Formation Of Active Centers Research Articles

The environmental impact of potassium tungstophosphate/ZSM-5 zeolite: Insight into catalysis and adsorption processes

Environmental implementation of novel composite materials comprising potassium tungstophosphate (KPW) and ZSM-5 zeolite was tested in ethene production and pesticide removal. The study revealed that the binding of KPW to ZSM-5 zeolites of different Si/Al ratios affects the formation of active centres for catalytic and adsorption processes. Brønsted active sites present in the zeolite framework are synergistically joined with Lewis centres and additional Brønsted centres through the impregnation of potassium tungstophosphate, which resulted in improvement of stability and activity of investigated materials. Adsorption and catalytic performance were found to be influenced by the order of addition of salt precursors and by post-synthesis thermal treatment. The best results found both in ethanol dehydration and nicosulfuron removal were for the same sample of KPW supported at zeolite ZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 30). The prominent ethanol conversion of 98% and the highest and most stable selectivity toward ethene were evidenced, along with the capacity of 28.4 mg of targeted pesticide retained per gram of designed KPW/ZSM composite. This comprehensive investigation enabled insight into active site formations in the efficient KPW/ZSM composites. Different approaches to implementation revealed that a lower Si/Al ratio in zeolite promotes efficient K+ exchange, which combined with two-phased in situ preparation of KPW as active phase, evidently leads to the formation of isolated sites of superior activity for both catalytic and adsorptive procedures.

ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ВИБОРУ ОБЛАДНАННЯ ДЛЯ ГАСІННЯ ВІДХОДІВ ВУГЛЕВИДОБУТКУ

Purpose. Investigation of the choice of parameters of equipment for extinguishing coal mining wastes that go to the formation of waste dumps, the choice of the main components of equipment for the operation of technological units and a schematic diagram of equipment for extinguishing coal mining wastes are proposed. Methods. Analysis of existing approaches to technological solutions to prevent combustion of waste dumps; environmental assessment of alternative options for technological solutions to prevent combustion of waste dumps; creation of an environmentally friendly design technology for the use of coal mining waste. Results. Based on in-depth analysis of the main components of technological units for the operation of the equipment, MFP FullJet irrigation nozzles by Spraying Systems Co. were proposed. – USA, their main advantages are considered. The expediency of using a hydraulic network, which includes pipelines made of polypropylene material produced by “Aquatherm” – Germany, are substantiated; the main component of the pipelines is the material “Fusiolen”, the advantages of which are given in the article. An integral part is pumping equipment, consisting of centrifugal pumps for water supply (1VNS 60-66) and (VNSp 2.5) for supplying limestone suspension to irrigation nozzles of the transporting dump mass. Scientific novelty. Equipment for extinguishing coal mining waste (rock dumps) resistant to spontaneous combustion is proposed, in which the introduction of new structural elements and their interconnection is achieved by the continuous control and management of spraying per unit of the transported surface of the dump rock, dispersed with an inert substance (lime suspension), which prevents the formation of active combustion centers during the operation of waste heaps. Timely coverage of the dump mass with an inert substance reduces the time of contact of the rock with the environment, which is an important stage in the formation of rock dumps, especially of a conical shape, reduces the cost of operation and maintenance due to the formation of fire-resistant dumps, regardless of the influence of environmental conditions. Practical implication. Efficiency from the use of equipment for extinguishing coal waste can be obtained due to the continuous work achieved by covering the dump mass with an inert mixture during transportation, this reduces the contact of the rock with the environment, which is an important stage in the formation of rock dumps of a particularly conical shape, and reduces operating costs and their maintenance due to the formation of fire-resistant waste dumps regardless of the influence of environmental conditions.

Single-Step Synthesis of Platinoid-Decorated Phosphorene: Perspectives for Catalysis, Gas Sensing, and Energy Storage.

