Activity Budgets Research Articles

Tracking the Ghosts of the Himalayas: Snow Leopard Conservation Insights From Satellite Collar Data.

This study presents the first movement analysis of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) using satellite telemetry data, focusing on the northeastern Himalayas of Nepal. By examining GPS-based satellite collar data between 2013 and 2017 from five collared snow leopards (effectively three individuals), the research uncovered distinct movement patterns, activity budgeting and home range utilisation from one adult male and two sub adult females. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) revealed three behavioural states based on the movement patterns-slow (indicative of resting), moderateand fast (associated with travelling) and demonstrated that the time of day influenced their behavioural state. While adult males exhibited behaviour focused on moderately active states, juvenile females presented behaviour focused on highly active states. Home ranges, estimated over a 5-21 month tracking period, were larger than those observed in previously studied snow leopards and included crossings of international boundaries from Nepal into China and India. These relatively large home ranges may be attributed to the rugged terrain and scarce resources within the study area. This research suggested that movement patterns and home range sizes might differ between male and female snow leopards, which may indicatedifferent ecological needs and resource-use techniques. Furthermore, this study provides reliable information on snow leopards from the telemetry data and links it to conservation implications in northeastern Nepal to ensure their long-term survival, promote coexistence and foster cross-border collaboration.

Plains Zebras Prioritize Foraging Without Sacrificing Social Bonds During a Severe Drought.

Anthropogenically induced climate change has significantly increased the frequency of acute weather events, such as drought. As human activities amplify environmental stresses, animals may be forced to prioritize survival over behaviors less crucial to immediate fitness, such as socializing. Yet, social bonds may also enable individuals to weather the deleterious effects of environmental conditions. We investigated how the highly social plains zebra (Equus quagga) modify their activity budgets, social networks, and multimodal communication during a drought. Although animals prioritized feeding and the number of social interactions dramatically decreased in the late drought period, social associations remained robust. We observed age/sex class-specific changes in social behavior, reflecting the nutritional needs and social niche of each individual. Stallions devoted more time to greeting behaviors, which could mitigate harassment by bachelor males and facilitate grazing time for the females of the harem. Juveniles significantly increased time spent active socializing, despite mothers showing the greatest decrease in the number of social interactions. Instead, unrelated, nonlactating females served as social partners, accommodating both juveniles' social needs and lactating mothers' nutritive requirements. Using a network-based representation of multimodal communication, we observed a decrease in the number of signals used during the drought. Individuals used less diverse multimodal combinations, particularly in the costly context of aggression. These findings illustrate how social roles and differential responses to acute environmental stress within stable social groups may contribute to species resilience, and how communication flexibly responds to facilitate both survival and sociality under harsh environmental conditions.

Individual variation in activity budgets of a stable population of killer whales in managed care across a year.

Activity budget investigations are necessary to understand how individuals within a group manage their daily activities, thus providing insights into the social dynamics of a species. Our objective was to explore and describe the behavioral activities within a group of managed care killer whales. From 261 hours of coded surface video collected from April 2022 to January 2023, we scan-sampled day-time hours to examine eight behavioral categories exhibited by 8-9 killer whales bimonthly. Minimal sex differences were found within each behavioral category across month and hour block. Females exhibited significantly more attention to trainers and rubbing on the environment than males. Individual variability was documented for all behavioral categories. The youngest male showed the most (43 % of scans) proximity and social interactions with conspecifics whereas all adults, both females and males, showed similar levels of social behavior. Three adult females and one adult male spent about a third of all scans observing their trainer(s) as they moved around the habitat. This observational behavior has been described in other delphinids as anticipatory behavior indicating a willingness to participate in future interactions with their trainers whether food rewards were available or not, and has been confirmed to represent a state of positive well-being. All killer whales actively engaged with peers and their environment in about 40 % of the documented scans. These findings are similar in degree to that observed in various other delphinid populations and support the interpretation that this killer whale group is in receive of positive welfare, displaying normal levels of social and individual behaviors for this species. Our results add to the growing body of knowledge about how killer whales manage their actions, both with conspecifics and their environment, across different social settings given their surroundings.

