Activity Energy Expenditure Research Articles

Physical determinants of daily physical activity in older men and women.

The ability to perform bodily movement varies in ageing men and women. We investigated whether physical fitness may explain sex differences in daily physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) among older people. In this cross-sectional study, a population-based cohort of 75, 80, and 85-year-old men and women (n = 409, 62% women) underwent laboratory-based assessment of walking speed, maximal knee extension strength, and body fat percentage. Free-living physical activity was assessed as total PAEE, and light (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) using individually calibrated combined accelerometry and heart rate sensing. Path modelling was used to examine indirect associations between sex, physical fitness, and physical activity. Men had better physical fitness and higher overall PAEE (mean 34.0 (SD 10.8) kJ/kg/day) than women (28.3 (8.4) kJ/kg/day, p<0.001). The path model for PAEE explained 33% of the variance. The direct association between sex and PAEE was non-significant, whereas the association between sex and PAEE mediated by body fat (β = 0.20, p<0.001) and walking speed (β = 0.05, p = 0.001) were statistically significant. Similarly, associations between sex and MVPA mediated by body fat (β = 0.11, p = 0.002) and walking speed (β = 0.05, p = 0.001) were significant, as were the associations between sex and LPA mediated by body fat (β = 0.24, p<0.001) and walking speed (β = 0.03, p = 0.019). Differences in physical activity between men and women may reflect underlying differences in cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity. These results highlight the importance of maintaining physical fitness to support active living in older adults.

The Association of Physical Activity With Overweight/Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Nepalese Adults: Evidence From a Nationwide Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Survey.

The rising prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a significant public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to explore the association between physical activity levels, overweight/obesity, and T2DM in a nationwide survey of Nepalese adults. This was a secondary analysis of the 2019 non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors STEPS survey conducted in Nepal. Demographic and anthropometric data, body mass index (BMI) and T2DM status were collected along with assessment of physical activity using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). A two-stage data analysis was conducted, first using descriptive statistics to summarize participant characteristics and differences across BMI and T2DM status, and then applying multivariate analyses to assess associations between physical activity levels, BMI and T2DM. Of the 5284 participants included, 28.0% had overweight/obesity, 5.8% had obesity, and 6.5% had T2DM. The mean age of the participants was 40.1years (95% CI: 39.8-40.6), and 63.9% were female. The overall physical activity energy expenditure was higher in the lean group (BMI<25kg/m2) compared to the those with overweight/obesity, and among participants without T2DM compared to those with T2DM. Sedentary behavior was more common among individuals with overweight/obesity and T2DM. A higher proportion of participants with low physical activity was observed in the overweight/obesity group compared to the lean group (8.9% vs. 6.3%) and the T2DM group compared to the non-T2DM group (11.7% vs. 6.7%). Low physical activity was associated with overweight/obesity (OR:1.4; 95% CI:1.1-1.8), obesity (OR:2.1; 95% CI:1.5-2.3), T2DM (OR:1.6; 95% CI:1.1-2.3) and T2DM in the presence of obesity (OR:3.6; 95% CI:1.7-7.8). This study highlights the low rates of physical activity and higher rates of sedentary behavior among adults with overweight/obesity and T2DM in Nepal. Public health interventions promoting physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior may help reduce the burden of these NCDs.

An ergonomic assessment of British Army Infantry career training courses to identify opportunities for evidence-based interventions to enhance role-related physical fitness