The originality of phosphorene is suppressed by its structural defects, irreproducibility, and sensitivity to the ambient environment. To preserve phosphorene's essential characteristics, for example, influencing the charge redistribution and generating the formation of active centers, noble-metal decoration is found to be an efficient approach. Herein, we demonstrate a single-step electrochemical synthesis of platinoid-decorated few-layer phosphorene (FP). The material's structure and effects of metal (Ru, Rh, and Pd) deposition on the FP nanosheets were first explored by numerous analytical techniques and theoretical calculations. Platinoid-decorated FPs demonstrate high quality and consist of one to five layers modified with round- and heptagon-shaped metal nanoparticles with the most intense distribution of Pd. The high-rate Rh deposition provides the enhanced electrocatalytic efficiency for hydrogen evolution (79 mV·dec-1-Tafel slope) and almost 20 times increased capacity for the Li-ion batteries in comparison to bare and Ru-decorated FP. The chemosensing of platinoid-decorated FP indicates a response to methanol plus ethanol and shows inertness to acetone. The incorporation of Ru and Rh nanoparticles increases FP's selectivity toward methanol. This research provides a new approach for the in situ FP functionalization during top-down synthesis and thus broadens the material's feasibility for advanced nanotechnology.

Polymerization Kinetics of Propylene with the MgCl2-Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts—Active Centers with Different Tacticity and Fragmentation of the Catalyst

The catalytic activity and stereospecificity of olefin polymerization by using heterogeneous TiCl4/MgCl2 Ziegler-Natta (Z-N) catalysts are determined by the structure and nature of active centers, which are mysterious and fairly controversial. In this work, the propylene polymerization kinetics under different polymerization temperatures by using Z-N catalysts were investigated through monitoring the concentration of active centers [C*] with different tacticity. SEM was applied to characterize the catalyst morphologies and growing polypropylene (PP) particles. The lamellar thickness and crystallizability of PP obtained under different polymerization conditions were analyzed by DSC and SAXS. The PP fractions and active centers with different tacticity were obtained with solvent extraction fractionation method. The catalytic activity, active centers with different tacticity and propagation rate constant kp, fragmentation of the catalyst, crystalline structure of PP are correlated with temperature and time for propylene polymerizations. The polymerization temperature and time show complex influences on the propylene polymerization. The higher polymerization temperature (60 °C) resulted higher activity, kp and lower [C*], and the isotactic active centers Ci* as the majority ones producing the highest isotactic polypropylene (iPP) components showed much higher kp when compared with the active centers with lower stereoselectivity. Appropriate polymerization time provided full fragmentation of the catalyst and minimum diffusion limitation. This work aims to elucidate the formation and evolution of active centers with different tacticity under different polymerization temperature and time and its relations with the fragmentation of the PP/catalyst particles, and provide the solutions to the improvement of catalyst activity and isotacticity of PP.

Spinel cobalt(II) ferrite-chromites as catalysts for H2O2 decomposition: Synthesis, morphology, cation distribution and antistructure model of active centers formation

Cobalt (II) ferrite-chromites CoCr2-xFexO4 (x = 0.0 ÷ 2.0, step is 0.2) with spinel structure have been synthesized using sol-gel method with citrate metal-polymer precursor. The relations between structural, morphological and catalytic properties of the mixed spinels have been studied. The CoCr2-xFexO4 powders were analyzed using X-ray diffraction analysis, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive analysis and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) methods. The average crystallite size was calculated using the Williamson-Hall and size-strain plot methods. Increase of Fe content resulted in increase of the crystallite size from 10 nm (CoCr2O4) to 35 nm (CoFe2O4). Chromium ions were located mainly in octahedral sites, whereas the cobalt and ferric ions were distributed between the octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The lattice parameter was dependent mostly on the octahedral site radius. Superparamagnetic properties of the nanoparticles were described by two-level relaxation model. The samples with a high content of chromium (III) have highly porous structure. Porosity of the samples was decreased with increasing the Fe content. IR spectra contain two peaks corresponding to two characteristic sites in the cubic spinel structure. The mixed ferrite-chromite spinels have catalytic activity in decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Rate of H2O2 decomposition in the presence of cobalt (II) ferrite-chromite NPs corresponds to the first-order kinetic model. Within 25 min, the decomposition degree is 76.6% with the most active CoFe2O4 sample. Catalytic activity of the samples depends on two factors: the specific surface area and the surface active sites. Antistructure modeling revealed that the tetrahedral Fe(III) sites have electron acceptor properties. The formed Fe(II) ions are active centers in the Fenton-like processes. Probably, the red-ox pairs Co2+/Co3+ in the spinel lattice promote catalytic activity due to acceleration of electron transfer. The spinel cobalt (II) ferrite-chromites are promising catalysts for oxidation of toxic organic impurities in wastewaters with using H2O2.

