Active Electronic Components Research Articles

Scanning Thermal Microscopy for Localizing and Monitoring Defects in Electronics

Abstract This article presents the principles of scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) instruments and their potential uses for the local thermal analysis of passive and active electronic components and devices. Three examples are given that demonstrate the SThM’s ability to perform thermal analysis on a microscopic scale. The results suggest that SThM could be used as a powerful tool for analyzing printed circuit boards and electronic devices with high spatial resolution, during the development cycle, failure analysis during and after manufacture, and during operation.

Design and measurement of a tunable metasurface low-frequency radar absorber

At the turn of the millennium, developments on metasurfaces lead to a significant step forward in the design of radar absorbing structures, especially at lower frequencies, thanks to a reduced thickness. Still, as with other passive impedance matching systems, they remain constrained in their bandwidth-to-thickness ratio. Fortunately, the recent integration of active electronic components onto metasurfaces has multiplied their functionalities, unlocking new ways to overcome these limitations. For instance, using varactor diodes, which act as variable capacitors, an absorbing metasurface can be rendered tunable to cover a frequency range wider than would any passive system of similar thickness. This is a valuable feature when facing modern frequency-hopping radars. However, the bias-dependent resistance introduced by the varactor diodes can compromise the impedance matching throughout the tunable frequency range. This work, therefore, focuses on the design and measurement of a tunable radar absorbing metasurface using varactor diodes, highlighting the necessity for a joint tuning of capacitance and resistance to grant near-perfect absorption over a wide frequency range.

Bioresorbable Multilayer Organic-Inorganic Films for Bioelectronic Systems.

Bioresorbable electronic devices as temporary biomedical implants represent an emerging class of technology relevant to a range of patient conditions currently addressed with technologies that require surgical explantation after a desired period of use. Obtaining reliable performance and favorable degradation behavior demands materials that can serve as biofluid barriers in encapsulating structures that avoid premature degradation of active electronic components. Here, this work presents a materials design that addresses this need, with properties in water impermeability, mechanical flexibility, and processability that are superior to alternatives. The approach uses multilayer assemblies of alternating films of polyanhydride and silicon oxynitride formed by spin-coating and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition , respectively. Experimental and theoretical studies investigate the effects of material composition and multilayer structure on water barrier performance, water distribution, and degradation behavior. Demonstrations with inductor-capacitor circuits, wireless power transfer systems, and wireless optoelectronic devices illustrate the performance of this materials system as a bioresorbable encapsulating structure.

Pullulan-1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate Composite as a Water-Soluble Active Component of a Vibration Sensor.

In recent years, the issue of electronic waste production has gained significant attention. To mitigate the environmental impact of e-waste, one approach under consideration involves the development of biodegradable electronic devices or devices that dissolve in the environment at the end of their life cycle. This study presents results related to the creation of a sensor that effectively addresses both criteria. The device was constructed using a composite material formed by impregnating a pullulan membrane (a biodegradable water-soluble biopolymer) with 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (a water-soluble ionic liquid) and coating the product with a conductive silver-based varnish. Capitalizing on the piezoionic effect, the device has demonstrated functionality as a vibration sensor with a sensitivity of approximately 5.5 × 10-5 V/mm and a resolution of about 1 mm. The novelty of this study lies in the unique combination of materials. Unlike the use of piezoelectric materials, this combination allows for the production of a device that does not require an external potential difference generator to function properly as a sensor. Furthermore, the combination of a biopolymer, such as pullulan, and an ionic liquid, both readily soluble in water, in creating an active electronic component represents an innovation in the field of vibration sensors.

Obsolescence Risk assesment: Key Challenges and Practical Lessons

System obsolescence represents a major challenge for industrial companies. To tackle this problem, two main strategies are used: reactive management, which seeks solutions when obsolescence occurs, and proactive management, which anticipates and mitigates obsolescence risks to optimize time and cost management. Effective risk assessment as part of proactive obsolescence management requires high-quality data, in-depth industry expertise and robust risk assessment methodologies. However, these requirements are not always met. The aim of this paper is to identify, through a literature review, the challenges involved in assessing and predicting obsolescence risk. We then propose a case study for predicting the obsolescence date of FPGAs, as an example of active electronic components. Through this choice, we will show the different prediction steps and the difficulties encountered in order to learn from them.