An ergonomic assessment was conducted to quantify the activities and physical demands during the British Army’s 8-week Platoon Sergeant and Section Commander Battle Courses (PSBC, SCBC). Twenty PSBC and 18 SCBC male infantry soldiers volunteered. Body Mass (BM) was measured pre- and post-course, with course physical activity levels (PAL), energy expenditure (EE) and sleep profiles quantified using tri-axial accelerometery. The courses were predominately field-based, involving slow and rapid load carriage tasks, digging and moving casualties. Average daily EE (SCBC = 4020 ± 599 vs. PSBC = 3876 ± 525 kcal.day−1; p>0.05) and BM decreases were similar (SCBC = −3.9 ± 2.9 vs. PSBC = −2.0 ± 2.7 kg; p>0.05). Daily PAL was higher for SCBC than PSBC (2.1 ± 0.3 vs. 2.0 ± 0.3, p=0.041), likely due to greater moderate-vigorous activity levels (p=0.003). Daily sleep durations were variable, but similar across courses (≈5.1 hr.day−1; p>0.05). These data confirm these courses are arduous and can be used to inform course-specific physical screening tests and training to increase course success.

The acute effects of exercise-induced energy expenditure on physical activity energy expenditure

&amp;lt;p style=&amp;quot;text-align: justify;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Exercise-induced energy expenditure (ExEE) is commonly adopted as a mean to volitional body mass loss. ExEE can also modulate physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and potentially limit the rate of body mass loss. The detrimental effect of ExEE on PAEE may be more prevalent in women than in men. This study was to investigate the sex differences in regulation of PAEE and body mass change following an acute exercise-induced perturbation in energy balance. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;In this 3-week study, 4 men and 6 women with body mass index (BMI) of 28.8 &amp;amp;plusmn; 2.3 kg/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; were required to exercise on a leg ergometer, expending 15% of their total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in each exercise session of week two (Exercise week). Participants had to complete three exercise sessions within the same week and on non-consecutive days. PAEE was assessed via wrist-worn accelerometers over the entire study period. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition were measured at the beginning of the study. Men had significantly greater stature (p=0.021), body mass (p=0.035) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) (p=0.01) than women. Whereas women body fat % was significantly greater than men (p=0.004). At the end of the study, there was no significant difference body mass % change (p=0.409) and ExEE (p=0.91) between men and women. There was no significant main effect of time for PAEE (p=0.613), or between sex (p=0.470). Three bouts of ExEE performed within the same week did not alter PAEE in men and women with overweight and obesity.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

The physical activity and sedentary behavior among pregnant women in Macao: A cross-sectional study.

The current investigation sought to elucidate the prevalence and contributing factors of sedentary behavior among pregnant women in Macao, a densely populated region characterized by a distinctive fusion of Eastern and Western cultures and a thriving global economy. Through a cross-sectional study design, a total of 306 expectant mothers were recruited via various social media platforms and completed a sociodemographic questionnaire alongside the Chinese version of the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire. The findings revealed that sedentary activities accounted for a relatively small proportion (7.8%) of the participants' total activity energy expenditure. Interestingly, employment status emerged as a significant determinant, with employed pregnant women exhibiting a 57.9% lower risk of being sedentary compared to their unemployed counterparts. Moreover, multiparous women (those with two or more children) were approximately 9 times more likely to meet moderate-intensity activity standards than nulliparous women. These insights highlight the importance of tailoring physical activity interventions to address the specific needs and challenges faced by primiparous women and those who are unemployed during pregnancy, with a view to enhancing education on the potential hazards associated with sedentary habits and promoting active lifestyles within this unique sociocultural context.

Vascular Microcalcification: Diagnostic Approach, Statistical Modeling, and the Need for Comprehensive Management of Children from the Ukrainian Familial Hypercholesterolemia Registry

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in children. The identification of early predictors of cardiovascular pathology is crucial for effective management. The objective: to develop a statistical model that significantly predicts the mGla protein level, a marker of vascular microcalcification, in children with FH by analyzing the relationships between dietary habits, health-related quality of life, physical activity energy expenditure, extended lipid profile, dp-uc MGP protein levels, and results from instrumental examinations. Materials and methods. Food habits, quality of life, energy expenditure for physical activity, lipid profiles, and dp-uc MGP protein levels were assessed in children from the Ukrainian FH registry. A multivariate regression model was developed to identify significant predictors of cardiovascular pathology, namely the level of the vascular microcalcification biomarker. Results. The regression model demonstrated that the predictors explained 91.01% of the variance (R2 = 0.91; p &lt; 0.0001). Age and cholesterol intake were significant predictors (β = 19.16; p = 0.0039 and β = 0.70; p = 0.0013, respectively). These results highlight the impact of chronic cholesterol exposure on cardiovascular health in children with HF. Conclusions. The study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to the treatment of HF, combining medical and psychosocial support, to reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications in pediatric patients.