Random Coils of Proteins Situated Between a Beta Strand and an Alpha Helix Demonstrate Decreased Solvent Accessibility.

Surface accessibility of different types of the same elements of secondary structure has been studied in 10 non-redundant sets of proteins (total number of three-dimensional structures is 1730) with a help of DSSP (Dictionary of Secondary Structure of Proteins). Random coils (C), beta strands (B), and alpha helices (H) have been classified according to their flanking elements of secondary structure in a polypeptide chain. Thanks to this kind of classification, for the first time it has been shown that random coils situated between a beta strand and an alpha helix (BCH) contain significantly lower fraction of exposed residues compared to other types of random coils; the least accessible beta strands are situated between two alpha helices (HBH), and the least accessible alpha helices are situated between a beta strand and an alpha helix (BHH). Discovered trends are explained as consequences of the natural selection that had been stabilizing the secondary structure of proteins on early steps of their evolution. Acquired differences in amino acid content of different types of random coils, alpha helices, and beta strands led to the formation of partially buried but hydrophilic BCH random coils because of their enrichment by Ser, Thr, and Asp residues. As a result, BCH random coils became prone to bind cations because of their lower hydration and decreased usage of positively charged amino acid residues. The mechanism described above led to the formation of active centers in ancient metalloenzymes. Nowadays one can observe decreased surface accessibility of amino acid residues in BCH random coils, in HBH beta strands, and in BHH alpha helices in proteins possessing hydrophobic cores.

Study of bimetallic NiFe catalysts for methyl laurate hydrogenation

The physicochemical properties of the prepared bimetallic NiFe/γ-Al2O3 catalysts can be affected by reduction temperature, which can change the hydrogenation activity and product selectivity for methyl laurate catalytic hydrogenation. The metal Ni active sites mainly promote the decarbonylation/decarboxylation (DCO/DCO2) reaction, and the addition of Fe can promote the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction of methyl laurate to produce C12 alkanes. The results of H2-TPR, XRD, H2-TPD and BET indicate that high reduction temperature is beneficial to the formation of metal or alloy active centers. The hydrogenation activity of bimetallic catalysts depends on the content of metal Ni, Fe and NiFe alloy. The ability of NiFe bimetallic catalyst to adsorb and activate H2 is obviously affected by reduction temperature. In the studied temperature range, Ni active centers have excellent hydrogenation and cracking performances, and the introduction of Fe species can effectively inhibit the cracking performance. The sequence of catalytic hydrogenation activity for these bimetallic catalysts is: NF420 > NF360 > NF450 > NF300. When the reduction temperature is 420°C, the prepared NF420 catalyst owns the best catalytic hydrogenation performances. The conversion of methyl laurate and the selectivity of alkanes are 93.3% and 90.0% at the reaction temperature of 380°C, respectively.

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Formation of Copper Active Centers Obtained by the Interaction of Copper Chloride with H-Mordenite

The effect of temperature conditions on the formation of copper active sites obtained by solid state ion exchange between copper chloride and H-mordenite zeolite using X-ray absorption spectroscopy in near-threshold (XANES) and extended (EXAFS) spectral regions behind the copper K-edge measured in in-situ conditions of the reaction at temperatures varying from room temperature to 400°C. The analysis of the spectra performed using direct calculations of CuK-XANES and taking into account anharmonic corrections for CuK-EXAFS fitting enables us to establish that there is no ion exchange up to 200°C and copper remains in the CuCl state. An increase in the temperature higher 200°C leads to the incorporation of copper atoms to the zeolite framework.

Catalytic Subunit of PKA as a Prototype of the Eukaryotic Protein Kinase Family.

The catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKAc) is conserved in all eukaryotic protein kinases. PKAc consists of two lobes that form the catalytic cleft containing the ATP-binding, peptide-binding site, and catalytic sites. During folding, PKAc secondary structures organize so that the non-polar regions form a globular core, while mobile loops and tails are exposed and can act as regulatory elements. De novo synthesized PKAc is phosphorylated at the T-loop, resulting in the formation of the active center capable of high-affinity binding of co-substrates. The ATP-molecule "sticks" the two lobes together, whereas the binding of peptide substrate completes the active center formation. The resulting catalytic triad (γ-phosphate of ATP, hydroxyl of Ser/Thr residue of the protein substrate, and Asp166 carboxyl) occupies a position optimal for catalysis. During the catalytic cycle, dynamic reorganization of polar and hydrophobic interactions ensures PKAc transition from the open to the closed conformation and vice versa. Understanding the structural basis of functioning of eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) is essential for successful design of ePK modulators.

One-Step Synthesis of N, P-Codoped Carbon Nanosheets Encapsulated CoP Particles for Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Oxygen electrocatalysis, especially oxygen evolution reaction (OER), is a central process during the actual application of rechargeable metal-air battery. It is still challenging to develop ideal electrocatalysts to substitute the commercial noble metal-based materials. In this work, we have constructed a new material, CoP nanoparticles, which are encapsulated by a biomolecule-derived N, P-codoped carbon nanosheets via a simple and facile one-step strategy. The as-prepared material releases a high electrocatalytic activity and stability for OER, with an overpotential of 310 mV to achieve 10 mA/cm2 in 1 M KOH. Importantly, we found that the phosphoric acid can not only introduce phosphorus dopant into 2D N-doped carbon nanosheets and play a role of pore-forming agent, but also participate in the formation of active center (cobalt phosphide). Moreover, the coverage of N, P-doped carbon can prevent the CoP nanoparticles from corrosion under the harsh reaction medium to achieve high and stable activity. We believe that our strategy can offer a novel pathway to synthesize new transition metal-based catalysts for electrocatalysis or other heterogeneous catalysis.

Designing of equipment for the synthesis of coatings from nitrides and carbides of intermetallic Ti-Al systems by condensation of plasma flows generated with vacuum arc

The quality characteristics of Ti-TiN multilayer vacuum ion-plasma coatings are studied, among which are as follows: roughness and adhesive strength. It is shown that additional ion bombardment contributes to obtaining high-quality coatings. Ion bombardment has a significant impact on the state of metal surface layer. In the process of ion bombardment, the conditions for formation of active adsorption centers as well as formation of a fine-grained structure, nanoscale grains and layers are created.

Hierarchical manganese sillenite Bi12MnO20 microparticles assembled by nanocubes with microwave absorption enhancement

Pure manganese sillenite (Bi12MnO20) microparticles with average sizes of 11.5–16.8 μm were prepared via an oxidation-precipitation method assisted by microwave-heating. Their microstructures are characterized by the shapes of single or multiple intersecting tetrahedrons and the massive nanocubes in ordered arrays on each tetrahedron surface. Such hierarchical Bi12MnO20 microparticles have not been reported so far, while their growth mechanisms may include the formation of active centers, the selective nucleation on active center surfaces and the growth of nanocubes along certain orientations. In electromagnetic determination, noticeable resonances both in permittivity and permeability were revealed beyond relaxations. A cone-like reflection loss peak was obtained with the minimum value of −39.1 dB and a broad effective microwave absorption bandwidth covering 12.7–14.6 GHz. Moreover, the reflection loss peak stagnates at the same frequency regardless of the absorbent thickness variations, suggesting a high performance in microwave attenuation.

Modified sorbents based on diatomites

Introduction: the quality of the air environment in the premises depends mainly on the presence of toxic chemical substances in it. An urgent task is the development and application of new efficient building materials using aggregates with high sorption capacity. The paper presents the results of a study of the influence of a low-temperature nonequilibrium plasma on the sorption characteristics of diatomite-based aggregates.
 Materials and methods: the diatomites of the Irbit deposit, quartz sand were chosen as the materials under study. The study of the effect of low-temperature plasma on the change in the characteristics of modified diatomites was performed using the Raman spectrometer Senterra. The change in the sorption characteristics of diatomites was determined by the gravimetric method.
 Results: plasma-modified prototypes of a diatomite-based sorbent, with higher sorption characteristics than the initial ones, were obtained. Analysis of the results obtained by the method of Raman scattering confirmed the structural change on the surface of plasma-modified samples with the formation of additional active centers and radicals.
 Conclusions: modified sorbents are able to provide more efficient absorption of toxic substances in comparison with the control samples. After additional technological research, they can be recommended for introduction into the production of building materials with additional properties to ensure the regulatory requirements for the quality of the air environment in the premises.

