Active Filler Research Articles

Advancements in Polyethylene Oxide (PEO)-Active Filler Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review and Prospects.

Polyethylene oxide (PEO) has become a highly sought-after polymer electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high ionic conductivity, strong mechanical properties, and broad electrochemical stability range. However, its usefulness is hindered by its limited ionic conductivity at typical temperatures (<60 °C). Many researchers have delved into the integration of active fillers into the PEO matrix to improve the ionic conductivity and overall efficiency of composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) for LIBs. This review delves deeply into the latest developments and insights in CPEs for LIBs, focusing on the role of PEO-active filler composites. It explores the impact of different types and morphologies of active fillers on the electrochemical behavior of CPEs. Additionally, it explores the mechanisms that contribute to the improved ionic conductivity and Li-ion transport in PEO-based CPEs. This paper also emphasizes the present obstacles and prospects in the advancement of CPEs containing PEO-active filler composites for LIBs. It serves as a valuable reference for scientists and engineers engaged in the domain of advanced energy storage systems, offering insights for the forthcoming development and enhancement of CPEs to achieve superior performance in LIBs.

Performance Investigations on All-Solid-State Polymer-Ceramic Sodium-Ion Batteries through a Spatially Resolved Electrochemical Model

Rechargeable batteries are crucial in modern energy storage, with lithium-ion batteries dominating the market. However, the scarcity and environmental concerns associated with lithium have spurred interest in alternative battery chemistries, particularly sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which utilize abundant sodium resources. Despite extensive experimental research on all-solid-state SIBs (ASSSIBs), theoretical investigations have primarily focused on molecular-level analyses, overlooking the impact of cell composition on overall performance. This paper aims to address this gap by developing a physical model for simulating ASSSIBs at the particle scale. Our methodology involves integrating experimental data with simulation results to identify key factors influencing battery performance. The study reveals slow sodium ion transport as a significant bottleneck, attributed to factors such as low porosity of the half-cell and limited electrolyte ionic conductivity. Simulation outcomes emphasize the importance of advancing fast-ion-conducting solid electrolytes to enhance ASSSIB performance. Moreover, the results suggest that electrodes with high electrolyte active filler content and reduced thickness are necessary for achieving optimal battery capacity utilization. Overall, this research underscores the intricate relationship between electrode microstructure and battery performance, offering valuable insights for the design and optimization of sustainable sodium-ion battery systems suitable for stationary and mobile applications.

Ceramic Rich Composite Electrolytes: An Overview of Paradigm Shift toward Solid Electrolytes for High‐Performance Lithium‐Metal Batteries

AbstractExploiting the synergy between organic polymer electrolytes and inorganic electrolytes via the development of composite electrolytes can suggest solutions to the current challenges of next‐generation solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries (SSLMBs). Depending upon a mass fraction of inorganic fillers and organic polymers, composite electrolytes are broadly classified into “ceramic‐in‐polymer” (CIP) and “polymer‐in‐ceramic” (PIC) categories, inheriting distinct structure and electrochemical properties. Since the stability and electrochemical characteristics of the inorganic phase are superior to those of the organic phase for lithium‐ion conduction, applying lithium‐enrich active filler in PIC seems more promising. The inorganic phase preserves the primary migratory channels in the PIC electrolyte, while the viscoelastic properties attempt to be introduced from the organic binder or host. The present work overviews the studies on state‐of‐the‐art PIC electrolytes, the fundamental mechanism of ionic conduction, preparation methods, and current progress in materials development for SSLMBs. In addition, the modification strategies for improving the electrode–electrolyte interface are also emphasized. Moreover, it further prospects the current challenges and effective strategies for the future development of PICs‐based CPEs to accelerate the practical application of SSLMBs. This review examines the progress and outlook of PIC‐based electrolytes for next‐generation lithium batteries.

