Activation Process Research Articles

Legal analysis of different approaches to understanding the phenomenon of miscarriage of justice in administrative proceedings

The article is devoted to the study of various approaches to understanding the phenomenon of a miscarriage of justice in administrative proceedings. The author establishes that a miscarriage of justice in administrative proceedings can be referred to in several senses. Firstly, a miscarriage of justice in administrative proceedings can be understood in a narrow sense, depending on the aspect specifically chosen (epistemological, praxeological and teleological) or their combination. The epistemological aspect of understanding a miscarriage of justice in administrative proceedings relates to the processes of mental and cognitive activity of a judge. Within this aspect, a miscarriage of justice is considered as a result of a defect in the subject matter of a judge’s cognitive actions, which may be manifested in incorrect processing or interpretation of information. The praxeological aspect of understanding a miscarriage of justice in administrative proceedings focuses on the compliance of the judge’s actions with the requirements and procedural rules set forth in the law. In this context, a miscarriage of justice is manifested as an unlawful act (action or inaction) of a judge, which consists in the judge’s incorrect application of substantive law or violation of procedural law. The teleological aspect of understanding a miscarriage of justice relates to the purposes of administrative proceedings. Under this approach, a miscarriage of justice is defined as a result that does not meet the goals of administrative proceedings. The interconnection and interdependence of the epistemological, praxeological and teleological aspects forms a comprehensive understanding, a holistic perception of this phenomenon in administrative proceedings. This integration of different perspectives makes it possible to characterize a miscarriage of justice by providing a deep and multilevel understanding of its nature. In a broad sense, a miscarriage of justice in administrative proceedings can be understood as a judge’s procedural activity related to the misperception, analysis or reproduction of legal norms, which is reflected in the adoption of a court decision that is unable to achieve the purpose of administrative proceedings.

The place of customs law in the law system of Ukraine

The article reveals the place and role of customs law in the legal system and describes the relationship between customs law and other branches of Ukrainian law. It is shown that customs law has a mixed legal nature. After all, customs law has characteristics of both the public and private branches of law. On the one hand, customs law has an administrative nature, as it regulates the activities of customs tax collection bodies that implement state customs policy, state policy in the field of combating offenses during the application of legislation on state customs matters. On the other hand, private relationships regulated by customs law, in particular, the implementation of various types of business activities in the customs control zone (opening a duty-free trade store, opening a customs warehouse), the activities of customs brokers, the provision of paid services by revenue authorities, are gaining great importance. It is argued that customs law acquires a special importance for every citizen and at the same time ensures the interests of the entire society in the sphere of movement across the customs borders of our state of material and spiritual values, assets of world and Ukrainian science and culture, results and processes of economic activity, labor and intellectual assets, tourist , communicative and worldview interests. It was emphasized that in the difficult conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, customs law is of great importance for the state, as it protects its economic interests. Accordingly, the customs law of Ukraine performs the following tasks: normative support of the customs policy and customs affairs of the state; determination of the legal status of subjects of customs relations; establishment of responsibility for violation of customs rules and customs legislation and the procedure for their application; determination of the order of creation, reorganization and liquidation of customs bodies; consolidation of the legal and organizational foundations of the movement of goods and other items across the state border of Ukraine; regulation of the customs control procedure; establishing the procedure for collecting customs duties and other taxes, the procedure for customs clearance of goods, including the declaration of goods and other items; implementation of complex control over currency transactions; ensuring the implementation of measures to protect the interests of consumers of goods and compliance by participants in foreign economic relations with state interests in the foreign market; ensuring the implementation and development of international cooperation in the customs sphere. In general, customs law is a complex branch of law, a system of legal norms that regulate social relations related to the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border of Ukraine. In the difficult conditions of the Russian Federation’s full-scale war against Ukraine, the role of Ukrainian customs law has significantly increased, thanks to which effective logistics have been established in Ukraine, through our border in the west and south of the country there is constant export and import of goods necessary for the support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the entire Ukrainian people. The value of customs law is that, thanks to it and other branches of law, all processes of crossing the state border of Ukraine took place safely and according to certain rules, the State Customs Service of Ukraine (State Customs Service) functions in Ukraine, which is of great importance for the economic development of Ukraine. The global tasks of modern customs law consist in high-quality regulation of customs activities, because customs today performs one of the important functions - protection of the country’s economic interests and assistance in ensuring state and public security measures.