Accuracy of the Huawei GT2 Smartwatch for Measuring Physical Activity and Sleep Among Adults During Daily Life: Instrument Validation Study.

Smartwatches are increasingly popular for physical activity and health promotion. However, ongoing validation studies on commercial smartwatches are still needed to ensure their accuracy in assessing daily activity levels, which is important for both promoting activity-related health behaviors and serving research purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of a popular smartwatch, the Huawei Watch GT2, in measuring step count (SC), total daily activity energy expenditure (TDAEE), and total sleep time (TST) during daily activities among Chinese adults, and test whether there are population differences. A total of 102 individuals were recruited and divided into 2 age groups: young adults (YAs) and middle-aged and older (MAAO) adults. Participants' daily activity data were collected for 1 week by wearing the Huawei Watch GT2 on their nondominant wrist and the Actigraph GT3X+ (ActiGraph) on their right hip as the reference measure. The accuracy of the GT2 was examined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC), Bland-Altman analysis, mean percentage error, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The GT2 demonstrated reasonable agreement with the Actigraph, as evidenced by a consistency test ICC of 0.88 (P<.001) and an MAPE of 25.77% for step measurement, an ICC of 0.75 (P<.001) and an MAPE of 33.79% for activity energy expenditure estimation, and an ICC of 0.25 (P<.001) and an MAPE of 23.29% for sleep time assessment. Bland-Altman analysis revealed that the GT2 overestimated SC and underestimated TDAEE and TST. The GT2 was better at measuring SC and TDAEE among YAs than among MAAO adults, and there was no significant difference between these 2 groups in measuring TST (P=.12). The Huawei Watch GT2 demonstrates good accuracy in step counting. However, its accuracy in assessing activity energy expenditure and sleep time measurement needs further examination. The GT2 demonstrated higher accuracy in measuring SC and TDAEE in the YA group than in the MAAO group. However, the measurement errors for TST did not differ significantly between the 2 age groups. Therefore, the watch may be suitable for monitoring several key parameters (eg, SC) of daily activity, yet caution is advised for its use in research studies that require high accuracy.

Physical Activity During Pregnancy and Preterm Birth Among Women With Gestational Diabetes

Physical activity, as a modifiable factor, emerges as a primary intervention strategy for the prevention and management of gestational diabetes (GD). Among women with GD, the association of physical activity during pregnancy with preterm birth remains unclear. To examine the association of accelerometer-derived physical activity metrics and patterns with preterm birth among women with GD. This prospective cohort study recruited pregnant women with GD in Hangzhou, China, from August 2019 to August 2023 as part of the Westlake Precision Birth Cohort study. Statistical analysis was performed between August and November 2023. Wearable accelerometer-derived physical activity metrics and patterns. Measurements of physical activity via wearable accelerometer were performed at a median (IQR) of 25.4 (24.6-26.6) weeks' gestation. Preterm birth was determined through the examination of delivery records. Incident preterm birth was defined as the delivery of infants before completing 37 weeks of gestation. Among the 1427 women meeting the inclusion criteria, the mean (SD) age was 31.3 (3.8) years, and there were 80 cases of preterm birth. An increase in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and the fraction of physical activity energy expenditure derived from MVPA exhibited an inverse association with preterm birth, with an odds ratio per 30 minutes of 0.64 (95% CI, 0.42-0.98) and an odds ratio per SD of 0.69 (95% CI, 0.55-0.88). In the dose-response analysis, there was a progressive decrease in the odds of preterm birth with increasing duration of MVPA per day, reaching a plateau at approximately 74 minutes per day. Furthermore, the findings indicated that active MVPA (MVPA ≥30 minutes per day), whether it was concentrated into a few days or followed a more regular pattern, had similar beneficial association with preterm birth. In this prospective cohort study, MVPA during pregnancy exhibited an inverse association with preterm birth among women with GD. Concentrated physical activity was associated with similar benefits in reducing preterm birth risk as regular physical activity.

