Active Chlorine Concentration Research Articles

Preparation of oxidized celluloses in a TEMPO/NaBr system using different chlorine reagents in water

Three chlorine reagents (NaClO solution, solid sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), and solid NaClO·5H2O) were used as primary oxidants in the TEMPO/NaBr oxidation of wood cellulose in water. The active chlorine content of NaDCC was stable during storage, while that of NaClO solution decreased by 20% after storage in a tightly closed bottle for 1 year. As NaClO·5H2O has a melting point of ~ 25 °C, solid NaDCC was favored for use in laboratory experiments among the three chlorine reagents. TEMPO-oxidized celluloses prepared from wood cellulose using the three different chlorine reagents (10 mmol/g-cellulose) in water at pH 10 showed no significant differences in weight recovery ratio, carboxylate content, or viscosity-average degree of polymerization (DPv). When TEMPO/NaBr/NaDCC oxidation was applied to wood cellulose in water at pH 9, the weight recovery ratio and DPv of the oxidized cellulose were clearly higher than those prepared with the three chlorine reagents in water at pH 10, and the carboxylate content was 1.6 mmol/g when the amount of NaDCC added was 5 mmol/g-cellulose. Therefore, it was possible to prepare TEMPO-oxidized celluloses with higher weight recovery ratios, higher DPv values, and similar carboxylate contents using NaDCC. Furthermore, adding NaDCC to the wood cellulose slurry in one portion did not increase the reaction mixture pH. These results showed that using NaDCC as primary oxidant in the TEMPO/NaBr oxidation of wood cellulose in water at pH 9 was advantageous compared using all three chlorine reagents in water at pH 10.

Disinfectant Performance of a Chlorine Regenerable Antibacterial Microfiber Fabric as a Reusable Wiper.

Rechargeable disinfectant performance of a microfiber fabric grafted with a halamine precursor, 3-allyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (ADMH), was tested in an actual use situation in a university student dining hall. The precursor was successfully incorporated onto the surfaces of polyester fibers by using a radical graft polymerization process through a commercial finishing facility. The N–H bonds of ADMH moieties on the fibers can be converted to biocidal N–Cl bonds, when the fabrics are washed in a diluted chlorine bleach containing 3000 ppm available chlorine, providing a refreshable disinfectant function. By wiping the surfaces of 30 tables (equivalent to 18 m2) with wet chlorinated fabrics, both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in concentrations of 105 CFU/mL were totally killed in a contact time of 3 min. The disinfectant properties of the fabrics were still superior after 10 times successive machine washes (equivalent to fifty household machine washes), and rechargeable after wiping 30 tables before each recharge. Recharging conditions, such as temperature, time, active chlorine concentration and pH value of sodium hypochlorite solution, as well as the addition of a detergent, were studied. The product has the potential to improve public safety against biological contaminations and the transmission of diseases.

Novel Inorganic-Based N-Halamine Nanofibrous Membranes As Highly Effective Antibacterial Agent for Water Disinfection.

Novel superhydrophilic inorganic-based N-halamine nanofibrous membranes with high active chlorine contents, outstanding rechargeability, favorable water swelling resistance, and superior mechanical performance were prepared through the combination of electrospinning and sol-gel processing, which could be applied to the dynamic disinfection of bacteria-contaminated water with high disinfection efficiency, large processing flux, and long-term durability. The successful preparation of such silica nanofiber membranous N-halamine antimicrobial with intriguing properties would provide the reference for developing novel antimicrobial nanofibers for multifunctional applications.