In situ optical measurement of particles in sediment plumes generated by a pre-prototype polymetallic nodule collector

This study presents in situ, high-resolution optical measurements of particle size distributions (PSD) within sediment plumes generated by a pre-prototype deep seabed nodule collector vehicle operating in the abyssal Pacific Ocean. These measurements were obtained using a cutting-edge instrument, the LISST-RTSSV sensor. The data collected in situ reveal marked differences compared to previously reported laboratory-based, ex situ measurements. The grain size and other key particle shape characteristics are found to be dependent on multiple factors, including the collector vehicle maneuvers, the time elapsed following sediment discharge, and the complex hydrodynamic processes that generate the sediment in suspension. Significantly, the PSD from a highly complex succession of straight-line maneuvers converges to that of the canonical case of a simple straight-line driving maneuver within a timescale of ten minutes. Our results underscore the importance of parameterizing sediment plume transport models based on well-informed, comprehensive PSDs of detrained suspended sediment measured in situ at adequate timescales and in regions no longer strongly influenced by active and complex hydrodynamic processes.

Codification as a way of systematizing the legislation of Ukraine

The article examines the theoretical and legal issues of the essence of codification as a way of systematizing legislation. The article states that the integration processes of adaptation of domestic legislation to the legislation of the European Union oblige the domestic legislator to adapt the country’s legal system to the requirements for its systematization established by the European community. Attention is drawn to the fact that this process conditions the revision of ideas about the essence and approaches to the systematization of legislation, the introduction of new mechanisms of law-making technology. It is concluded that codification is of great importance in these processes. The article substantiates that codification, as a form of systematization of legislation, includes official activity on improvement and systematization of legal norms, which is carried out by subjects of such activity, authorized for this. It is noted that this process is carried out by systematizing legal norms into a single codified act. Codification of legislation includes a complex process of applying a special (codification) law-making technique. It is proven that this process involves the purposeful activity of law-making subjects, aimed at processing and ordering legal acts with the aim of their systematization and consistency with the needs of law enforcement activities, avoiding gaps, collisions and shortcomings. It is substantiated that the purpose of codification is the development and adoption of a single, logically constructed and internally structured act that regulates homogeneous social relations as completely as possible. It is concluded that codification should be considered a specific method of systematization of legislation, which combines the features of official systematization and law-making activity, and therefore codification has a «dual nature», which includes both the systematization of law and the active process of creating new regulatory and legal acts. It is justified that this type of activity is aimed at the radical revision and streamlining of the existing legislation, leading to the adoption of a single, fundamental and internally and externally agreed comprehensive legal act, this act regulates the most principled and fundamental social relations. It is emphasized that, from this point of view, codification should be considered as a way of systematizing legislation, and at the same time, the law-making (or law-making) process and activities of authorized subjects in this area are the content, the essence of codification.

Constructivist Approach to Language Learning: Linking Piaget's Theory to Modern Educational Practice

This study aims to explore the application of the constructivism approach in language learning by connecting Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development with modern educational practices. Constructivism theory emphasizes that learning is an active process in which students build knowledge through experience and interaction with the environment. In the context of language learning, this approach is considered relevant to increase student engagement and support more meaningful learning. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study design, involving in-depth interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis. Participants consisted of 10 teachers and 20 students who were selected by purposive sampling based on their experience in applying constructivist learning methods. The results show that the constructivism approach can increase students' active participation, improve critical thinking skills, and provide a more contextual and relevant language learning experience. Teachers who apply Piaget's principles, such as experiential learning, reflection, and collaboration, report increased student learning motivation. However, challenges in implementing this method include time constraints, a rigorous curriculum, and a lack of support resources for project-based learning. The study concludes that although constructivist approaches have great potential in language learning, further support is needed in terms of curriculum flexibility and resources. Recommendations for educators include increased use of technology and project-based teaching strategies to support more interactive and participatory language learning.