Has stakeholder participation in health facility governing committees promoted social accountability? A qualitative study in Tanzania.

Since the 1990s, Tanzania has actively encouraged stakeholder participation in health services through Health Facility Governing Committees (HFGCs) to promote social accountability within its broader health system reforms. While previous studies have explored the functionality of the HFGCs, this study aimed to understand whether stakeholder participation in the HFGCs contributes to promoting social accountability in the health system. Between July and October 2022, a qualitative study in two districts of Tanzania was carried out. Selected participants, knowledgeable about HFGCs, included facility managers, HFGC members representing diverse stakeholders in the committees, local government leaders, district health secretaries, and religious leaders. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted and analysed thematically. Findings revealed low stakeholder participation in the committees´ activities, partly due to the committees´ inability to effectively sensitize and mobilize them. Inadequate support from local government leaders and the dominance of the facility managers in the committees´ activities, also affected the committees´ role as promoters of social accountability. The HFGCs in Tanzania have faced challenges in promoting social accountability due to weak stakeholder participation. Key issues include limited awareness of HFGCs, inadequate mobilization, and insufficient training, supervision, and guidelines from district councils. Additionally, flawed election processes, leadership interference, lack of political support, and limited financial resources undermined the committees' effectiveness. To improve engagement, district councils should enhance stakeholder sensitization, build HFGC capacity, ensure that facilities allocate 5% of their budgets for committee activities, monitor performance, and encourage local government support for HFGCs.

Data-Based Planning Using Educational Reports in Improving Literacy

One of the efforts to improve the quality of education is planning according to the needs of the school. The education unit has an education report card in which there is information about quality indicators based on the National Assessment (AN) which is carried out every year where the results of the AN are described in the education report card which contains the report of the education unit as a whole starting from Numeracy Literacy, Instructional Leadership of school principals, educators and education personnel, and learning environment etc. Education units in Nusa Tenggara Province in general and in Mataram City in particular have implemented data-based planning (PBD), but it is not optimal because the program is relatively new. In the education report card, there are recommendations that are referred to as the preparation of the School Activity Plan and Budget (RKAS) in which there is a priority scale of recommended programs/activities such as improving teacher competence, increasing literacy and numeracy, strengthening character education and structuring the school environment. Through Community Service (PKM), in this case to junior high school education units, socialization programs/activities are needed through workshops with the theme of data-based planning.

Parcipatory action research for dengue control in Samarinda, Indonesia

Dengue control with community empowerment is the 1 house 1 larva monitor officer/Gerakan 1 Rumah 1 Jumantik (G1R1J). G1R1J is a national movement of community empowerment at the household level in an effort to reduce dengue This research aims to implement G1R1J through participatory action research. This research was conducted in Samarinda City, East Kalimantan, Indonesia with a participatory action research approach. The activities carried out were workshops, socialization, focus group discussions, and mentoring. The research evaluation was in the form of entomological surveys, namely before and after the activity. The important points of this research are that in the community independently Gerakan Emak-Emak Pembasmi Jentik Trisari (GEMATRI) has been formed, and the involvement of the village in the form of socialization and training, murals initiated by cadres, and training initiated by the village. At the policy level there is a decree of delegation of authority and budget for activities including dengue from the health office to the sub-district, but the public health center (Puskesmas) plays a role in providing assistance and counseling in the community. The larva-free index also increased from 50.67 to 66.43. We believe that the participation of the community, health cadres, and policy makers is very important to reduce the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in the future.

Unsupervised classification of Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) behavioural states from multi-sensor biologger data.