Microbiological study of immobilized N-chlorosulfonamide on сopolymer of styrene

Issues of discovery and development of antiseptics and disinfectants are engaged in the world. Requirements for medication severely limit the range of chemical compounds that can be used as an active start of disinfectants. Chlorinated compounds (bleach, chloramine, hypochlorite) are traditional disinfectants. The emission of active chlorine from immobilized sodium N-chlorosulfonamides was studied and the stability of the resulting solutions was evaluated. For microbiological tests, non-woven samples of immobilized N-chlorosulfonamide were provided on a copolymer of styrene with divinylbenzene grafted to a polypropylene filament. The content of active chlorine is 6%, the thickness is 2.5 mm, the surface density is 340 g/dm3. Nutrient media used for research: Meat-peptone agar (MPA); yolk-salt agar (Chistovich); blood agar (CA); Saburo; Endo Before the study, the growth properties of nutrient media were controlled in accordance with the method of controlling the growth properties of nutrient media, which is presented in the State Food and Drug Administration – 2011.The antibacterial and antimycotic action of immobilized N-chlorosulfonamide on a copolymer of styrene with divinylbenzene was determined. It is set that that test samples of immobilized N-chlorosulfonamide on styrene copolymer with divinylbenzene, in the form of nonwoven material, have expressed antibacterial activity to the microorganisms: E.сoli АТСС 25922, E.coli K12, P.aeruginosa АТСС 27853, S.аureus АТСС 6538, S.epidermidis ATCC 12228, S.haemolyticus АТСС 14990, P.vulgaris ATCC 33420, В.subtilis 168, В.cereus 96, and antimycotic action on C.albicans ATCC 10231.

Nitrogen oxide removal from simulated flue gas by UV-irradiated electrolyzed seawater: Efficiency optimization and pH-dependent mechanisms

UV/chlorine has attracted much attention in flue gas and water treatment fields in recent years. However, only a few studies highlighted gas pollutants removal performance of UV/chlorine method in real water. In this study, nitrogen oxide (NOx) removal using UV-irradiated electrolyzed seawater (UV/electrolyzed seawater) was explored under simulated seawater environment in a semi-batch photochemical reactor. Comparison experiments between UV/H2O2 and UV/chlorine in both freshwater and seawater systems were performed. Results showed that NO removal efficiency in UV/chlorine freshwater system was higher than those in UV/chlorine seawater system, due to radical scavenging effects of water matrices in seawater. Several strong reactive radicals (e.g., OH, Cl, OCl, ClOH−) yielded from UV/chlorine system were considered to contribute to NOx removal, among which the role of OH radical was confirmed by radical-trapping experiments. The alkalinity of the seawater adversely impacted contributions of these reactive radicals to NOx removal, which caused a sharp drop in NOx removal efficiencies. Comparatively, the chloride ion in seawater had slight influences on NOx removal efficiencies of UV/electrolyzed seawater. Then, optimization of NOx removal efficiencies against three key variables (active chlorine concentration, UV irradiation dose, and initial pH) was investigated in simulated seawater using Design Expert Software. A regression model of NOx removal efficiency was obtained with satisfactory accuracy. Results indicated that active chlorine concentration and UV irradiation dose significantly influenced NOx removal efficiencies, compared with pH effects. Furthermore, NOx removal mechanisms involved in reactive radicals were discussed for UV/electrolyzed seawater method. Due to pH-dependent characteristics of both active chlorine species and carbonate species in electrolyzed seawater, NOx removal pathways by UV/electrolyzed seawater were different as the environment changed from acid to alkalinity.

Influence of agitation leaching conditions to the behavior of gold in solution

Deposition of gold ions in the process of agitation with a chloride-hypochlorite solution with 8.15 g/l active chlorine concentration in the model material was studied. Fresh chlorite-hypochlorite solution was used in the study. The effect of the initial pH of the medium on the dynamics of gold deposition is considered. It was found that up to 56% of gold precipitates in alkaline medium. Precipitation is not observed at pH<6. It is established that the ore under investigation has buffer properties and stabilizes the pH of the medium to weak-acid (pH = 5.5-6).