Photo‐responsive systems based on anisotropic composites of poly(N‐vinyl formamide) and active fillers using directional freezing combined with gamma irradiation crosslinking

AbstractThis study deals with the fabrication of smart anisotropic composite systems capable of reacting to light stimulus and reversibly providing significant change in the length. Surface‐modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and poly(pyrrole) (PPy) nanotubes were used as photoactive fillers. Anisotropic composites containing these fillers and poly(N‐vinyl formamide) (PNVF) matrix were fabricated using a directional freezing technique with freezable monomer, N‐vinyl formamide (NVF), as structure guiding medium and subsequent gamma irradiation polymerization and crosslinking technique. The dielectric properties showed that there is the presence of both relaxation processes α and β, which are significantly influenced by the presence of photoactive filler. The anisotropic distribution of fillers in samples was confirmed using microscopical, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties analysis. Finally, the photoactuation capabilities were investigated and showed enhanced photoactive response for the anisotropic system in the change in the length up to 54 μm after irradiation at 627 nm with a very low light intensity of 6 mW cm−2 in a fully reversible and repeatable manner. The simple, affordable, and industrially scalable fabrication technique opens an avenue for smart anisotropic photoactive composite systems.

Composite coatings from polycarbosilane derived SiC and Al/SiC cermet active fillers as protective barriers against steel corrosion

Stainless steel is used throughout the world as a structural material. However, it undergoes corrosion damage when exposed to extremely corrosive media, such as the marine environment. An alternative to solve this problem lies in the development of coatings that can withstand extreme conditions but also be easily deposited with inherently corrosion-resistant materials such as silicon carbide (SiC). The present study shows a simple method to produce Al/SiC cermet powders by attrition milling. The resulting cermet powders with a metallic matrix and hemispherical morphology, were employed as fillers in polycarbosilane (PCS) solutions that were sprayed on A304 stainless steel substrates. Al/SiC composite coatings were produced after heating the sprayed suspensions at 700 °C for 1 h in Ar atmosphere. The resulting composite coatings exhibited low surface energies (< 35 mN/m), water contact angles of 53°, and adhesion strength of up to 30 MPa. Finally, corrosion tests were performed in a cyclic corrosion test chamber, showing that these coatings effectively reduced the corrosion rate of stainless steel by 87%, reaching corrosion rate values of 0.007 g/cm2 year.

Garnet and Li29Zr9Nb3O40 Modified PEO‐Based Hybrid Solid Electrolytes for All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries

AbstractInorganic‐organic hybrid solid electrolytes (HSEs) are an important category of electrolyte materials for solid‐state batterie. It is of interest and importance to investigate the influence of composition and content of inorganic fillers on the electrochemical performance of HSEs. In this paper, we fabricated HSEs using polyethylene oxide (PEO) as matrix and incorporating different inorganic powders as active fillers. A series of HSEs with different contents of Ga/Nb co‐substituted garnet oxide (Li6.35Ga0.15La3Zr1.8Nb0.2O12, GN‐LLZO) and Y‐doped Li29Zr9Nb3O40 (Li29.3Zr8.7Y0.3Nb3O40, 0.3Y‐LZNO) were carefully designed. The ionic conductivity of these PEO‐based HSEs were studied, and their performance in solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries with LiFePO4 (LFP) as cathode material and Li metal as anode were evaluated. The results showed that the HSE with addition content of inorganic powders, namely PEOLiTFSI@5 % GN‐LLZO +5 %0.3Y‐LZNO (noted as PL3) showed the optimized ionic conductivity of 2.9×10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature with an activation energy Ea of 0.21 eV. It has an electrochemical stability window of 4.65 V and ionic transfer number of 0.242. The addition of inorganic powders not only enhanced the ionic conductivities of PEO‐based HSEs, but also exhibited superior stability and interfacial compatibility with electrodes, leading to the improved cycle stability in the LFP/PL3/Li solid‐state battery configuration.