Effects of unconscious tactile stimuli on autonomic nervous activity and afferent signal processing

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a mechanism that regulates our internal environment. In recent years, the interest in how tactile stimuli presented directly to the body affect ANS function and cortical processing in humans has been renewed. However, it is not yet clear how subtle tactile stimuli below the level of consciousness affect human heart rate and cortical processing. To examine this, subthreshold electrical stimuli were presented to the left forearm of 43 participants during an image-viewing task, and electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) data were collected. The changes in the R-wave interval of the ECG immediately after the subthreshold electrical presentation and heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP), the afferent signal processing of cardiac activity, were measured. The results showed that heart rate decelerated immediately after the presentation of subthreshold electrical stimuli. The HEP during stimulus presentation was amplified for participants with greater heart rate acceleration immediately after this deceleration. The magnitude of these effects depended on the type of the subthreshold tactile stimuli. The results suggest that even with subthreshold stimulation, the changes in autonomic activity associated with orienting response and related afferent signal processing differ depending on the clarity of the tactile stimuli.

The Effects of Ester and Ether Polycarboxylate Superplasticizers on the Fluidity and Setting Behavior of Alkali-Activated Slag Paste.

This study aims to investigate the comparative performance of ester- and ether-based polycarboxylate superplasticizers in maintaining the fluidity and controlling the setting time of alkali-activated slag (AAS) paste. The experiments employed rheological tests, mini-slump tests, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. The results indicate that ether-based superplasticizers maintain fluidity approximately 25% longer than their ester-based counterparts and extend the setting time by about 30%. The enhanced performance of ether-based superplasticizers is attributed to their superior molecular stability in highly alkaline environments, which mitigates early polymer degradation. Additionally, the Na2O/SiO2 ratio was maintained at 1:1 throughout the experiments to ensure consistency in the activation process. The relationship between fluidity loss and the onset of setting occurs more rapidly in AAS paste than in conventional cement-based systems. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of environmentally friendly construction materials by optimizing the use of superplasticizers in alkali-activated systems.

Manganese Oxide-Doped Hierarchical Porous Carbon Derived from Tea Leaf Waste for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

Hierarchical porous carbon derived from discarded biomass for energy storage materials has attracted increasing research attention due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication, environmental protection, and sustainability. Brewed tea leaves are rich in heteroatoms that are beneficial to capacitive energy storage behavior. Therefore, we synthesized high electrochemical performance carbon-based composites from Tie guan yin tea leaf waste using a facile procedure comprising hydrothermal, chemical activation, and calcination processes. In particular, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was incorporated into the potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation agent; therefore, during the activation process, KOH continued to erode the biomass precursor, producing abundant pores, and KMnO4 synchronously underwent a redox reaction to form MnO nanoparticles and anchor on the porous carbon through chemical bonding. MnO nanoparticles provided additional pseudocapacitive charge storage capabilities through redox reactions. The results show that the amount of MnO produced is proportional to the amount of KMnO4 incorporated. However, the specific surface area of the composite material decreases with the incorporated amount of KMnO4 due to the accumulation and aggregation of MnO nanoparticles, thereby even blocking some micropores. Optimization of MnO nanocrystal loading can promote the crystallinity and graphitization degree of carbonaceous materials. The specimen prepared with a weight ratio of KMnO4 to hydrochar of 0.02 exhibited a high capacitance of 337 F/g, an increase of 70%, owing to the synergistic effect between the Tie guan yin tea leaf-derived activated carbon and MnO nanoparticles. With this facile preparation method and the resulting high electrochemical performance, the development of manganese oxide/carbon composites derived from tea leaf biomass is expected to become a promising candidate as an energy storage material for supercapacitors.