Associations between sleep, energy balance, and obesity markers over 6 months in Black emerging adults-pilot study findings from the Sleep, Health Outcomes, and Body Weight (SHOW) study.

Insufficient sleep (short sleep duration and poor sleep quality) is associated with obesity risk. Emerging adults (ages 18-28 years) have a greater risk of excess weight gain and insufficient sleep, and these risks are higher in Black individuals. Using a measurement burst design, we assessed associations between sleep with energy balance components and obesity marker changes over 6 months in 15 Black emerging adults (12 females; age: 21±2.5 years; body mass index: 25.7±4.5kg/m2; body fat: 25.8±11.9%). Since our sample was predominantly female (80%), we repeated our analyses for females only. Participants completed the following measurements at baseline (BLN) and 6 months later (6MO): 7 days of actigraphy-based sleep and physical activity energy expenditure (EE) and 2 nights of in-home polysomnography-based sleep; resting EE and thermic effect of food with indirect calorimetry; ad libitum energy intake (EI) via self-reported methods over 4 days and directly measured over 3 days with provided meals. Body weight (2.6kg, p=0.01) and waist circumference (2.4cm, p=0.03) increased from BLN to 6MO. Changes in actigraphy-based sleep duration were associated with changes in body weight (β = 0.03, standard error (SE)=0.02, p=0.04) and fat mass (β = 0.07, SE=0.03 p=0.03) in females only. Greater rapid eye movement sleep duration was associated with increases in resting EE (β = 2.24, SE=0.84, p=0.02). Greater slow-wave sleep was associated with increases in self-reported EI (β = 18.34, SE=4.7, p<0.01). Sleep may impact components of energy balance and risk of weight gain in Black emerging adults. Additional research is needed to confirm our pilot findings.

Energy Costs of 37 Physical Activities in Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 9-17 Years with Obesity.

Obtaining data on the energy expenditure of physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents with obesity is crucial for promoting health in this population through exercise. However, relevant research is limited. This study aimed to determine the energy expenditure characteristics of 37 diverse PAs in children and adolescents with obesity and examine the association between obesity and energy expenditure (EE) characteristics within this cohort. Three hundred and ninety-seven children and adolescents with obesity aged 9-17 performed various PAs. PA intensity, EE, and body fat (BF) percentage were measured. The resting oxygen uptake (VO2) and resting energy expenditure (REE) of children and adolescents with obesity were 4.23 (3.72-4.84) ml/kg/min and 0.020 (0.018-0.023) kcal/kg/min, respectively, with significant differences between boys and girls (p < 0.05). The metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values for the PAs ranged from 1.12 to 8.14 METs. Regression analyses revealed an inverse association with age, BMI, and percentage BF increased, with resting VO2, REE, and average PA energy expenditure (PAEE) during PAs. (1) Resting VO2 was lower in children and adolescents with obesity than those with normal weight and higher than in adults. (2) Of the measured PA intensities, 8 were light, 17 were moderate, and 5 were vigorous intensity. (3) The increase in the degree of obesity and age further decreased VO2 and EE both at rest and during PA. Our results can provide precise guidance for the exercise of children and adolescents with obesity and serve as a reference for the development of physical activity guidelines and compendiums. Future research should further diversify the types of PAs measured.

Energy Availability in Female Collegiate Beach Volleyball Athletes.