Preparation of trilayer film with slow-release, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities and its effects on scallop preservation

Scallops are renowned for their delicious taste and rich nutritional profile, including high contents of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. However, they are highly susceptible to spoilage caused by lipid oxidation and microorganism proliferation. Therefore, in this study, trilayer films based on gelatin/gelatin-dextran/gelatin with different concentrations (0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, and 1.2%, w/w) of active fillers (citronellal and α-tocopherol) were developed to preserve scallop adductor muscle during cold storage. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that each layer was well-bonded with no gaps, indicating the successful preparation of the trilayer films. The addition of citronellal and α-tocopherol resulted in a porous cross-section with a slightly rough surface and increased hydrophobicity of the trilayer films. With increase in concentrations of citronellal and α-tocopherol, the thickness, opacity, antioxidant capability, and antibacterial activity of the trilayer films increased, while water vapor permeability and mechanical properties decreased. Both citronellal and α-tocopherol showed controlled release properties in four food simulants, with the longest release times in 95% (v/v) ethanol solution. Furthermore, the incorporation of 1.2% (w/w) of active fillers into the trilayer film significantly enhanced the chemical and microbiological stabilities of the scallop adductor muscles, thereby prolonging their shelf life by six days during cold storage. The developed trilayer films showed excellent controlled release, antibacterial properties, and antioxidant capabilities, indicating their potential for effective preservation of aquatic food products.

Aluminum-Lithium Alloy Fillers Enhancing the Room Temperature Performances of Polymer Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrolytes usually suffer from low room temperature (RT) ionic conductivity and a narrow voltage window, which limits the improvement of energy density and practical applications in all-solid-state batteries. Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) are regarded as the common method to reduce the crystallinity of polymers and increase the lithium ion conductivity. Compared with active or inert ceramic material fillers in previous studies, aluminum-lithium alloy fillers are used to prepare composite electrolytes in this study, showing excellent performance at room temperature. The conductivity of the PEO-based electrolytes increases by a factor of 3.62-3.62× 10-4 S cm-1 at RT with 5 wt % Al-Li alloy. The transference number of Li+ is increased to 0.524. The characteristics of the Al-Li alloy and higher conductivity enable the composite electrolyte to stabilize the interface with the electrodes, reducing the polarization of solid-state batteries. The all-solid-state Li/PEO-5%/LiFePO4 cells show the highest initial discharge capacity of 153 mAh g-1 and the highest stable discharge capacity of 147 mAh g-1 with the initial Coulombic efficiency of more than 100%. It also exhibits the best rate capacity and cycle performance (90% capacity retention rate after 100 cycles).

Brazing mechanism and shear strength of SiAlON/WC‐Co joint using Ag–Cu–Ti active filler

AbstractThis work investigated the formation mechanism and the effects of temperature on the microstructure and shear strength of vacuum‐brazed SiAlON ceramic/WC‐Co cemented carbide joints using an Ag–Cu–Ti active filler as the interlayer. The diffusion of Ti elements toward substrates and their subsequent reaction during the brazing process led to the formation of TiN, TiC, and Ti5Si3 phases, where the featured reaction layers were established. A continuous reaction layer of TiN in the SiAlON substrate side and TiC in the WC substrate side were formed. The ceramic phases (Ti5Si3 TiN, and TiC) were distributed in a brazed intermediate layer. The highest shear strength of the brazed joints obtained at 850°C was 325.28 ± 20.27 MPa, demonstrating the feasibility of the Ag–Cu–Ti active filler in producing robust joints.

Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of CBN brazed in a continuous tunnel furnace with low-temperature Sn-Cu-Ti filler alloy

Currently, the most common process for manufacturing brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools is vacuum brazing using Cu-based active filler alloys. However, the high brazing temperature of Cu-based alloys and the long heating time in a vacuum furnace inevitably cause severe thermal damage, thereby compromising the mechanical properties of the brazed CBN abrasives. In this study, CBN abrasives were brazed using low-temperature Sn-Cu-Ti filler alloys in a continuous tunnel furnace. The final contact angles of the Sn-Cu-Ti filler alloys on the surfaces of the brazed CBN abrasives were determined at 650 °C. When the Ti content in the alloy was 4 %, the final contact angle was 37.2° and the CBN maintained a good exposure height and achieved a firm holding force. The interfacial microstructure was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that a layer of needle-like compounds, primarily comprising TiB2 and TiN, with an approximate thickness of 5 μm, was formed at the interface, indicating the formation of a chemical–metallurgical bond between the Sn-Cu-Ti alloy and CBN abrasive. The residual stresses and mechanical properties of brazed CBN abrasives with Sn-Cu-Ti and traditional Cu-based alloys were measured and compared. The results showed that compared to the brazed CBN with the Cu-based alloy, the average residual stress of the brazed CBN with the Sn-Cu-Ti alloy was reduced by 25.2 %, while the compressive strength and impact toughness increased by 25.3 % and 13.8 %, respectively. The experimental results provide new insights into reducing thermal damage to CBN for improving the processing performance of brazed CBN tools.