Angular Momentum Transportation by Zonal Circulation Helps Meridional Displacements of East Asian Westerly Jet

ABSTRACTThe meridional displacements of the East Asian westerly jet (EAJ) exhibit remarkable interannual variability characteristics, significantly modulating the weather and climate over East Asia. Our study aims to refine the thermal‐driven (angular momentum transport) and dynamically driven (atmospheric eddy activities) processes that dominate the interannual meridional motion of the wintertime EAJ. We employ the recently proposed three‐pattern decomposition of global atmospheric circulation (3P‐DGAC) theory to decompose the zonal momentum equation for the purpose of diagnosing the zonal momentum budget of the EAJ from three‐dimensional (3D) horizontal, meridional and zonal circulation perspectives. Results indicate that, in addition to the widely recognised driving mechanisms of angular momentum transported by thermal direct meridional Hadley circulation and horizontal eddy momentum flux convergence, the previously neglected role of local zonal circulation in transporting angular momentum significantly impacts the meridional shift of EAJ. The uneven accumulation of angular momentum transported by asymmetric zonal circulations emerges on the northern and southern sides of EAJ axis, causing an abnormal meridional displacement of EAJ. Notably, the local zonal circulation rising from the Tibetan Plateau and descending across the North Pacific Ocean transported angular momentum to the core and downstream regions of EAJ, thereby significantly accelerating zonal winds and pushing the EAJ northward. Further investigation into the potential mechanisms suggests that anomalous snow depth on the southern Tibetan Plateau is the main factor causing abnormal local zonal circulation. Our study addresses the deficiency in traditional two‐dimensional (2D) circulation decomposition methods that neglect the significant role of zonal circulation in the thermal‐driven process of EAJ, complements the understanding of 3D angular momentum transport mechanisms and reveals potential nonlinear synergies of 3D circulations related to the interannual meridional displacement of EAJ.

Exploring the Potential Value of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT for Molecular Assessment of Fibroblast Activation in Interstitial Lung Disease: A Single-Center Pilot Study.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings with pulmonary fibrotic activity in the corresponding regions using [68Ga]Ga-fibroblast activation fibroblast inhibitor (FAPI) PET/CT in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). Additionally, the potential of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT for evaluating the active fibrosis process and 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy for assessing the inflammatory process in ILD patients was also assessed. In this pilot study, 20 ILD patients underwent [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT and 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT. Additionally, 10 patients without lung or thoracic involvement who were undergoing [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT for cancer detection were enrolled in the control group. The images were evaluated both visually and semiquantitatively and also compared with HRCT and pulmonary function tests. Multiple quantitative parameters were derived from the lung segments in the PET scan, including SUVmax, SUVmean, maximum target-to-liver ratio, mean target-to-liver ratio (TLRmean), and total lesion FAPI expression for the entire lung, as well as its lobes and zones. Additionally, the maximum Hounsfield unit (HU) and mean HU in HRCT were calculated for the whole lung as well as its lobes and zones. Furthermore, an HRCT fibrosis score (HFS) was defined according to the HRCT findings. Twenty ILD patients with a mean age of 58.70 (SD, 11.09) years were enrolled. Additionally, 10 control patients were enrolled with a mean age of 57.70 (SD, 15.19) years. Based on visual assessment, the FAPI scan was positive in 12 (60%) patients. Similarly, the MIBI scan was positive in 12 (60%) patients. In the 20 ILD cases, both scans were positive in 6 cases, and both were negative in 2 cases. Six cases showed FAPI-negative and MIBI-positive results, whereas another 6 cases showed FAPI-positive and MIBI-negative results. Comparing the control and ILD patients, there was a significant difference in SUVmax, SUVmean, total lesion FAPI expression, TLRmean, maximum HU, and mean HU (P < 0.05). When comparing HFS with PET-derived parameters in zones, a significant positive correlation was found between HFS and SUVmean, SUVmax, maximum target-to-liver ratio, and TLRmean (P < 0.05). Additionally, a significant difference was noted between FAPI results and HFS (P = 0.003). An ancillary finding, 9 of 20 (45%) ILD patients showed intense FAPI uptakes in gallbladder, whereas none of the 10 in the control group showed such uptake. The present study may suggest that combining [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT and 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT yields an additive effect for evaluating ILD-related fibrosis and inflammatory processes over using either modality alone. Furthermore, it appears that [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT has the potential to ascertain levels of fibrotic activity from population of resident fibroblasts, active fibroblasts, and scar maturation among ILD patients based on their HRCT patterns.