Non-thermal plasma disinfecting procedure is harmless to delicate items of everyday use

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a well-known decontamination tool applicable for a wide range of microorganisms and viruses. Since the recent COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need to decontaminate all daily used items, it is highly desirable to address the applicability of NTP, including its possible harmful effects. To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive characterization of NTP effects on sensitive materials is still lacking. We investigated the potential damage to common materials of daily use inflicted by air atmospheric NTP generated in Plasmatico v1.0. The materials tested were paper, various metals, and passive and active electronic components modelling sensitive parts of commonly used small electronic devices. The NTP-exposed paper remained fully usable with only slight changes in its properties, such as whitening, pH change, and degree of polymerization. NTP caused mild oxidation of copper, tinned copper, brass, and a very mild oxidation of stainless steel. However, these changes do not affect the normal functionality of these materials. No significant changes were observed for passive electronic components; active components displayed a very slight shift of the measured values observed for the humidity sensor. In conclusion, NTP can be considered a gentle tool suitable for decontamination of various sensitive materials.

An infrared light-guide based target positioning system for operation in a harsh environment

In the P¯ANDA experiment’s hypernuclear and hyperatom setup, a positioning system for the primary production target is required, which will be located in the center of the solenoid magnet, in ultra-high vacuum, and exposed to high radiation levels. In this work, a prototype for a positioning sensor was built using a bisected light guide for infrared light and a low-priced readout system based on microcontrollers. In contrast to many modern positioning systems that require electronics in direct proximity, this setup has no active electronic components close to the moving parts. The prototype system was operated with a resolution of better than 5µm, and with a repeatability of better than ±18µm in a total of 14000 measurements. The demonstrated performance is by far satisfying the positioning requirement of ±300µm in the hypernuclear and hyperatom setup at P¯ANDA.

ADC low-complexity modelling identification and mitigation of baseband intermodulation distortion with instantaneous frequency dependence

The linearization of active electronic components such as power amplifier or analog-to-digital-converter (ADC), is a vast subject. Many issues come into play, including behavioural modelling with the selection of a relevant model in terms of accuracy, complexity, identification, and compensation. In this paper we consider an ADC linearization problem, we propose an original low-complexity modelling identification and mitigation of baseband intermodulation distortion with instantaneous frequency dependence. Thus, we introduce a refinement of a power series model by adding a dependence on the variation of the instantaneous frequency of the signal. Based on this, we describe a method suitable for the model calibration using a two-tone signal. We finally present a measurement bench adapted to the calibration of the coefficients of the model, followed by some results of linearization. All the methods presented are intended to be operated in real time in embedded systems and are therefore studied to present very low computational complexities.

Observation of Collider Muon Neutrinos with the SND@LHC Experiment.

We report the direct observation of muon neutrino interactions with the SND@LHC detector at the Large Hadron Collider. A dataset of proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=13.6 TeV collected by SND@LHC in 2022 is used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.8 fb^{-1}. The search is based on information from the active electronic components of the SND@LHC detector, which covers the pseudorapidity region of 7.2<η<8.4, inaccessible to the other experiments at the collider. Muon neutrino candidates are identified through their charged-current interaction topology, with a track propagating through the entire length of the muon detector. After selection cuts, 8 ν_{μ} interaction candidate events remain with an estimated background of 0.086 events, yielding a significance of about 7 standard deviations for the observed ν_{μ} signal.

First Direct Observation of Collider Neutrinos with FASER at the LHC.

We report the first direct observation of neutrino interactions at a particle collider experiment. Neutrino candidate events are identified in a 13.6TeV center-of-mass energy pp collision dataset of 35.4 fb^{-1} using the active electronic components of the FASER detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The candidates are required to have a track propagating through the entire length of the FASER detector and be consistent with a muon neutrino charged-current interaction. We infer 153_{-13}^{+12} neutrino interactions with a significance of 16 standard deviations above the background-only hypothesis. These events are consistent with the characteristics expected from neutrino interactions in terms of secondary particle production and spatial distribution, and they imply the observation of both neutrinos and anti-neutrinos with an incident neutrino energy of significantly above 200GeV.