Classifying animal behaviors in their natural environments is both challenging and ecologically important, but the use of biologgers with multiple sensors has significantly advanced this research beyond the capabilities of traditional methods alone. Here, we show how biologgers containing an integrated tri-axial accelerometer, GPS logger and immersion sensor were used to infer behavioural states of a cryptic, freshwater turtle, the Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii). Biologgers were attached to three males and five females that reside in two undisturbed coastal marshes in northeastern Georgian Bay (Ontario, Canada) between May and July 2023. Raw acceleration values were separated into static and dynamic acceleration and subsequently used to calculate overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) and pitch. The unsupervised Hidden Markov Model (HMM) successfully differentiated five behavioural states as follows: active in water, resting in water, active out of water, resting in water, and nesting. Overall accuracy of the classification was 93.8%, and except for nesting (79%), all other behaviours were above 92%. There were significant differences in daily activity budgets between male and female turtles, with females spending a greater proportion of time active out of water, and inactive out of the water, while males spent a greater proportion of time active in water. These differences were likely a result of large seasonal life-history requirements such as nesting and mate finding. Accurate classification of behavioural states is important for researchers to understand fine-scale activities carried out during the active season and how environmental variables may influence the behaviours of turtles in their natural habitats.

Imprint of Diabatic Processes in the Waviness of the Jet Stream: An Analysis of Local Wave Activity Budget

Abstract Given the widespread presence of clouds in the midlatitudes, one expects significant effects of condensational and radiative processes on the large-scale circulation of the atmosphere, but these diabatic effects are hard to constrain from observation. The authors propose a simple method to estimate the diabatic effects on the waviness of the jet stream based on the observed column-mean budget of Rossby wave activity. Wave activity in the midlatitudes is maintained by injection due to surface baroclinicity and/or diabatic sources, downstream transport due to advection and wave radiation, and eventual dissipation through mixing and thermal damping. Once the diabatic sources of wave activity are identified from the residual of the budget, one can suppress them and recompute the budget assuming that the transport velocity and damping rate do not change and thereby assess the impact of the diabatic sources. For the Northern Hemisphere, we found significant positive values of the residual in regions coincident with high column cloud water, suggesting that there are diabatic sources of wave activity associated with clouds. In winter, maritime diabatic sources contribute to wave activity over the Atlantic and the Pacific by about 33% and 30%, respectively, while in summer, the numbers are lower. The estimates are based on the assumptions that the perturbed wave sources do not alter the flow and that sources and sinks are geographically separated. For the Southern Hemisphere, this last assumption is questionable, and therefore, the confidence level of the estimates is low.

Diurnal Activity Profiles of Forest-inhabiting Indian Peafowl in Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India

A free-ranging flock of Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) was studied to analyze their diurnal activity budget in Barnodi Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India. A total of 11,664 scan samples were collected over three consecutive years (2021-22 to 2023-24), covering all four distinct seasons. The study revealed that feeding was the predominant activity, impacting all other behaviors throughout the day. Bimodal peaks for feeding (up to 58% during the morning and 60% during the afternoon) and locomotion activities (up to 20% during the morning and 41% during the afternoon) while a mid-day peak for resting was observed. Additionally, mid-day peaks were noted for both preening and sand-basking behaviors. Display activity was more frequent during late morning and midday, further supporting its social function, which appeared to be balanced with resting time. However, the relatively consistent monitoring behavior suggested a typical approach to territory defense and predator safety. The findings also indicate that the random distribution of food resources influences the diurnal activity budget of forest-dwelling Indian Peafowl.

Measuring behavioral synchronization and spatial cohesion in the activity budgets of three adult white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) dyads in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand.