Catalytic performance of FeCo2O4 spinel cobaltite for degradation of ethylparaben in a peroxymonosulfate activation process: Response surface optimization, reaction kinetics and cost estimation

The presence of cosmetics and personal care products in water resources has become an increasing concern for environment due to their toxicity and persistence in aquatic medium. Peroxymonosulfate mediated advanced oxidation methods have a great potential for the efficient removal of complex organic compounds due to the generation of highly reactive radicals with high oxidation ability. Iron cobaltite, FeCo2O4 catalyst was used as a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator for the degradation of ethylparaben which was selected as a model personal care product ingredient. Paraben degradation was modelled and the optimum operating parameters were determined by using Box-Behnken design. The ethylparaben degradation efficiency was calculated as 94.6 % under the optimized conditions which were determined as 0.9 g/L FeCo2O4 loading, pH 6.15, and 0.26 g/L PMS dosage. The ethylparaben degradation reaction followed second-order reaction kinetics. The activation energy was evaluated as 40.1 kJ/mol. Quenching radical tests showed that the dominant reactive species were hydroxyl radicals. Toxicity of the treated samples in terms of L. sativum growth inhibition was evaluated as 1.5 %. The total cost of the treatment including the operating and the amortization costs was calculated as 0.91 €/L.

Boosting the synergistic activation of δ-MnO2 as cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries through Ni, Co co-doping

Layered δ-MnO2 is regarded as a promising cathode material for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to the sufficient interlayer spacing for the accommodation and migration of charge carriers. However, the sluggish activation process limits the reversible capacity, thus prevent their application. In this study, Ni-Co co-doped layered δ-MnO2 was designed to enhance ion diffusion capability and cycling stability. The influencing mechanism of Ni and Co on the long activation process are proposed by a comparative analysis between single doping and co-doping approaches. Specifically, the optimized co-doped δ-MnO2 maintained a high specific capacity of 200.2 mAh·g−1 with a capacity retention of 97.40 % after 700 cycles at 1 A·g−1. The co-doping approach exhibited a synergistic effect in suppressing Mn dissolution and enhancing ion diffusion capability. These findings provide new directions on boosting the synergistic activation process of manganese oxide and shed lights on the rational design of low-cost and high-safe batteries.

Mesoscale regulation of MTOCs by the E3 ligase TRIM37.

Centrosomes ensure accurate chromosome segregation during cell division. Although the regulation of centrosome number is well-established, less is known about the suppression of non-centrosomal MTOCs (ncMTOCs). The E3 ligase TRIM37, implicated in Mulibrey nanism and 17q23-amplified cancers, has emerged as a key regulator of both centrosomes and ncMTOCs. Yet, the mechanism by which TRIM37 achieves enzymatic activation to target these mesoscale structures had remained unknown. Here, we elucidate TRIM37's activation process, beginning with TRAF domain-directed substrate recognition, progressing through B-box domain-mediated oligomerization, and culminating in RING domain dimerization. Using optogenetics, we demonstrate that TRIM37's E3 activity is directly coupled to the assembly state of its substrates, activating only when centrosomal proteins cluster into higher-order assemblies resembling MTOCs. This regulatory framework provides a mechanistic basis for understanding TRIM37-driven pathologies and, by echoing TRIM5's restriction of the HIV capsid, unveils a conserved activation blueprint among TRIM proteins for controlling mesoscale assembly turnover.

The Effectiveness of Project-Based Learning Assisted by Digital Technology to Improve Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking Skills in SMKN 3 Sampang Students

Lack of students' ability to find idols that reflect national values ​​and weak vision of their future. Technology-based PjBL learning is applied to engage students in active and collaborative learning processes, helping them develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. This study aims to analyse the effectiveness of project-based learning (PjBL) supported by digital technology in improving students' critical thinking and problem-solving skills at SMKN 3 Sampang. This study is a quantitative study with a positivist approach. A descriptive survey approach examines variables and research units without considering the relationship between variables. The results show that this method is effective in improving these skills and motivating students to be more involved in learning, with environmental support playing an important role in optimizing results. In conclusion, innovation in learning methods that are adjusted to technological developments and the needs of the world of work is needed to ensure that vocational high school graduates have adequate competencies and are relevant to industry demands.