Effect of different joining temperatures on IN600/SiC brazed joints

IN600 superalloy and SiC ceramics has been conducted using an active AgCuTi filler, and the composite joints were characterized using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDS). The results demonstrate successful joining by carefully selecting brazing temperatures and holding times to produce high-integrity joints. The interfacial microanalysis revealed the formation of TiC and Ti5Si3 near the SiC side due to the reaction between titanium, carbon, and silicon. On the IN600 superalloy side, a Ti-Ni compound (TiNi3) was formed as a result of titanium reacting with nickel. The typical microstructure of the brazing joint interface includes: TiC+TiNi3, TiC, Cu(s,s)+Ag(s,s) and TiC+Ti5Si3. Furthermore, the shear strength evaluation of the joints was also conducted at ambient temperatures using a shear test. The experimental findings showed that the sample exhibited the highest shear strength (38 MPa) when subjected to brazing at 910 °C for 10 min. Fracture occurred at the interface between the base material and AgCuTi filler at higher brazing temperature (930 °C).

Development of Mineral Fillers for Acid-Resistant Filling Composites

This article presents the results of research on the development of chemically resistant polymer–mineral casting composites based on industrial waste. The aim of this work is to develop a technological basis for obtaining effective inorganic fillers and highly filled composites for use in chlorine-containing environments. On the basis of theoretical data, mineral fillers and a polymer binder for filling composites were selected, optimal quantities of input hardeners and an appropriate thermal curing mode were determined, and the influence of the filling degree on the properties of composites was studied. The influence of various factors on the properties of the obtained composites was also studied, and the possibility of using local raw materials to obtain special-purpose composites was investigated. Ash from a thermal power plant (TPP) was used as an acid-resistant filler in composites. Two components were chosen as binders: phenol formaldehyde resin and mineral filler (TPP ash). As the third component, hydrolytically active fillers—anhydrite, phosphogypsum and phosphate slag—were used. The degree of filling has a significant influence on the properties of composites, including the compressive strength, chemical resistance and degree of curing, the values of which were elucidated across a wide range of composite variations based on the degree of filling. The conducted research allowed us to establish the limit of admissible anhydrite content, which should not exceed 15 mas.%. To optimize the chemical resistance and durability of the composites of the investigated substances, the method of mathematical planning was used. According to the results of this study, the optimal compositions of composites, in terms of anhydrite, phosphogypsum and phosphorus slag contents, were selected. At the maximum possible degree of filling, these composites exhibit high target characteristics.

Metal ceramic joining with active filler metal in dental practice

This paper examines the phenomena that arise at the interface between ceramics and active filler metal during the metal-ceramics bonding process in dental practice. It focuses on three interrelated sub-processes: the wetting of the ceramic surface, the chemical interactions at the interface, and the diffusion across the moving interface. Additionally, the study explores the grain boundary grooves on the ceramic surface, highlighting their role as catalytic surface phenomena. Following a brief overview of dental metals and bioceramics, the composition and properties of the brazing alloys used in dental practice are presented and explained in detail.

Investigating the effects of oil type, emulsifier type, and emulsion particle size on textured fibril soy protein emulsion-filled gels and soybean protein isolate emulsion-filled gels.