Individual behavior of primates living in small groups is often seen to represent behavior of all group members due to close spatial cohesion. However, given that females expend more energy on reproduction than males (including lactation and infant carrying), females and males may exhibit different behaviors even when maintaining spatial proximity, particularly in highly seasonal or resource-poor environments. We collected 187 hours of data from three dyads (n= 6 individuals) of white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) living in a fruit-poor environment in western Thailand during the period of fruit scarcity. We calculated activity budgets, dyad behavioral synchronization, and dyad spatial cohesion. We hypothesized that activity budgets would differ significantly between sexes or pairs would engage in behaviors independently to provide females with an opportunity to obtain more resources. We also hypothesized that pairs would remain in close proximity. Overall, activity budgets exhibited significant variation when analyzed by sex (X2= 27.693, P ⩽ 0.001) and group (X2= 119.584, P ⩽ 0.001). Females spent less time resting and vocalizing and more time traveling compared to males. Percentages of synchronized behavior were lower than expected with only 55% of records synchronized (group B: 58.6%; group D: 58.5%; group L: 49.7%). Spatial cohesion, however, was relatively high overall with adults in the same or adjacent trees in 67.1% of paired records but significantly variable across groups (B: 89.4%; D: 73.1%; L: 48.2%; X2= 190.111, P ⩽ 0.001). We suggest that behavioral synchronization and spatial cohesion may be indicators of pair bond strength, not just the result of pair living. Given differences in activity budgets, low behavioral synchronization, and variable amounts of time pair mates spent apart, we conclude that pair mates should be considered individual actors who engage in behaviors independently from one another, particularly when coping with challenging ecological conditions.

Diurnal Activity Budgets and Feeding Habits of Grivet Monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops aethiops) in Fragmented Moist Afromontane Forest

ABSTRACTGrivet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops aethiops) are opportunistic omnivores and extremely adaptable in both rural and urban environments. A study was conducted out in human‐dominated fragmented moist Afromontane forest of wondo genet to investigate the diurnal activity budgets and feeding habits of grivet monkey. Data collection was carried out from February to September 2022 covering both wet and dry seasons. During each scan, individuals were recorded as performing one of the following activities: feeding, moving (searching for food), resting, grooming, playing and others such as drinking, vocalisation and defecation, or aggression and sexual activity. Dietary composition and preferences were assessed using scan sampling method. Proximate analysis was conducted to examine the nutritional makeup of feeding food items. The greatest proportion of the activity time budget of the grivet monkey was devoted to feeding, resting and moving, with relatively higher time devoted to feeding and moving and less time devoted to resting when compared with grivet monkeys inhabiting natural habitats. Grivet monkey utilised 42 food items grouped into 41 plant species and 1 insect. Psidium guava and Desmodium intortum, relatively with higher crude protein and less fibre, were the most preferred plants consumed. The study has pointed out that grivet monkeys in the human‐dominated landscape of Wondo Genet remnant moist afromontane forest tend to prefer to consume on fruit tress such as Persea americana, Mangifera indica and Psidium guava, which contain high nutritional content that are planted and managed around homesteads. It is recommended to plant and sustainably manage grivet monkeys' natural foods in human‐dominated landscape of Wondo Genet remnant moist afromontane forest to sustainably conserve the species and avoid/reduce human‐grivet monkey conflict.

Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus) Welfare Monitoring in a Breeding Center during the Breeding Season

ABSTRACT One of the conservation measures of the globally near-threatened cinereous vulture is restoring populations via translocations, with some vultures originating from breeding centers. These centers need to have reproductive success, and securing good welfare levels should be a priority due to the negative implications a compromised welfare has on reproduction. Thus, assessing welfare in breeding centers is essential. Remote methods should be preferred, such as behavior analysis and use of space using camera systems. The study’s first objective was to develop an activity budget that could be used as a baseline for detecting behavior irregularities. The second was to determine if behavior analysis and use of space could detect potential welfare issues in a breeding center. The study developed an activity budget that could be used as a standard for behavior analysis for the captive population. Behavior irregularities were detected, and the potential need to improve the enclosure and its surroundings were noticed. Altogether, the proposed methodology and results will contribute to the detection of possible welfare issues in breeding centers and, consequently, improve reproductive success and species’ conservation.