The relevance of reactions of the methyl peroxy radical (CH3O2) and methylhypochlorite (CH3OCl) for Antarctic chlorine activation and ozone loss

The maintenance of large concentrations of active chlorine in Antarctic spring allows strong chemical ozone destruction to occur. In the lower stratosphere (approximately 16–18 km, 85–55 hPa, 390–430 K) in the core of the polar vortex, high levels of active chlorine are maintained, although rapid gas-phase production of HCl occurs. The maintenance is achieved through HCl null cycles in which the HCl production is balanced by immediate reactivation. The chemistry of the methyl peroxy radical (CH3O2) is essential for these HCl null cycles and thus for Antarctic chlorine and ozone loss chemistry in the lower stratosphere in the core of the polar vortex. The key reaction here is the reaction ; this reaction should not be neglected in simulations of polar ozone loss. Here we investigate the full chemistry of CH3O2 in box-model simulations representative for the conditions in the core of the polar vortex in the lower stratosphere. These simulations include the reaction CH3O2 + Cl, the product methylhypochlorite (CH3OCl) of the reaction CH3O2 + ClO, and the subsequent chemical decomposition of CH3OCl. We find that when the formation of CH3OCl is taken into account, it is important that also the main loss channels for CH3OCl, namely photolysis and reaction with Cl are considered. Provided that this is the case, there is only a moderate impact of the formation of CH3OCl in the reaction CH3O2 + ClO on polar chlorine chemistry in our simulations. Simulated peak mixing ratios of CH3OCl ( ppb) occur at the time of the lowest ozone mixing ratios. Further, our model simulations indicate that the reaction CH3O2 + Cl does not have a strong impact on polar chlorine chemistry. During the period of the lowest ozone concentrations in late September, enhanced values of CH3O2 are simulated and, as a consequence, also enhanced values of formaldehyde (about 100 ppt) and methanol (about 5 ppt).

Electrokinetic delivery of anodic in situ generated active chlorine to remediate diesel-contaminated sand

Electrokinetic in situ chemical oxidation (EK-ISCO) is an innovative and effective method for removing petroleum contaminants from soil. However, the high cost of exogenous oxidants is one of the main drawbacks of this technology. In this research, a new approach for the electrokinetic (EK) delivery anodic in situ generation of an oxidant was designed with the aim of solving this problem. Six EK experiments lasting 15 d with different electrolytes (NaCl or NaNO3) and different voltage potentials were performed in order to evaluate the feasibility of this approach. It was found that active chlorine was produced by a dimensionally stable anode and a NaCl solution, and can contribute to remediate sand spiked with diesel fuel (10 g/kg) during EK-ISCO. The obtained results showed that an increase in NaCl electrolyte concentration (from 10 to 40 g/L) increases the maximum concentration of active chlorine in the aqueous sand matrix (from 12.5 to 30 mmol/L). The diesel removal efficiencies were increased from 33% to 44% for 1 V/cm and from 43% to 67% for 2 V/cm, respectively, by using 20 g/L NaCl compared to using 20 g/L NaNO3. Vial tests also confirmed that the anodic in situ generated active chlorine in the electrolyte solution had the effect of oxidizing alkanes of diesel. The products had a higher solubility due to the inclusion of polar functional groups. Under optimal conditions, the energy consumption for removing 1% of contaminants was approximately 2 k Wh/ton. Consequently, the EK delivery of anodic in situ generated active chlorine can be considered as a new cost-effective method for removing organic contaminants from porous media.