The effects of oil type, emulsifier type, and emulsion particle size on the texture, gel strength, and rheological properties of SPI emulsion-filled gel (SPI-FG) and TFSP emulsion-filled gel (TFSP-FG) were investigated. Using soybean protein isolate or sodium caseinate as emulsifiers, emulsions with cocoa butter replacer (CBR), palm oil (PO), virgin coconut oil (VCO), and canola oil (CO) as oil phases were prepared. These emulsions were filled into SPI and TFSP gel substrates to prepare emulsion-filled gels. Results that the hardness and gel strength of both gels increased with increasing emulsion content when CBR was used as the emulsion oil phase. However, when the other three liquid oils were used as the oil phase, the hardness and gel strength of TFSP-FG decreased with the increasing of emulsion content, but those of SPI-FG increased when SPI was used as emulsifier. Additionally, the hardness and gel strength of both TFSP-FG and SPI-FG increased with the decreasing of mean particle size of emulsions. Rheological measurements were consistent with textural measurements and found that compared with SC, TFSP-FG, and SPI-FG showed higher G' values when SPI was used as emulsifier. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observation showed that the distribution and stability of emulsion droplets in TFSP-FG and SPI-FG were influenced by the oil type, emulsifier type and emulsion particle size. SPI-stabilized emulsion behaved as active fillers in SPI-FG reinforcing the gel matrix; however, the gel matrix of TFSP-FG still had many void pores when SPI-stabilized emulsion was involved. In conclusion, compared to SPI-FG, the emulsion filler effect that could reinforce gel networks became weaker in TFSP-FG.

A long-lasting passive film formed by dynamic oxygen transport at the interface between coating and substrate

Ce doped α-Fe2O3 nanorods with rich oxygen vacancies (CeFeOx) were prepared using low-temperature oxalate precipitation method and added to epoxy resin as active anti-corrosion filler. In an oxygen rich high-temperature and high-pressure environment (HPHT-O2), the impedance modulus of coatings containing CeFeOx fillers is still close to 1010 Ω·cm2, which is more than 104 times that of pure epoxy coatings. It is attributed to the preferential permeability of CeFeOx fillers to O2, which promotes the formation of a dense passive film on the substrate surface, further hinder corrosion, and ensure that the coating does not peel off from the substrate surface.

A Comparatively Low Cost, Easy-To-Fabricate, and Environmentally Friendly PVDF/Garnet Composite Solid Electrolyte for Use in Lithium Metal Cells Paired with Lithium Iron Phosphate and Silicon.

Solid electrolytes may be the answer to overcome many obstacles in developing the next generation of renewable batteries. A novel composite solid electrolyte (CSE) composed of a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) base with an active nanofiber filler of aluminum-doped garnet Li ceramic, Li salt lithium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), Li fluoride (LiF) stabilizing additive, and plasticizer sulfolane was fabricated. In a Li|CSE|LFP cell with this CSE, a high capacity of 168 mAh g-1 with a retention of 98% after 200 cycles was obtained, representing the best performance to date of a solid electrolyte with a PVDF base and a garnet inorganic filler. In a Li metal cell with Si and Li, it yielded a discharge capacity of 2867 mAh g-1 and was cycled 60 times at a current density of 100 mAh g-1, a significant step forward in utilizing a solid electrolyte of any kind with the desirable Si anode. In producing this CSE, the components and fabrication process were chosen to have a lower cost and improved safety and environmental impact compared with the current state-of-the-art Li-ion battery.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of SiC and Nb joint brazed with AgCuTi/(Sr0.2Ba0.8)TiO3–Cu/AgCuTi composite fillers

In this study, robust silicon carbide (SiC)-niobium (Nb) joints were obtained using a composite filler consisting of a novel type of negative thermal expansion (Sr0.2Ba0.8)TiO3 particle–reinforced Cu composites (SBT-Cu) and an AgCuTi active filler. A systematic investigation was conducted to analyze the brazing temperatures and SBT-Cu thickness affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of brazed joints. The results indicated that the shear strength of SiC–Nb joints brazed with AgCuTi +80 μm SBT-Cu composite filler increased to 64 MPa at 900 °C for 15 min, which was an improvement of 146 % over the strength of joints brazed without SBT-Cu. The addition of the SBT-Cu interlayer relieved the coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch among SiC, AgCuTi and Nb. Meanwhile, the calculation results verified that the residual stresses in the joints were substantially reduced and that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite filler was reduced.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ СОСТАВА ШУНГИТА РАЗЛИЧНЫХ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЙ НА СТРУКТУРООБРАЗОВАНИЕ ПОЛИМЕРНО-БИТУМНОГО ВЯЖУЩЕГО