Analisis Half-Wave dan Full-Wave Rectifiers Menggunakan Circuit Lab Online

Functioning as a current rectifier, the presence of a diodeas an active electronic component cannot be separated in life. Therectifier function of this diode is also known as a rectifier whichworks by converting the alternating current (AC) from a device todirect current (DC). The rectifier can be used in half wave rectifierand full wave rectifier circuits This study aims to analyze moredeeply about the signal output of a half-wave rectifier circuit and theeffect of attention value on the output signal of a full-wave rectifiercircuit. The research was conducted using a literature studyapproach and verification through online experiments using aCircuit Lab simulator. After doing research, it is known that thesignal issued by a half-wave rectifier circuit has no valleys. Whereasin a full wave rectifier circuit it is known that the values have aninfluence on the output signal.

Heat transfer in a conical gap using H2O–Cu nanofluid and porous media. Effects of the main physical parameters

Heat transfer around a conical antenna is quantified in this work. Cooling of this active electronic component is ensured by a medium of high porosity saturated by a H2O–Cu nanofluid with a volume fraction varying between 0% and 5%. The ratio between the thermal conductivity of the porous materials and that of the water (base fluid) ranges from 4 to 41.2, the null value corresponding to a heat transfer without porous media (only nanofluid). The conical enclosure's aspect ratio varies in the 0.2–0.6 range, being its base inclined between 0° (horizontal base with cone's top oriented upwards) and 180° range (horizontal base with cone's top oriented downwards). The associated Rayleigh number varies within the 3.32x105-6.74x107 range. Heat transfer by natural convection is quantified for any configuration combining these five parameters and presented via a correlation allowing determination of the average Nusselt number. This study shows that heat transfer increases when the cone is tilted. For a given aspect ratio, the maximum is reached when the cone is vertical with the top pointing down. This observation remains valid in the overall Rayleigh number range. The average Nusselt number enhancement varies between 20 and 70%, according on the considered cavity's aspect ratio. This study complements a recent one restricted to the case of a cone whose horizontal base is located at the bottom, being 0.2 the aspect ratio of the enclosure.

Biodegradable Molybdenum (Mo) and Tungsten (W) Devices: One Step Closer towards Fully-Transient Biomedical Implants

Close monitoring of vital physiological parameters is often key in following the evolution of certain medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, infections, post-operative status or post-traumatic injury). The allocation of trained medical staff and specialized equipment is, therefore, necessary and often translates into a clinical and economic burden on modern healthcare systems. As a growing field, transient electronics may establish fully bioresorbable medical devices capable of remote real-time monitoring of therapeutically relevant parameters. These devices could alert remote medical personnel in case of any anomaly and fully disintegrate in the body without a trace. Unfortunately, the need for a multitude of biodegradable electronic components (power supplies, wires, circuitry) in addition to the electrochemical biosensing interface has halted the arrival of fully bioresorbable electronically active medical devices. In recent years molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W) have drawn increasing attention as promising candidates for the fabrication of both energy-powered active (e.g., transistors and integrated circuits) and passive (e.g., resistors and capacitors) biodegradable electronic components. In this review, we discuss the latest Mo and W-based dissolvable devices for potential biomedical applications and how these soluble metals could pave the way towards next-generation fully transient implantable electronic systems.

Design and Implementation of a Sophisticated Metal Detector Used in the Field of Airport Security

In this research, we designed and implemented an advanced metal detector based on the Atmega328p microprocessor; it is used in the security field to prevent the entry of dangerous metal tools or explosives to places that require a high degree of safety such as schools, airports, universities and commercial malls. Where the mechanism of the electronic scheme of the detector was understood, including what it contains of active and passive electronic components, the microprocessor used how to program it and its technical specifications were identified. After that, we converted the electronic diagram into a printed circuit board (PCB) via easyada.com, And then print this circuit on special paper so that we can transfer it on the copper board, and a special solution was used to remove the copper residues from the board, after that holes were created and the electronic elements were soldered, Moving on to the software part, the Arduino Uno chip was used to act as an ISP programmer, through which the Atmaga328p controller was programmed using AVRDUDESS software, tested with a small coil with a diameter of 1.5cm. The detector gave excellent performance in detecting metal pieces such as copper, aluminum, iron and silver, as well as electrical wires in the walls, where the device screen shows the signal strength of the captured metal as well as the numerical symbol of the metal. It also discovered the presence of a sharp tool hidden in the mouth, shoes or inside the clothes, and the device achieved high performance In discovering metal parts and determining their properties, with an accuracy of 80%.