Field data analysis of active chlorine-containing stormwater samples

Many municipalities in Canada and all over the world use chloramination for drinking water secondary disinfection to avoid DBPs formation from conventional chlorination. However, the long-lasting monochloramine (NH2Cl) disinfectant can pose a significant risk to aquatic life through its introduction into municipal storm sewer systems and thus fresh water sources by residential, commercial, and industrial water uses. To establish general total active chlorine (TAC) concentrations in discharges from storm sewers, the TAC concentration was measured in stormwater samples in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, during the summers of 2015 and 2016 under both dry and wet weather conditions. The field-sampling results showed TAC concentration variations from 0.02 to 0.77 mg/L in summer 2015, which exceeds the discharge effluent limit of 0.02 mg/L. As compared to 2015, the TAC concentrations were significantly lower during the summer 2016 (0–0.24 mg/L), for which it is believed that the higher precipitation during summer 2016 reduced outdoor tap water uses. Since many other cities also use chloramines as disinfectants for drinking water disinfection, the TAC analysis from Edmonton may prove useful for other regions as well. Other physicochemical and biological characteristics of stormwater and storm sewer biofilm samples were also analyzed, and no significant difference was found during these two years. Higher density of AOB and NOB detected in the storm sewer biofilm of residential areas – as compared with other areas – generally correlated to high concentrations of ammonium and nitrite in this region in both of the two years, and they may have contributed to the TAC decay in the storm sewers. The NH2Cl decay laboratory experiments illustrate that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration is the dominant factor in determining the NH2Cl decay rate in stormwater samples. The high DOC concentrations detected from a downstream industrial sampling location may contribute to a high stormwater NH2Cl decay rate in this area.

Parameter optimization of electrolytic process of obtaining sodium hypochlorite for disinfection of water

Electrochlorination parameters were optimized in flowing and non-flowing modes for a cell with a volume of 1 l. At a current density of 0.1 A/cm2 in the range of flow rates from 0.8 to 6.0 l/h with a temperature of the initial solution below 20°C the outlet temperature is maintained close to the optimal 40°C. The pH of the solution during electrolysis increases to 8.8 ÷ 9.4. There was studied a process in which a solution with a temperature of 7-8°C and a concentration of sodium chloride of 25 and 35 g/l in non-flowing cell was used. The dependence of the concentration of active chlorine on the electrolysis time varies with the concentration of the initial solution of sodium chloride. In case of chloride concentration of 25 g/l virtually linear relationship makes it easy to choose the time of electrolysis with the aim of obtaining the needed concentration of the product.

Disinfection in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Evaluation of Effectiveness and Acute Toxicity Effects

In Italy, urban wastewater disinfection is regulated in the third part of Legislative Decree n. 152/2006, which states that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) must include a disinfection unit, with a capacity exceeding 2000 Population Equivalent (PE). This treatment shall ensure microbial quality and health security. The legislation provides the following limits for wastewater: Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration below 5000 CFU 100 mL−1 (recommended value), active chlorine concentration below 0.2 mg L−1 and lack of acute toxicity. The compliance with these conditions is shown by means of the study of correct disinfectant dosage, which also depends on wastewater characteristics. An investigation at the regional level (from 2013 to 2016) shows a correlation between acute toxicity discharge and disinfection treatment through chemical reagents (mainly with the use of chlorine compounds and peracetic acid). The experimental work concerns two active sludge WWTPs in northern Italy with small capacity (10,000–12,000 PE). The activities provide the assessment of microbiological quality and toxicity of WWTPs effluents in relation to the dosage of sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid, by means of the use of batch tests. The results show that with similar disinfectant dosage and comparable initial E. coli concentration, peracetic acid exhibits the best performance in terms of microbial removal (with removal yields up to 99.99%). Moreover, the acute toxicity was evident at higher doses and therefore with higher residuals of peracetic acid (2.68 mg L−1) compared to the free residual chlorine (0.17 mg L−1).