Hollow core-shell structured TS-1@S-1 as an efficient catalyst for alkene epoxidation.

Hollow core–shell structured TS-1@S-1 zeolite (HCS-TS) was prepared successfully for the first time, which exhibited excellent activity in the epoxidation of alkenes. Combining TEM, UV-vis, UV-Raman, pyridine-IR, solid-state MAS NMR, XPS and so on characterization, the improvement in the catalytic performance of hollow core–shell structured TS-1@S-1 zeolite was credited to the newly formed superior active sites: defective Ti(OSi)3(OH) species in HCS-TS and six-coordinated titanium active species in uncalcined HCS-TS (HCS-TSP). Interestingly, these two different titanium active species in the samples could be constructed through calcination or not in the same synthesis process. A possible formation mechanism was investigated in detail; it indicated that the hollowing treatment of TS-1 in the first step was conducive to the construction of the new superior active sites in the samples, and there was a synergistic effect on the formation of these active sites between TPAOH and TEOS in the second step of the synthesis process. This strategy is feasible to enhance the catalytic performance of TS-1, and is suitable for the synthesis of TS-1 on an industrial scale.

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic application of ZnPO molecular sieve in wastewater system

In the present work, phosphatizing and organic double wastewater were reused to synthesize ZnPO molecular sieves with a hydrothermal method. Enhanced application of the samples was carried out through cyclohexane oxidation and Michael addition alkylation reaction. The removal efficiency of Zn, P in phosphatizing wastewater was over 90%. The characterizations like the crystallite phases, surface morphology and porous features were also confirmed. The catalytic efficiencies of ZnPO prepared in double wastewater system had a good catalytic performance in cyclohexane oxidation and Michael addition reactions, which were much higher than that of the catalyst prepared via simulated system. The surface features of catalysts had a close relationship with such results. These outstanding characters were attributed to more active centers formation, which were brought through interaction of Zn, P, and other metal ions in phosphatizing wastewater, as well as the huge surface area caused by the organic materials in organic wastewater.

Effect of the Chemical Atmosphere of the Thermolysis of the Complex PdAg2(OAc)4(HOAc)4 on the Formation of Active Centers in Pd–Ag/CeO2 Catalysts for the Low-Temperature Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide

The Pd–Ag/CeO2 catalysts were prepared by the impregnation of highly dispersed CeO2 with a solution of the heteroatomic complex PdAg2(OAc)4(HOAc)4. Samples obtained after the thermolysis of PdAg2(OAc)4(HOAc)4 in N2 and H2 contained Pd–Ag alloy and Pd particles immobilized on CeO2. The Pd0–CeO2 metal oxide centers formed at the interface were highly active in the low-temperature reaction of CO oxidation. The particles of Pd were absent from the Pd–Ag/CeO2 sample prepared by the decomposition of PdAg2(OAc)4(HOAc)4 in an atmosphere of O2; in this case, a significant portion of the Pd–Ag phase was covered with a film of CeO2, which dramatically slowed down the rate of reaction at low temperatures.

Linear hexane isomerization over Ni-containing pentasils

Catalysts containing 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 5.0, 15.0 wt% nickel in a metallic form supported on H-form of pentasil zeolite have been synthesized. Samples have been characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption, thermoprogrammed desorption of ammonia, XRD, TEM and FTIR method. Nickel-containing catalysts have been studied in linear hexane isomerization. High activity of synthesized samples has been shown. The peculiarities of the activity and selectivity of the nickel-containing samples are interpreted basing on the possible increase of the acidity of catalysts due to the formation of active centers that combine Bronsted acid site on the one hand and Lewis acid site (exchanged cations and framework defects) on the other side.

