphoma cells. Materials and Methods. Experiments were conducted on white wild-type male mice with grafted NK/Ly lymphoma. Ascites tumor cells were passaged by the intreperitoneal inoculation to mice. Abdominal drainage with ascites was performed with a sterile syringe under ether anesthesia. PP2 was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide. The product content and enzymatic activity were determined spectrophotometrically. Statistical analysis of obtained results was carried out using MS Excel-2013 program. Results. The influence of the pyrazolopyrimidine derivative on the content of lipid peroxidation products and superoxide radical in lymphoma cells was investigated. It was found that the studied compound did not change the amount of the primary lipid peroxidation products, but reduced the amount of secondary products. A decrease in the MDA content under the action of the studied derivative indicates probable interaction of the substance with the reactive Oxygen species. Pyrazolopyrimidine derivative did not change the level of the superoxide radical. The effect of the thiazole derivative on the activity of key enzymes of the antioxidant system in lymphoma cells was investigated. The studied compound at the concentration of 10 µM activated superoxide dismutase. Pyrazolopyrimidine derivative decreased the activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Such changes in the activity of enzymes can cause the growth of hydrogen peroxide in the cell, which is toxic in large quantities. Conclusions. The obtained results may indicate that the studied pyrazolopyrimidine derivative can realize its cytotoxic effect on lymphoma cells though the action on the pro­ducts of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system activity. These data can be used to understand the mechanism of action of the studied compounds and for further improvement of their antitumor effect. Keywords: lymphoma, pyrazolopyrimidine derivative, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant system, antitumor drugs