Willingham, BD, Daou, M, VanArsdale, J, Thomas, M, and Saracino, PG. Energy availability in female collegiate beach volleyball athletes. J Strength Cond Res 38(11): 1941-1950, 2024-Low energy availability (LEA) is a present risk for many female athletes. Yet, the literature on LEA is often reliant on single, short-term, snapshots, which may not be reflective of the chronic energy balance surrounding female athletes in sport. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the current prevalence of LEA in female collegiate beach volleyball athletes during the preseason and across the competitive season. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare measures of EA (i.e., dietary intake, activity energy expenditure [EE], body composition) and EE (i.e., resting metabolic rate and thermic effect of feeding) at 4 timepoints-once in the preseason (i.e., Fall), and 3 times across the 10-week competitive season in Spring (i.e., week 1, week 5, and week 9). Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Although mean EA was in the subclinical zone (i.e., 30-45 kcal·kg FFM-1·d-1) at each timepoint, the prevalence of LEA for individuals was 30.8% in the preseason, 37.5% at week 1, 25.0% at week 5, and 62.5% at week 9. Further, carbohydrate intake was below the recommended range for power athletes at each timepoint, suggesting that female beach volleyball athletes with LEA may benefit from increasing carbohydrate intake. Despite no statistical differences in body mass across the season (p = 0.577), there was a trend for increasing fat-free mass (p = 0.062) as the season progressed. Importantly, LEA is not a team-wide condition but an individual one. Therefore, approaches to mitigate LEA should be individualized.

Modulators of Energy Expenditure Accuracy in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: E-MECHANIC Secondary Analyses.

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) metabolic equations are used to estimate energy expenditure (EE) of physical activity and prescribe aerobic exercise to meet EE requirements. Limited evidence supports their accuracy in sedentary adults with overweight or obesity during controlled exercise interventions. The purpose of this study was to compare EE estimated by the ACSM walking equation versus EE measured by indirect calorimetry during a 24-week aerobic exercise intervention, and identify potential modulators for their accuracy. Data from the exercising groups (8 or 20 kcal·kg body weight-1·week-1) of the E-MECHANIC study were utilized in this ancillary analysis (N = 103). Every 2 weeks for the initial 8 weeks and monthly thereafter, EE was measured via indirect calorimetry during absolute (2 mph, 0% grade) and relative (65-85% VO2peak) workload exercise. Resting metabolic rate, VO2peak, and body composition were assessed at baseline and follow-up. An EE offset factor (EOF) was calculated to express measured EE as a percentage of the estimated EE at each workload (EOF < 100% represents an overestimation of ACSM estimated EE). The accuracy of the equation decreased with increasing exercise workload (0.44%, 9.2%, and 20.3% overestimation at absolute, relative, and maximal workloads, respectively, at baseline) and overestimation of EE was greater after the exercise intervention. Furthermore, race, sex, age, fat mass, and VO2peak were identified as modulators for equation accuracy. Greater overestimation of EE was observed in Black compared to white females, particularly at lower exercise workloads. These findings support future efforts to improve the accuracy of metabolic equations, especially in diverse populations. Researchers should account for exercise efficiency adaptations when using metabolic equations to prescribe exercise precisely.

Combined associations of physical activity, diet quality and their changes over time with mortality: findings from the EPIC-Norfolk study, United Kingdom

BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) and diet quality have each been shown to be inversely associated with mortality but their combined impact on longevity has been less explored, particularly when considering their changes over time. This study aimed to examine the separate and combined associations of PA, diet quality and their changes over time with mortality outcomes.MethodsA prospective cohort study was performed on 9349 adults aged 40 to 79 years from the population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk Study, with repeated measurements of PA and diet (from 1993 till 2004) and subsequent follow-up till 2022 (median follow-up 18.8 years). Validated questionnaires were used to derive physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) as a proxy of total PA and adherence to the Mediterranean diet score (MDS, range 0–15 points) as an indicator of overall diet quality, and their changes over time (∆PAEE and ∆MDS). Cox regression models adjusted for potential confounders and mediators were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs.ResultsOver 149,681 person-years of follow-up, there were 3534 deaths. In adjusted models, for each 1-SD difference in baseline PAEE (4.64 kJ/kg/day), ∆PAEE (0.65 kJ/kg/day per year), baseline MDS (1.30 points) and ∆MDS (0.32 points per year), HRs (95% CI) for all-cause mortality were 0.90 (0.86 to 0.94), 0.89 (0.85 to 0.93), 0.95 (0.91 to 0.99) and 0.93 (0.90 to 0.97), respectively. Compared with participants with sustained low PAEE (< 5 kJ/kg/day) and low MDS (< 8.5 points), those with sustained high PAEE and high MDS had lower all-cause mortality (HR 0.78; 95% CI: 0.68–0.91), as did those who improved both PAEE and MDS (0.60; 0.44–0.82). There was no evidence of interaction between PA and diet quality exposures on mortality risk. Population impact estimates suggested that if all participants had maintained high levels of PA and diet quality consistently, cumulative adjusted mortality rate would have been 8.8% (95% CI: 2.4 to 15.3%) lower.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that adopting and maintaining higher levels of PA and diet quality are associated with lower mortality. Significant public health benefits could be realised by enabling active living and healthy eating through adulthood.

Physical activity, metabolites, and breast cancer associations.

The effects of usual physical activity on physiology and disease prevention are not fully understood. We examined the associations between physical activity, metabolites, and breast cancer risk. Physical activity levels were assessed using doubly labeled water, accelerometers, and 24-hr recalls in the IDATA study (N = 707 participants, ages 50-74 years, 51% women), with 1-6 assessments over 12 months and two blood sample collections. Partial Spearman correlations were used to estimate associations between physical activity and 843 serum metabolites, corrected for multiple testing. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of metabolites with postmenopausal breast cancer in a nested case-control study (621 cases, 621 controls), all statistical tests were 2-sided. Physical activity was associated with 164 metabolites spanning numerous pathways, including amino acid and fatty acid metabolism. Twelve of these metabolites were also associated with breast cancer risk, ten of which supported a protective role of physical activity. Notably, higher physical activity was associated with lower 16alpha-hydroxy DHEA 3-sulfate (androgen) and adipoylcarnitine (fatty acid), both of which were associated with increased breast cancer risk (OR per 1 standard deviation (SD)=1.34, 95% CI = 1.16-1.55 and 1.26,1.11-1.42, respectively). Higher physical activity energy expenditure was also associated with lower sphingomyelin (d18:1/20:1, d18:2/20:0), which was associated with a reduced breast cancer risk (0.82,0.73-0.93). Physical activity is associated with a broad range of metabolites, many of which are consistent with a protective effect against breast cancer. Our findings highlight potential metabolic pathways for cancer prevention.

Prediction Of Energy Expenditure Of Physical Activities During Balneotherapy Using Heart Rates

Prediction Of Energy Expenditure Of Physical Activities During Balneotherapy Using Heart Rates

Risk for low energy availability, disordered eating and sleep disturbance among female football players.

Low energy availability (LEA) and mental health issues are prevalent among female athletes and can have adverse effects on health and sports performance. This study aimed to assess energy availability and, mental health status (depression, anxiety, sleep deprivation, drug misuse, alcohol misuse, and disordered eating) among female football players. Despite the availability of validated tools for the triads and REDs, few studies have focused on the prevalence of LEA and mental health in female football players. Furthermore, limited information is available on LEA and its consequences in India. Professional female football players (n=25) aged 19-30 years were recruited using incidental sampling. LEA was estimated based on energy availability [energy intake - activity energy expenditure] and LEA female questionnaire (LEAF-Q). Sports mental health assessment tool-1 (SMHAT-1) was used to assess the mental health status. Descriptive statistics and chi square test were used to test the hypotheses. According to the factorial method and LEAF-Q, 24% and 12% of players had LEA, respectively. LEA symptoms, such as decreased gastrointestinal and menstrual function, were observed in 16% of participants, while 8% had a history of injury. 44% of the participants exhibited poor mental health. Sleep disturbance (12%) and disordered eating (44%), were among the most common mental health issues. No significant difference was found between LEA, disordered eating, and sleep disturbance. Female football players were more likely to develop LEA and mental health disorders, such as disordered eating and sleep disturbance. LEA was not linked with disordered eating or sleep disturbance. Early detection of LEA and effective intervention enhances the health and performance of female football players.