Enhanced dispersion stability and heavy metal ion adsorption capability of oxidized starch nanoparticles

Starch nanoparticles (SNPs) have attracted much research interest recently due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, practical utilization of SNPs is generally restricted due to their weak colloid stability and reduced functionality. In this work, SNPs were functionally modified by sodium hypochlorite (1–5% active chlorine based on dry SNPs weight). The degree of modification, particle size, stability, and adsorption characteristics of the SNPs were systematically investigated. The results showed that as the active chlorine concentration increased, the carbonyl and carboxyl contents increased to 0.150% and 0.855%, respectively. Compared with SNPs, the zeta potential value of SNPs modified with 5% active chlorine increased significantly (p<0.05) from −13 to −31mV and the dispersion stability of modified SNPs was remarkably improved. Moreover, modified SNPs exhibited high adsorption capacities for Pb2+ and Cu2+, suggesting that they could be employed as a novel absorbent for removal of heavy metal ions.

Removal of NOx and SO2 from simulated ship emissions using wet scrubbing based on seawater electrolysis technology

This paper proposed a promising method for removal of NOx and SO2 from simulated ship emissions by wet scrubbing using electrolyzed seawater. Several factors were investigated on removal efficiencies of NO and NOx in a semi-continuous bubble column reactor. Results showed that NOx removal was enhanced with the increase of active chlorine concentration, NO inlet concentration, reaction temperature, and concentrations of coexisting gases (CO2 and O2), but was inhibited with increasing gas flow rate. The pH of the electrolyzed seawater had a significant impact on the NOx removal. Then, simultaneous removal of NOx and SO2 in both single stage and double stage reactors were studied preliminarily. Maximum removal efficiencies of NOx and SO2 from simulated ship emissions (NOx 1000ppm, O2 15%, CO2 5%, SO2 751ppm) were 92% and 100% respectively under optimum conditions. Final products (NO2− and NO3−) of the process effluent were analyzed by the ion chromatography, and reaction pathways were also discussed.

Kinetics of Nitric Oxide Absorption from Simulated Flue Gas by a Wet UV/Chlorine Advanced Oxidation Process

The mass transfer reaction kinetics of NO absorption by UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process were investigated in a lab-scale photochemical bubble reactor. Effects of several parameters on NO absorption rate were studied, including UV power, NO inlet concentration, SO2 concentration, active chlorine concentration of electrolyzed seawater, and reaction temperature. Results showed that NO absorption rate increased gradually with the increase of UV power, NO inlet concentration, and active chlorine concentration of electrolyzed seawater, but was almost independent of SO2 concentration and reaction temperature (below 313 K). The absorption process is a pseudo-0.2-order with respect to NO, as well as a pseudo-0.6-order with respect to active chlorine. The mass transfer process is the main rate-determining step for the NO absorption by UV/electrolyzed seawater process. The established NO absorption model is in good agreement with the experimental values.

A novel electro-chlorinator using low cost graphite electrode for drinking water disinfection

A unique electro-chlorination reactor was designed with six numbers each of cylindrical shaped graphite anodes and stainless steel cathodes. A series of experiments were run in the laboratory scale applying lower current densities. Maximum active chlorine concentration of 0.75 mg/l was obtained at an optimum current density of 1.5 mA/cm2 from an available chloride concentration of 8.5 mg/l found naturally in the tap water. It was observed that with an increase in the current density, there was a marked decrease of chloride conversion from 50 to 42%. The maximum chloride conversion rate of 57.3% was achieved corresponding to an electrolysis time of 30 min. There was no marked change in pH after the electrolysis which may be attributed to the neutralization of hydroxyl ions generated at the cathode with the protons spitted at the anode. A maximum energy consumption of 0.083 kWh/m3 was required for generating a maximum active chlorine concentration of 2 mg/l from chloride concentration of 50 mg/l added externally in the water. After a continuous operation of 3 months, it was found that the graphite electrodes were corroded at the rate of 0.005 mm/h. A strong positive Pearson correlation of 0.988 was obtained among the parameters current density, chloride concentration, time, pH and active chlorine, whereas a negative correlation coefficient of −0.902 was obtained between electrolysis time and formation rate of active chlorine. The present work provides a simple reactor design strategy to use affordable graphite electrodes in the field application of electrochemical point of use of drinking water disinfection.