Formation of Active Sites of Carbon Nanofibers Growth in Self-Organizing Ni–Pd Catalyst during Hydrogen-Assisted Decomposition of 1,2-Dichloroethane

The Ni–Pd alloys synthesized by the coprecipitation method were studied as precursors for the self-organizing particles catalyzing the growth of carbon nanofibers. The addition of palladium was found to enhance both the activity, stability, and productivity of the catalyst in the hydrogen-assisted decomposition of 1,2-dichloroethane. The evolution of reflex (331) for the 95Ni–5Pd sample treated under the reaction conditions has revealed the formation of the interstitial solid solution phase NixPd1–xCδ. According to data of scanning electron microscopy, the formation of separated particles active in carbon growth takes place by 18th minute of exposure with the reaction mixture. After 60 min of interaction the bulk Ni–Pd alloy undergoes complete disintegration with formation of dispersed active centers sized in a range of 0.4–0.6 μm. The elemental mapping of the formed particles showed that palladium is uniformly distributed within the bulk of active particles. The obtained carbon product is represented by ...

Fabrication of Metallic Powders for Energy-Intensive Combustible Compositions by Mechanochemical Treatment: 1. Peculiarities of the Structure and State of Aluminum Powder Particles Formed by Mechanochemical Treatment

The morphology, dispersion, structure, and average particle size of aluminum powders after mechanochemical treatment with different organic modifiers (graphite, stearic acid, and polyvinyl alcohol) are investigated by electron force microscopy, X-ray phase analysis, IR spectroscopy, EDX, and granulometric analysis, which show significant changes in the particle surface layer. It is stated that the mechanochemical treatment of aluminum with organic additives leads to the partial reduction of the surface oxide layer and several types of active centers able to enter chemical reactions when using these composites in the composition of various combustible mixtures are formed. It is found that upon an increase in the content of modifiers, i.e., graphite and polyvinyl alcohol, in the composite with these additives, the activity of aluminum increases. The increment of the activity index falls with an increase in the content of stearic acid in the Al composite. This may be because a dense encapsulating layer poorly soluble in alkali is formed when grinding the Al–C17H35COOH mixture with a large amount of stearic acid (more than 5%). Both the accumulation and redistribution of defects over the particle bulk, an increase in amount of active aluminum, and the formation of active centers and the encapsulating layer based on organic modifiers occur during the mechanical action in powders of the compositions under study.

Environmental functional photo-cross-linked hydrogel bilayer thin films from vanillin (part 2): temperature-responsive layer A, functional, temperature and pH layer B

Vanillin acrylate (VA) monomer was prepared and elucidated by 1H NMR 13C and FTIR. Three different mole ratios of smart functional photo-cross-linker polymers were synthesized by the copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (5, 10 and 15 mol%) VA functional monomer and (2, 5 and 10 mol%) photo-cross-linkers. On the other hand, three different mole ratios (2, 5 and 10 mol%) of thermo-responsive photo-cross-linker polymers were prepared by copolymerization of (NIPAAm) and (DIMAAm). Polymers were characterized by 1HNMR, FTIR, UV, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and differential scanning calorimetery (DSC). Lower critical solution temperatures (Tc) were determined by UV–Vis. Spectroscopy and micro-DSC. Hydrogel bilayer was formed by spin coating of polymer solution of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-maleimide) layer A over gold with adhesion promoter, and then cross-linked by UV-irradiation. The next layer was formed by spin coating of polymer solution poly(N-isopropylacryamide-co-malimide-co-VA) layer B over layer A, and then cross-linked by UV-irradiation. The swelling properties and Tc were determined by SPR/OW. Our target is the formation of active centre for biological molecules using aldehyde group, which act as biosensor gel vessel. Further, the hydrogel bilayer will facilitate the target molecule to stay safely inside this gel vessel responsive to temperature and pH. New acrylate monomer from vanillin has been synthesized with aldehyde group to achieve both functionality and pH responsive. The copolymerization with NIPAAm and DMIAAm has done forming pH and temperature photo-cross-linked polymers. Hydrogel layer was built first with single then bilayer and both has characterized by SPR/OW. The effect of Temperature-responsive layer on the dual responsive one was demonstrated through the change lower critical solution temperature. In the nearest future, we will use this technique as biosensor hydrogel for biotechnology e.g., drug delivery and bio-separation.