Improving physical and mental health in women with breast cancer undergoing anthracycline-based chemotherapy through wearable device-based aerobic exercise: a randomized controlled trial.

Aimed to assess the impact of wearable device-based aerobic exercise on the physical and mental well-being of women with breast cancer (BC) undergoing chemotherapy. Forty adult women with BC who underwent anthracycline-based chemotherapy were randomly allocated to the exercise group (n = 21) or the control group (n = 19). Both groups received standard health education and oncology care. In addition, the exercise group wore wearable devices to engage in moderate to high-intensity (50-90% HRmax) aerobic exercise during chemotherapy, while the control group did not carry out exercise intervention. Health-related physical fitness level, physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), anxiety and depression scores, sleep quality, cancer-related fatigue, and overall quality of life (QoL), were assessed both before (prior to the first chemotherapy session) and after (prior to the fifth chemotherapy session) the exercise intervention. Exercise-related adverse events, exercise compliance, number and severity of gastrointestinal reactions and myelosuppression occurred were recorded during the exercise intervention. After the intervention, compared to the control group, the exercise group (1) had significantly higher relative VO2peak (p = 0.003) and handgrip strength (p < 0.001); (2) had significantly higher PAEE (p < 0.001); (3) had a significantly lower scores in anxiety (p = 0.007), depression (p = 0.028), sleep quality in domains of subjective sleep quality (p = 0.010), sleep disturbances (p = 0.004), daytime dysfunction (p = 0.007), cancer-related fatigue in domains of physical (p < 0.001) and affective (p < 0.001); and (4) had a significantly lower scores in QoL in domains of physical well-being (p < 0.001) and emotional well-being (p = 0.019), while a significantly higher scores in functional well-being (p < 0.001). Patients in the exercise group experienced less severe gastrointestinal reactions (p = 0.028) and myelosuppressive symptoms (p < 0.001) than that in the control group. Patients in the exercise group had no serious exercise-related adverse events, with a mean exercise adherence of 81.8%. Wearable device-based aerobic exercise during chemotherapy can be an effective adjunctive therapy to improve physical and mental health in BC patients. https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=200247, Identifier: ChiCTR2300073667.

502 Cat and mouse: The effect of consuming four different diet formants (intact mice, raw, canned wet and kibble) on energy expended to consume a meal and immediately post-prandial in domestic cats

Abstract Cats are obligate carnivores; however, we feed them a variety of different diet formats without a clear understanding of feeding behavior and metabolism among diet formats. Whole-prey or raw diets may mimic a more natural diet and require more energy to consume. However, there is currently a dearth of literature examining feline energy expenditure (EE) during the consumption of and immediate post-prandial period when fed different diet formats. The present study aimed to investigate differences in the energetics of adult cats consuming four different diet formats in isocaloric offerings: raw intact mice, commercial raw, canned wet, and kibble diets. Adult neutered male cats [n = 12; body weight (BW) = 4.82 ± 0.164 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 replicated Latin square design and adapted to consuming each diet format before the initiation of the study. Following a 2-d adaptation period, cats were fed 25% of their daily caloric requirement (50.77 ± 1.549 kcal) in indirect calorimetry chambers in which VO2 and VCO2 exchange were measured. Energy expenditure (kcal/BW0.67 kg) was calculated for the consumption period, 15 min immediately post-prandial and 2 h post-prandial. Respiratory gases were measured for one fasted reading, followed by the first feeding. During each feeding, measurements were taken during the consumption period and 15 min post-prandial. For the following 2 h, respiratory gases were measured every 25 min for an additional 4 measures of respiratory gases. All data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model considering the effects of treatment, time and their interaction as fixed, and the effects of cat and period as random. A spatial power covariance structure was used to model repeated measures. Significance was considered at P &amp;lt; 0.05 and Tukey’s post-hoc test was performed to separate means. Energy expenditure during consumption and 15 min post-prandial was similar among treatments, and EE for 15 min post-prandial was greater than EE during consumption (P &amp;lt; 0.001). During the 2 h post-prandial, EE for the mice diet was greater than the kibble and canned wet diets (P &amp;lt; 0.001), while EE for the raw diet was only greater than the kibble diet (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Energy expenditure was similar between the kibble and canned wet diets (P = 0.919) and between the mice and raw diets (P = 0.598). Among all treatments and time periods, the mouse diet had the greatest mean EE. An increase in EE during the feeding period and post-prandial could benefit sedentary indoor cats who may be in positive energy balance. Feeding cats a naturalistic diet, such as intact mice or a raw diet, may increase activity levels and EE, but the longer-term effects of these feeding formats on energy balance need to be explored.