Risk Management Analysis On The School Activity Plan And Budget Application Information System (ARKAS) Using Cobit 2019

In the era of globalization and the advancement of information technology, the application of information technology is an important need for educational institutions, including schools. This research focuses on the implementation of the School Activity Plan and Budget Application Information System (ARKAS) at the Palu Safety Center Christian Vocational School to increase efficiency and effectiveness in planning and managing school activities and budgets. However, the implementation of ARKAS is inseparable from various risks that can affect the effectiveness and success of the system. Therefore, risk management analysis is essential to ensure that all potential risks can be identified, analyzed, and minimized. This study uses the COBIT 2019 framework to manage risks in the application of information technology in schools. The study identifies challenges such as resistance to change, resource limitations, and information security risks. This study aims to explore how the implementation of ARKAS in the Palu Safety Army Christian Vocational School can be optimized through risk management analysis using the COBIT 2019 framework. The results of the study show that the use of COBIT 2019 can help in identifying and managing risks effectively, so that the implementation of ARKAS can run more efficiently and transparently. The resulting recommendations are expected to improve the quality of school budget management and become a reference for other schools that face similar challenges in the application of information technology.

IMPLEMENTATION MODEL OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN BOARDING SCHOOLS IN THE CONTEXT OF PETER L. BERGER'S THEORY OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION (STUDY AT ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL IN EAST JAVA - INDONESIA)

This research is an Applied Research on National Strategic Studies, on the Implementation Model of Religious Moderation in Ma’had (Islamic boarding school) by taking case studies in Surabaya City, Probolinggo Regency, Jember Regency, and Sumenep Regency. Objectives of the activity: First, to analyze management patterns in implementing religious moderation in Ma’had. Second, to analyze the application of subject teacher (ustadz) learning in implementing religious moderation in Islamic boarding school (Ma’had) for their students. Third, describe the obstacles faced by Ma’had institutions in implementing religious moderation. The research design is designed as a field research design in which the researcher will conduct observations and interviews with the respondents, on the issues raised. These findings will be analyzed using the social construction theory of Peter L. Berger.The results of the study show: First, the management pattern in implementing religious moderation in Islamic boarding school/Ma’had begins with determining the vision and mission of the madrasa, and preparing the madrasa work program which is documented in the Ma’had Strategic Plan, Ma’had Work Plan, Annual Activity Plan, Ma’had Activity Plan and Budget, and Ma’had Curriculum. Second, Ma’had in implementing religious moderation generally use three patterns, namely: (1) integrating in the learning process; (2) habituation activities; (3) through extracurricular. Based on the implementation model of religious moderation at the Ma’had, it can generally be concluded that these patterns are following Peter L. Berger's Social Construction Theory, namely the existence of stages in implementation such as the preparation of vision and mission, work programs and habituation to the institution (process externalization), implementation of vision and mission, work programs, and habituation to Ma’had (objectification process), and a correct understanding of moderation and implementation in everyday life both in the school, home, and community environment (internalization process).Based on the findings/results of the research, the suggestions/recommendations that can be given are: (1) there needs to be socialization, workshops, technical guidance, training on religious moderation for all educators and education personnel in Ma’had in order to create a unified insight; (2) The government in this case the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia needs to provide a separate budget related to religious moderation activities, especially in Ma’had so that activities can be carried out massively, systematically, and structured from the central level to the Ma’had level; and (3) Ma’had need to coordinate with parents through the madrasa committee, and carry out MoUs with stakeholders such as national private companies through CSR programs in implementing religious moderation in Ma’had, so that activities can be carried out massively and planned.