Hydrogeochemical dynamics under saltwater-freshwater mixing in a mangrove wetland over tidal cycles

Seawater and groundwater interactions shape the hydrogeochemical profile of mangrove aquifers, revealing how biogeochemical processes adapt to saline-freshwater mixing via the fluctuating patterns of key hydrochemical indicators and primary biogenic elements. This study, utilizing a multi-level monitoring profile spanning the entire submerged aquifer within a mangrove wetland, analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of DO, ORP, pH, alkalinity and biogenic elements (C, N, S). The results revealed that among the basic hydrochemical parameters, total alkalinity showed the most stable spatiotemporal distribution and was positively correlated with salinity. pH demonstrated a significant negative correlation with salinity, whereas the correlations of ORP and DO with salinity were not substantial. The discharge of terrestrial freshwater into the mangrove wetland is marked by hydrogeochemical reactions favoring the input of Mg2+ and DIC, with potential iron mineral precipitation within the aquifer. Spatial distribution of biogenic elements in the groundwater showed no apparent pattern across sampling periods. DOC concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 1.3 mmol/L. Three components of dissolved organic matter were identified using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, with high molecular weight components (C1 + C2) accounting for an average of 47 to 73 %. Both elevated DOC concentrations and high molecular weight component ratios were primarily found in shallow layers of dense mangrove areas, decreasing with depth. Concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate varied dynamically, reflecting active biochemical processes in the shallow to mid-layers of the aquifer. Furthermore, sulfate and sulfide concentrations, ranging from 0 to 26 mmol/L and 0.4 to 576.8 μmol/L, respectively, underscore the interplay of biogeochemical reactions, especially sulfate reduction. These findings highlight valuable insights into the complex biogeochemical processes within mangrove aquifers and provide theoretical guidance for protecting the ecological health of mangrove wetlands.

Elderly age and tuberculosis: diagnostics difficulties and course features

ABSTRACT. The clinical observation of an elderly female patient, who was being treated at the Zaporizhzhia Regional Phthisiopulmonology Clinical Treatment and Diagnostic Center, is presented, the features of the diagnostics and the course of the tuberculosis process is determined. The clinical case demonstrates the difficulty of timely tuberculosis diagnostics due to numerous comorbidities in an elderly woman. Most cases of tuberculosis in the elderly are associated with the reactivation of old specific foci, which can be explained by age-related changes in the immune system. In this case, the difficulty of the timely tuberculosis diagnostics was associated with non-specific symptoms of the active process and the absence of bacterial excretion 2 years ago in an elderly woman. As a result, a diagnosis of malignant neoplasm of the upper lobe of the left lung was mistakenly made. The outcomes of the disease led to the development of fibrocavernous tuberculosis with multidrug resistance. The woman had a good adherence to the treatment, which gave a positive result.

Photocatalytic Fenton-like degradation of Acid Green 25 by novel aluminum nanoferrites with persulfate: Optimization by response surface methodology

Magnetic nanomaterials are gaining increasing attention for their catalytic properties and ease of recovery, making them promising candidates for the degradation of various organic pollutants. In this study, AlFe2O4 nanoparticles were employed for the first time in photocatalytic wastewater treatment. The study focused on removing Acid Green 25 anthraquinone dye through persulfate activation under UV-Visible light. AlFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized via sol-gel auto-combustion method and characterized by various techniques (XRD, SEM, EDX, VSM, Raman and FTIR). Moreover, statistical analysis of the experimental data confirmed the strong performance of the RSM model in accurately representing the photocatalytic process. Under optimal conditions including persulfate and catalyst concentrations of 0.3 g/L and 0.83 g/L respectively, a solution pH of 3 and 45 minutes of contact time, a 96 % dye removal rate was achieved. The remaining persulfate concentration was 60 % and fully depleted within 90 minutes, indicating efficient activation by AlFe2O4 photocatalyst. The activation process effectively suppressed electron-hole recombination, enhancing the overall efficiency. Scavenger experiments further identified surface-bound radicals and photogenerated holes as the main reactive species. A degradation mechanism for AG25 dye via a photocatalytic Fenton-like process was proposed, highlighting dual synergistic catalysis in the dye degradation. Ecotoxicity assessments using Vibrio fischeri bioassay revealed a significant reduction in toxicity after treatment with AlFe2O4/PS/UV-Vis system. The stability of AlFe2O4 was demonstrated over five degradation cycles. The findings open new perspectives for the use of AlFe2O4 in advanced wastewater treatment technologies, positioning it as a promising material for the degradation of persistent pollutants.