Composite activity type and stride-specific energy expenditure estimation model for thigh-worn accelerometry

BackgroundAccurately measuring energy expenditure during physical activity outside of the laboratory is challenging, especially on a large scale. Thigh-worn accelerometers have gained popularity due to the possibility to accurately detect physical activity types. The use of machine learning techniques for activity classification and energy expenditure prediction may improve accuracy over current methods. Here, we developed a novel composite energy expenditure estimation model by combining an activity classification model with a stride specific energy expenditure model for walking, running, and cycling.MethodsWe first trained a supervised deep learning activity classification model using pooled data from available adult accelerometer datasets. The composite energy expenditure model was then developed and validated using additional data based on a sample of 69 healthy adult participants (49% female; age = 25.2 ± 5.8 years) who completed a standardised activity protocol with indirect calorimetry as the reference measure.ResultsThe activity classification model showed an overall accuracy of 99.7% across all five activity types during validation. The composite model for estimating energy expenditure achieved a mean absolute percentage error of 10.9%. For running, walking, and cycling, the composite model achieved a mean absolute percentage error of 6.6%, 7.9% and 16.1%, respectively.ConclusionsThe integration of thigh-worn accelerometers with machine learning models provides a highly accurate method for classifying physical activity types and estimating energy expenditure. Our novel composite model approach improves the accuracy of energy expenditure measurements and supports better monitoring and assessment methods in non-laboratory settings.

Examining the Cycle of Physical Frailty in Falls Clinic Attendees Through Structural Equation Modeling.

In 1998, Fried and Walston introduced the Cycle of Frailty (CF) as a foundational concept for defining the physical frailty phenotype (FP). While the FP has been extensively validated, the CF hypothesis lacks equivalent support. This study aimed to internally validate the CF using structural equation modeling (SEM) in a clinical dataset of adults aged 50 or older attending an outpatient falls clinic. Measures included: age, morbidity, nutrition, sarcopenia by bioelectrical impedance, VO2max, handgrip strength, basal metabolic rate (BMR), 5-times chair stand test (5CST), physical activity, and total energy expenditure (TEE). The SEM, incorporating CF hypothesized causal pathways, was tested using IBM® SPSS® Amos 27.0.0 (maximum likelihood method) with a sample of 102 adults (mean age 69.8 years, 58.8% women). Overall, the SEM was supported by the data (χ2 = 44.4, df = 37, p = 0.189), with significant (p < 0.05) regression weights for morbidity→sarcopenia, age→sarcopenia, sarcopenia→VO2max, sarcopenia→handgrip strength, handgrip strength→5CST, physical activity→TEE, TEE→nutrition, and BMR→TEE. However, nutrition→sarcopenia, sarcopenia→BMR, VO2max→5CST, and 5CST→physical activity were not significant. Although the SEM was limited by inclusion of surrogate CF measures (e.g., 5CST instead of gait speed, VO2max based on age-predicted maximal/resting heart rate), it provided some internal support for the CF hypothesis.