Pengaruh Kepemimpinan dan Motivasi Terhadap Kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara pada Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja dan Pemadam Kebakaran

Based on initial observations related to the organisational performance of the Pamong Praja Police and Fire Fighting Unit in Malinau Regency is still not optimal, due to a decrease in employee income and limited activity budgets. This study aims to determine the effect of leadership and motivation on employee performance in the agency. This research belongs to the category of explanatory research to explain the causal relationship and test the relationship that occurs between leadership and motivation factors on employee performance. The instrument used is a questionnaire which is then analysed using the OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) method. The research results are as follows (1) leadership has a positive influence on employee performance but the effect is not significant, meaning that when leadership increases performance will also increase, and vice versa. This is because in carrying out their duties and responsibilities they are still faced with limited competencies, facilities, and dynamic and difficult to predict situations in the field (2) motivation has a positive influence on employee performance and the effect is significant, meaning that when motivation increases, performance also increases, and vice versa; This is because carrying out their duties and responsibilities according to the rules (3) leadership and motivation simultaneously have a positive influence on employee performance and the effect is significant. Together, leadership as the ability to influence and direct individuals or groups to achieve pre-determined organisational goals and motivation as the power within a person that influences the direction, intensity and persistence of their own chosen behaviour are able to significantly influence the quality and quantity of something produced by the State Civil Apparatus of the Malinau Regency Pamong Praja Police and Fire Department in carrying out their duties and responsibilities.

Activity patterns of the nectar-feeding bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae on the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico.

Temporal activity patterns of animals can indicate how individuals respond to changing conditions. Gregarious roosting bats provide an opportunity to compare activity patterns among individuals living in the same location to investigate how reproductive status or sex may influence activity budgets. We examined how the activity patterns of the nectarivorous bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae vary depending on reproductive conditions, sex, and environmental conditions. We analyzed 5 years of individual mark-resighting data using daily detections of L. yerbabuenae marked with passive integrated transponder tags (PIT-tags) at 3 subterranean roosts on the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. We derived 4 metrics using PIT-tag detections at roost entrances to calculate periods inside the roost and time spent outside the roost (time of emergence, returns to the roost, hours inside the roost, and hours of activity). We found differences among pregnant, lactating, and nonreproductive females for roost returns, hours inside the roost, and hours of activity outside the roost. Lactating females spent the longest time outside the roost, suggesting that the energetic demands of lactation require longer foraging bouts. Contrary to our expectations, lactating females had the fewest returns to the roost during the night, suggesting that lactating females did not shorten foraging bouts to return to nurse pups. Activity patterns differed between females and males and among seasons associated with different food availability. Females had fewer returns during the night and spent more time outside the roost than males. The time of emergence for males was earlier than for females except during the nectar season when most females are reproductively active. Differences in activity patterns among reproductive status, sex, and environmental conditions show how individuals modify behaviors to meet their energetic demands. We demonstrate how mark-resighting data from PIT-tag systems at roost entrances can be used to compare activity patterns of gregarious roosting bats.

Fraud Prevention Strategy at PT. PLN (Persero) Lhokseumawe Customer Service Unit

This research describes the implementation of fraud prevention strategies through internal control at PT. PLN (Persero) Lhokseumawe Customer Service Implementation Unit, with a focus on anti-bribery management system programs. The methods used include Gap Analysis to measure readiness to implement an anti-bribery management system as well as SWOT analysis combined with Strategic Factor Analysis to formulate implementation strategies in the short, medium and long term. The research results show that although PT. PLN (Persero) Lhokseumawe Customer Service Implementation Unit is ready to implement an anti-bribery management system, there is still a need for further development. Some of the main findings are that not all employees have received training regarding the anti-bribery management system and there has been no risk assessment of bribery. To overcome this, the research recommends several implementation strategies, namely Anti-Bribery Management System Training, Anti-Gratification Socialization, Bribery Risk Assessment, Activity Budgeting and Policy/Guideline Making. This strategy is expected to help PT. PLN (Persero) Lhokseumawe Customer Service Implementation Unit in strengthening good governance and reducing the risk of fraud through implementing an effective and sustainable anti-bribery management system

Optimizing Available Resources to Revitalize the Tourism Economy of the Rural Commune of Iarintsena