Uncertainty Analysis of an Optoelectronic Strain Measurement System for Flywheel Rotors.

The strain in a fast spinning carbon fiber flywheel rotor is of great interest for condition monitoring, as well as for studying long-term aging effects in the carbon fiber matrix. Optoelectronic strain measurement is a contactless measurement principle where a special reflective pattern is applied to the rotor which is scanned by a stationary optical setup. It does not require any active electronic components on the rotor and is suited for operation in a vacuum. In this paper, the influences of the key parts comprising the optoelectronic strain measurement are analyzed. The influence of each part on the measurement result including the uncertainty is modeled. The total uncertainty, as well as each part’s contribution is calculated. This provides a valuable assessment of requirements for component selection, as well as tolerances of mechanical parts and processes to reach a final target measurement uncertainty or to estimate the uncertainty of a given setup. We have shown that the edge quality of the special reflective pattern has the strongest influence, and how to improve it. Considering all influences, it is possible to measure strain with an uncertainty of less than at a rotation speed of .

Waterproof, flexible field-effect transistors with submicron monocrystalline Si nanomembrane derived encapsulation for continuous pH sensing

To understand the physio-pathological state of patients suffering from chronic diseases, scientists and clinicians need sensors to track chemical signals in real-time. However, the lack of stable, safe, and scalable biochemical sensing platforms capable of continuous operation in liquid environments imposes significant challenges in the timely diagnosis, intervention, and treatment of chronic conditions. This work reports a novel strategy for fabricating waterproof and flexible biochemical sensors with active electronic components, which feature a submicron encapsulation layer derived from monocrystalline Si nanomembranes with a high structural integrity due to the high formation temperature (>1000 °C). The ultrathin, yet dense and low-defect encapsulation enables continuous operation of field-effect transistors in biofluids for chemical sensing. The excellent stability in liquid environment and pH sensing performance of such transistors suggest their great potential as the foundation of waterproof and scalable biochemical sensors with active functionalities in the future. The understandings, knowledge base, and demonstrations for pH sensing reported here set the stage for the next generation long-term biosensing with a broad applicability in biomedical research, food science, and advanced healthcare.

Pengaruh Video Pembelajaran terhadap Hasil Belajar Dasar-dasar Teknik Elektronika di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan

This study aims to analyze the effect of the use of instructional video on student learning outcomes in Class X on the subjects of the Basics of Electronic Engineering with learning material is Active and Passive Electronic Components. The research was conducted at SMK Negeri 1 Pariaman. Data was collected using a research instrument that given post-test in the form of multiple-choice questions to the student with the odd absent numbers as experiment class is X TOI group A and the student with the even absent number as the control class is X TOI group B. hypothesis was carried out using T-test analysis, the T-test is used to analyze the difference on students learning outcomes that use learning media in the form of text in Microsoft Word and other students that use learning media in the form of learning video. The results of the hypothesis test show that the use of instructional video has a significant effect on student learning outcomes and shows that there is an influence significant difference between the post-test results of the experimental class that uses instructional video and the control class that does not use instructional videos in the Basics of Electronic Engineering Class X TOI at SMK Negeri 1 Pariaman.

An introduction to flexible electronics: Manufacturing techniques, types and future

Flexible Electronics is an emerging technology in the fields of electronics. These are electronic circuits made on substrates which can be modified into various shapes. It can be rolled or twisted with minimal or no effect on its electronics components and its function. Flexible electronic components are usually made of a bi-layer of thin substrate which can be either plastic, metal or textile or any other suitable material with a second layer of active electronic component. Wide range of its application in solar cells, aerospace and medical fields have increased its demand by many folds. Flexible electronic circuits play a major role in components where density, availability of space, and weight of the material has to be taken into consideration. The following is the review of the current status of it the modern electronic industries, its manufacturing process, its application in various technological fields, and the role it will play in the future

Blend of Polymers As New Solid Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