Electrochemical degradation of bisphenol A in chloride electrolyte—Factor analysis and mechanisms study

Electrochemical oxidation technology is a powerful method in the degradation of recalcitrant organics, due to the high oxidizing ability of active chlorine and reactive oxygen species generated in the cell. However, influencing factor analysis and intermediates detection during the electrochemical removal of organics has not been extensively studied in the chloride electrolyte. In this study, an orthogonal test array design of L16(4)3 was carried on with Pt anode in NaCl electrolyte, using the typical endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) as the model pollutant. The influencing order of the three main factors for BPA degradation rate was current density>initial organic concentration>chloride concentration, based on the analysis of variance in this experiment. This emphasized the very significance of the active chlorine and hydroxyl radicals which were closely related with the potential of the system and the applied current density. Then both organic and inorganic Cl-byproducts were determined. The concentration of chloride decreased to 9.88mM with an initial of 10mM in the 480-min electrolysis and extremely low concentration of active chlorine was produced in this system (maximized at 0.037mM) for the first set. Neither chlorate nor perchlorate was detected with the Pt anode. The factor of current density influenced greatest on the formation of chloroform due to the amount of active chlorine affected by the current density. Finally, intermediates generated in the electrolysis cell were concretely investigated. Compared with traditional chlorination, the amount of chlorinated-BPA (2, 2′-D2CBPA and T4CBPA) generated was relatively less (2.46 and 10.00μM equiv BPA), which might be due to their fast simultaneously transformation in the electrochemical system. With the isopropylidene bridge cleavage of chlorinated-BPA, one-ring aromatic compounds (2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,6-dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol) occurred at the same time. Finally, chlorinated-BPA was totally transformed and low molecular chlorinated compounds were detected to the end of the experiment. This is one of the very few studies dealing with chlorinated organic intermediates formed in chloride electrolyte, and thus these findings may have significant technical implications for electrochemical treatment of wastewater containing BPA.

English

Micropropagation requires controlling contamination that might compromise the success of the process. Thermal sterilization is traditionally used; however, costs deriving from equipment acquisition and maintenance render this technique costly. With the purpose of finding an alternative to thermal sterilization, this research aimed at assessing the efficiency and ideal concentration of sodium hypochlorite for sterilization of culture media and glassware used during rooting of micropropagated Gerbera hybrida cv. Essandre. Two experiments were carried out. In the first one, treatments consisted of control I (no sterilization), control II (thermal sterilization), and total active chlorine concentrations of 0.0005, 0.001, 0.002 and 0.003%. In the second experiment, based on the results observed in the first experiment, treatments consisted of control I (thermal sterilization) and II (chemical sterilization), and total active chlorine concentrations of 0.002, 0.0025 and 0.003%. Plant behavior was assessed based on the length of aerial part and roots, number of roots, and dry biomass of plants. Results showed that the addition of an active chlorine concentration of 0.003% to culture media provided total control of contaminants, and there were no significant differences regarding the variables analyzed between plants obtained with thermal sterilization and with sodium hypochlorite sterilization. Thus, chemical sterilization can be used as a replacement for thermal sterilization of nutrition media for rooting of gerbera in vitro. Key words: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), tissue culture, contamination, chemical sterilization, autoclaving.

Mechanical Analysis of Biodegradable Films from Native and Chemically Modified Potato Starches

The production of biodegradable films has been studied to be a substitute of conventional plastics. The use of starch in biodegradable films are of great interest and starch modification improves an increase to the mechanical properties the film. The mechanical properties were evaluated by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The aim of this study is to determine the mechanical properties of biodegradable films produced from native and chemically modified potato starch. The starch was extracted and subjected to chemical modification by oxidation in different concentrations of active chlorine. The biodegradable films were prepared with starch and glycerol as plasticizer, and were observed with an optical microscope to evaluate the morphology and their relationship with the strength. The tensile tests were performed at 80oC to evaluate the mechanical properties by means of stress-strain curves. The morphology of biodegradable potato starch films shows that the starch granules were partially gelatinized during the film formation. As the elastic modulus is a property which determines the stiffness of the material, by means of he DMA analysis it can be seen that oxidation results in beneficial changes in the mechanical properties of the films, because the modulus increased from 346.70 MPa for the native starch to 651.75 MPa to oxidized starch with 1.5% of active chlorine, respectively.