This article is the product of in-depth research and strategies to mobilize and empower local stakeholders and tries to suggest some approaches, as well. Two methodologies are taken into account: The positive normative and SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat). The latter enables us to present and identify the tourism development potential and issues. In 2021, Madagascar generated around 111.00 million US dollars, corresponds to 0.73 percent of its GDP in the tourism sector alone. Driven by favorable base effects, growth expected to accelerate to an average of 4.6% over 2024-26. Nowadays, tourism can offer high opportunities for cultural exchange between visitors and local communities. The research results from the project simulation works were used to draw up a budget for tourism activities. The rural commune of IARINTSENA, located in the south-eastern part of the Haute Matsiatra region and a few kilometers from the Ambalavao district, has tourism assets that appear to be weakened by innumerable constraints. The design of the commune's development strategies should take into account the realities and aspirations of the local population. Highlighting the commune's specific tourist attractions should encourage technical and financial partners to invest in the tourism development project. It’s important to put the touristic specificity of IARINTSENA in evidence in order to incite the technical and financial partners.

Temporal variation and age influence activity budget more than sex and reproductive status in wild brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) inhabiting a large, continuous forest.

Activity budget analyses are important for understanding how animals spend their time in daily activities like resting, foraging, moving and socializing. These behaviors are closely linked to energy management, so habitat quality and resource availability are known to influence the activity budgets of species. Therefore, many studies have examined the consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation on the energetic demands and activity budgets of species. However, we still have limited knowledge of how animals behave in large, continuous, and protected environments, as such habitats are currently rare. The present study analyzed how temporal variation, age, sex and reproductive status influenced the activity budget of wild red howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans), in one of the last Atlantic Forest remnants that remains large and protected. Between November 2017 and December 2018, we monitored two groups, G3 and G4, in Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, São Paulo, Brazil. The groups were composed of one adult male, two adult females and their offspring and one (G3) or two (G4) subadult males, using scan sampling for behavioral for data collection every 20min. The most common behavior was resting, followed by foraging, moving and social interactions, with inter-group differences. Temporal variation explained most of the fluctuations in the activity budget, so did age and sex, but to a lesser degree. The reproductive status of females did not alter their activity budget. These findings reveal that even neighboring groups display distinct and intricate relationships with their habitat. Future studies should be conducted in continuous forests to determine what is the expected range of variation in activity budget, particularly in those species considered as flexible and inhabiting endangered habitats, such as the Atlantic Forest.

Implementation of Character Education through Scout Extracurricular Activities at Ma'arif Nurul Jannah Elementary School

This research was conducted to find out the implementation of character education at Ma`arif Nurul Jannah Elementary School. This is done because character education is the foundation for realizing the golden generation in the future and avoiding the events of moral decadence that are currently rife. This type of research is qualitative research. The data collection strategy in this study was conducted through interviews, observations, and documentation. The subjects incorporated in this study are the principal, class teachers, 9 scout coaches, and students who are members of scout activities. The data evaluation strategy used in this research is information reduction, information presentation, and conclusion drawing. The consequences of the research on the implementation of character education through extracurricular scouting at SD Ma'arif Nurul Jannah show that it is carried out together by marching, camping, exploring, and training. The application of character education in scout activities is carried out by 1) Making activity planning seen from the Daily Activity Journal by placing character values and the Activity Budget Plan. 2) Implementation of character education implementation on students who are members of scout activities every Friday. 3) Evaluation is carried out on students who are members of scout activities by means of periodic assessments when stopping training and coordination meetings for scout training. This is to find out how far the development has gone. The implementation of coaching scout extracurricular activities for students who are members is supported by the existence of policies or rules at school. There are scout coaches, the provision of investment centers or pick-up cars, large school yards, loudspeakers and some scout equipment. However, there are several obstacles in the implementation of scout activities to implement character education at SD Ma'arif Nurul Jannah, namely constrained funds, lack of uncertified scout coaches, and lack of support from parents.