A bis-Phenolate Carbene-Supported bis-μ-Oxo Iron(IV/IV) Complex with a [FeIV(μ-O)2FeIV] Diamond Core Derived from Dioxygen Activation.

The diiron(II) complex, [(OCO)Fe(MeCN)]2 (1, MeCN = acetonitrile), supported by the bis-phenolate carbene pincer ligand, 1,3-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazolin-2-ylidene (OCO), was synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared (IR) vibrational, ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared (UV/vis/NIR) electronic absorption, 57Fe Mössbauer, X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and SQUID magnetization measurements. Complex 1 activates dioxygen to yield the diferric, μ-oxo-bridged complex [(OCO)Fe(py)(μ-O)Fe(O(C═O)O)(py)] (2) that was isolated and fully characterized. In 2, one of the iron-carbene bonds was oxidized to give a urea motif, resulting in an O(CNHC═O)O binding site, while the other Fe(OCO) unit remained unchanged. When the reaction is performed at -80 °C, an intensively colored, purple intermediate is observed (INT, λmax = 570 nm; ε = 5600 mol L-1 cm-1). INT acts as a sluggish oxidant, reacting only with easily oxidizable substrates, such as PPh3 or 2-phenylpropionic aldehyde (2-PPA). The identity of INT can be best described as a dinuclear complex containing a closed diamond core motif [(OCO)FeIV(μ-O)2FeIV(OCO)]. This proposal is based on extensive spectroscopic [UV/vis/NIR electronic absorption, 57Fe Mössbauer, X-band EPR, resonance Raman (rRaman), X-ray absorption, and nuclear resonance vibrational (NRVS)] and computational studies. The conversion of the diiron(II) complex 1 to the oxo diiron(IV) intermediate INT is reminiscent of the O2 activation process in soluble methane monooxygenases (sMMO). Most importantly, the low reactivity of INT supports the consensus that the [FeIV(μ-O)2FeIV] diamond core in sMMO is kinetically inert and needs to open up to terminal FeIV═O cores to react with the strong C-H bonds of methane.

Nanoscopic Insights into the Collapse of Metal-Organic Frameworks during Solvent Evacuation: Molecular Simulation Investigation.

Many metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) undergo structural collapse upon solvent evacuation during activation, which is attributed to the capillary force generated by the solvent. However, little effort has been devoted to unveiling the nature of such a force. Herein, we employ molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the evacuation of different solvents in two MOFs (MOF-5 and UMCM-9). The contractive stress induced by solvent evacuation is quantified and unraveled to positively correlate with the surface tension of the solvent. Moreover, the mechanical strength (or amorphization) of the MOF is calculated using reactive MD simulations. By comparing the contractive stress with the amorphization stress, for the first time, we predict the likelihood of collapse of MOFs during activation by different solvents, which agrees well with the experiments. The methodology developed provides nanoscopic insights into the activation process; it can assist in avoiding structural collapse by judiciously selecting a proper solvent for activation or by modifying a framework.

Environmental and economic dynamics of the Galician fishing sector and compared perceptions of the agents involved in the value chain

ABSTRACT This case study analyses and compares the perceptions of agents that participate in different productive and commercial processes of the fishing activity (such as small-scale fisheries, distant-water fisheries and processing and commercialisation companies). It focuses on the regional level (Galicia, NW Spain) and considers sustainability, governance and socioeconomic aspects from the perspective of socioecological systems. Results show similarities and differences in agents’ perceptions related with specific aspects and problems relevant to each group, intersectoral relations and sustainability issues. In this sense, agents share a positive perception of the sustainability objectives proposed by international organisations, as well as concerns about the uncertainty linked to globalisation processes. However, they differ in their evaluation of some specific regulatory measures. Regulatory policies could consider this information in order to achieve a greater degree of complicity and compliance by fishers and other agents of the value chain.