Properties of jackfruit seed starch oxidized with different levels of sodium hypochlorite

ABSTRACTThe effect of active chlorine concentrations (1–5%) on the properties of jackfruit seed starch was investigated. Both the carbonyl and carboxyl contents of the oxidized starches generally increased with progressive increases in the active chlorine concentration. No evidences of alteration in the morphology and X-ray diffraction pattern were observed after oxidation, while the decrease in relative crystallinity was found. The swelling power of the oxidized starch tended to decrease with the active chlorine levels, particularly at a low level of active chlorine (1–3%). No significant differences in the peak temperature (Tp) and the end temperature (Te) were found between the native and the oxidized starches, while the oxidized starches had lower onset temperatures (To). Parameters, such as pasting temperature, peak viscosity, and setback, decreased with the concentration of active chlorine. In addition, lower syneresis and turbidity were found in all oxidized starches during refrigerated storage compared to the native starch.

Cost Effective Techniques for In Vitro Propagation of Two Varieties of Sugarcane

The present study was carried out to optimize cost effective in vitro protocol for mass propagation of two commercial sugarcane varieties grown in Maharashtra, India. The effect of different cytokinins and auxins on in vitro initiation, multiplication and rooting was investigated in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) varieties; Co86032 and CoC671. Shoot tip explants comprising of apical meristems and 1-2 leaf primordia were carefully excised from the apical region and inoculated on MS basal liquid medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of Kinetin and BAP. Only initiation medium was sterilized by autoclaving and further shoot multiplication, rooting was done on medium sterilized with sodium hypochlorite (4% w/v available chlorine) at the concentrations 0.05% corresponding to total active chlorine concentration 0.002% in the medium. With regard to shoot initiation, variety Co86032 showed maximum shoot formation (96.67%) on MS medium supplemented with BAP (0.2mg/L) and Kinetin (0.1mg/L) with 3% sucrose and 10% CW on the other hand variety CoC671 showed maximum shoot formation (93.33%) on MS medium supplemented with only Kinetin( 0.5mg/L), 3% sucrose, 10% CW. The best response in terms of shoot multiplication for variety Co86032 was observed on MS medium with BAP (0.2mg/L) and Kinetin (0.1mg/L)with 3% commercial sugar while for variety CoC671 it was observed on MS medium with Kinetin and BAP (0.2mg/L each) and 3.0% commercial sugar. Variety Co86032 produced multiple shoots with an average number of 31.25±0.99 shoots per bottle while variety CoC671 produced 27.72±0.66 shoots per bottle. For rooting, the multiplying shoots were separated in smaller groups and transferred on half strength MS liquid medium containing different concentrations of NAA or IBA with different concentrations of commercial sugar. Half strength MS basal medium with NAA (5.0 mg/L) and 5.0% commercial sugar induced highest rooting (84.44%) with average root number per shoot of 8.49 ±0.25 in Co86032. In variety CoC671, half strength MS basal medium with IBA (5.0 mg/L) and 5.0% commercial sugar induced highest rooting (82.22%) with average root number per shoot of 6.72 ±0.48. The use of commercial sugar can effectively replace the use of expensive sucrose in in vitro multiplication of sugarcane varieties. All culture media were used in liquid state instead of semisolid agar media. Rooted shoots were transplanted in green house for hardening. Use of liquid media, chemical sterilant Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and commercial sugar helped in reducing the cost per plantlet to a considerable extent.