With the increase of energy demand, the depletion of oil reserves and the development of intermittent renewable energy sources, the storage and the production of energy are one of the main concerns of the XXI century. Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) are among the best choices because of their high energy and power densities, longer lifespan and lighter than other energy storage systems. [1]LIB are composed of two intercalation electrodes, electronically isolated by an ions conductive electrolyte. The early LIB were composed of an organic liquid electrolyte. However, they had many disadvantages, the most worrying of which is their safety concern related to short-circuits and potential leakages of the flammable liquid solvent [2]. In this context, the development of new solid materials for electrolyte (such as ceramics and polymers) are a central issue. Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPE) are among the most promising solution to deal with safety problems. They are ionically conducting solid material in which lithium salts are dissolved thanks to polar groups [3]. In LIBs, polymer electrolyte has a dual role. It plays both the role of separator between electrodes and binder in the composite electrodes. Chemical and electrochemical stabilities, absence of solvents intercalation and good interfacial contact between active material and electronic components are among the advantages of SPE.The conduction mechanisms in polymer are quite different from the processes in low molecular weight solvents and are still not fully understood. Cation transport in polymer involves two steps which are considered to be dissociated or not, depending on the model chosen (Arrhenius or Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann, respectively) [4]. Above the glass transition temperature, segmental motions of polymer chains allow ions hopping between coordinating sites on the same polymer chain or between two neighbouring chains. According to previous studies, ionic conduction takes place mainly in the amorphous phase with high segmental motions. That’s why, polymer electrolytes often suffer from poor ionic conductivity at room temperature (less than 10-5 S/cm) compared to their liquid counterparts. Lots of research tried to improve this factor by decreasing the crystalline part and the glass transition, melting and crystallisation temperatures, but to the detriment of mechanical, thermal or electrochemical stabilities.Our team made an effort to preserve a good ionic conductivity, and at the same time, improve other stability properties, by using a blend of polymers. The existence of functional polar groups makes them ideal candidates to dissolve lithium salts (such as Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide LiTFSI) and Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI)) and form stable ion-polymer complexes. In this work, thermal, mechanical and electrochemical properties of our solid polymer electrolyte based on different ratios of each polymer and salt were characterized thanks to Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and other electrochemical techniques (such as Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Cyclic Voltammetry). Conduction mechanisms and salt/polymers interactions are characterised thanks to Scanning electron microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Half-cells with high voltage cathodes (LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC), LiFePO4 (LFP)) and low voltage anodes (Graphite, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO)) showed high charge/discharge capacity at 0.1C (at 60°C and 50°C). These first results indicate that this blend of polymers is a promising candidate as SPE for Lithium-Ion Batteries.References : J. B. Goodenough and K. S. Park, American Chemical Society, 2013, 135, 1167-1176. D. Baril, C. Michot and M. Armand, Solid State Ionics, 1997, 94, 35-47. F. M. Gray, Solid polymer electrolytes, VCH New Tork, 1991. R. C. Agrawal and G. P. Pandey, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2008, 41, 223001.

A passive wireless triboelectric sensor via a surface acoustic wave resonator (SAWR)

With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the requirement of wireless sensing operations is becoming increasingly desirable. Most of the current active wireless sensors require external power suppliers and complex active circuits, which limits their applications. A passive wireless sensor is a desired alternative. Hence, a passive wireless triboelectric sensor (PWTES) without active electronic components, a battery, or an energy harvester is proposed to meet the further demand for wireless monitoring. The key component of the PWTES is a surface acoustic wave resonator (SAWR). The sensing signal generated by the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is applied to modulate the SAWR's response signal via a tuning network. A designed reader interrogates the SAWR and receives its response via the radiofrequency link, then demodulation is performed on the SAWR's response to obtain the sensing signal. Employing the designed PWTES, a wireless pressure sensor without a battery and an energy harvester is successfully demonstrated. The PWTES exhibited the wireless transmission of a sensing signal over a distance of 2 m, a sensitivity of 23.75 kHz/V within the TENG's voltage range of 0–5 V, and a measurement update rate of 12 kHz. The PWTES makes full use of the advantages of the TENG in sensing, and the properties of the SAWR in wireless communication, holding great potential for the miniaturization, integration, and continuous monitoring of wireless sensors in the era of the IoT.