For reduction the amount of expensive polymers and improving the technological, physico-mechanical, thermophysical and other properties of road materials fillers are introduced into polymer modified bitumen binders (PBB). Therefore, in recent years the interest in natural materials that are similar in composition and have comparable characteristics to synthetic products has been increased. In relation to graphene structures used to modify bitumen and polymers, shungite is seems to be a good alternative, the rock that is essentially a composite material from mixture of shungite carbon and mineral phases. When shungite powder using as PBB modifier the distinctive features of the shungite composition should have a positive effect on the structuring of a bitumen matrix in the presence of a polymer. Since the most important structural component of the rock is carbon, the purpose of this work is to study the effect of shungite carbon from rocks of various deposits on the structure formation of the polymer modified bitumen binder. A set of studies (differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy based on a scanning electron microscope) has established that carbon from samples from seven deposits of Karelia is characterized by varying degree of ordering of graphite-like (sp2-carbon) structures depending on the sampling location. An increase in the amount of carbon in the composition of shungite powder and a decrease in the degree of ordering of its structure determine higher values of the specific surface area and a greater effect from modification when adding fillers into the polymer modified bitumen binder. Samples from the Zazhoginsky deposit are the most active fillers with a high modifying effect, which maximally improve the cohesive strength of the composite organic binder and structure the system by the best way. The powders from rocks from other deposits also have the positive effect relative to the base PBB, but with less efficiency. All this indicates the prospects of the proposed modification.

Electrochemical characterization of in situ polymerized composite solid electrolyte incorporating three dimensional Li1·5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 framework

In pursuit of safer lithium-ion batteries, research is veering towards all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) featuring solid electrolytes due to the safety concerns and low metal interfacial compatibility of liquid electrolytes. ASSLBs combined with composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) incorporating NASICON-type active fillers are especially appealing because of their inherent safety, ease of production, and high energy density. This study introduces a Li1·5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP) framework created via tape casting and in situ thermal polymerization, achieving a CSE with notable ionic conductivity (0.791 mS cm−1), electrochemical stability up to 5.09 V, and a lithium-ion transference number of 0.72 at 30 °C. The Li|CSE|Li cell demonstrates low overpotential over 1000 h, and the Li|CSE|NCM811 coin cell delivers a discharge capacity of 180.9 mAh g−1, maintaining 84.6 % capacity after 200 cycles. Moreover, the Li|CSE|NCM811 pouch cell upholds a capacity of 116.41 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles, underscoring the 3D LAGP framework and in situ polymerization's role in enhancing ASSLB safety and functionality.

Effective impact of nano-plastic-waste incorporated with nanotitina on the physical, mechanical and microstructural properties of white cement pastes composites for progressing towards sustainability

Plastic waste (PW) has received a lot of attention as a possible additional material for industrial and environmental applications, particularly cement and/or concrete production for a more environmentally and economically sound use of raw materials and energy sources. PW has been investigated as an inert and/or active hydraulic filler for cement and/or concrete by numerous scientists. Plastic garbage is cheap, abundant, and takes long period of time to degrade in the eco-system (soil and water). The main goal of the ongoing research is to offer safety and efficacy by partially substituting nano-plastic waste (NPW), incorporated with nano-titania (NT), for the composition of white cement (WC). Blends are built up by substitution of WC with different ratios of NPW incorporated with fixed ratios of nano-titania (1.0 wt.%). Workability, physical, mechanical and microstructural properties have gone through laboratory and instrumental analysis. The results showed improvement in the compressive strength, density and microstructure due to the effective impact of fillers. Consequently, a decrease in total porosity, whiteness reflection (Ry) and early-rapid expansion. Eventually, the outcomes may reduce the pandemic strength, especially in the external environment, and other epidemics.