Poly ADP-ribose Polymerase Activity Research Articles

Abstract 1850: Characterizing senescence response to PARP inhibition may provide opportunities for enhanced efficacy through combinations with senolytic agents

Abstract Background: Inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is an exciting treatment strategy recently approved for prostate cancer patients with homologous recombination repair defects. Despite this advance in the field, it remains unclear how PARP inhibitor (PARPi) sensitive cells respond to treatment. We previously demonstrated that treatment with the PARPi olaparib induces not only cell death, but also G2/M arrested senescence characterized by activation of the p53 signaling pathway. We hypothesize that targeting PARPi induced senescence may provide a means to enhance the efficacy of PARPi treatment. In our current work, we sought to 1) understand whether senescence induction is a generalized response to all PARPi’s and 2) characterize senescence induction to guide the development of novel treatment strategies combining a PARPi with a senolytic drug. Methods: PARPi sensitive LNCaP and C4-2B prostate tumor cells were treated with olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, or talazoparib for 5 days to induce senescence. Both vehicle treated and quiescent cells (LNCaP and C4-2B cultured in FBS-low (0.2%) conditions) were used as controls. Cell viability, flow cytometry, and beta-galactosidase activity assays tested response to PARPi’s. Western blot was used to detect PARP activity, apoptosis, and DNA damage response. RNA-sequencing was performed to characterize senescence induced signaling alterations. Results: We found that exposure to rucaparib, niraparib, and talazoparib all induce a robust G2/M arrested senescence response in LNCaP and C4-2B cells, suggesting that senescence induction is a class effect of PARPi’s. PARPi induced senescence is characterized by activation of the p53 signaling pathway and significantly increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Furthermore, PARPi induced senescence is distinct from quiescence, suggesting that response to PARP inhibition is phenotypically different from a more general growth arrest. RNA-sequencing revealed several signaling changes associated with senescence which may provide novel treatment opportunities. Conclusions: Senolytics are a class of drugs thought to specifically target senescent cells. Our results demonstrate that PARPi’s induce senescence. Future work will be directed at further characterizing PARPi induced senescence, leading to rationally selected senolytic drug combinations which may enhance the efficacy of PARPi therapy. Citation Format: Alan P. Lombard, Wei Lou, Christopher P. Evans, Allen C. Gao. Characterizing senescence response to PARP inhibition may provide opportunities for enhanced efficacy through combinations with senolytic agents [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1850.

Attenuation of Muscle Damage, Structural Abnormalities, and Physical Activity in Respiratory and Limb Muscles following Treatment with Rucaparib in Lung Cancer Cachexia Mice.

Simple SummaryMuscle wasting and cachexia are common in patients with cancer. Several mechanisms underlie muscle physiological and structural alterations in cancer-induced cachexia. Poly (ADPribose) polymerases (PARPs) are involved in muscle metabolism and in cancer. Selective inhibitors of PARP activity improve muscle function and structure. This study sought to investigate whether rucaparib (PARP inhibitor) may attenuate muscle damage in a mouse model of lung-cancer-induced cachexia. Rucaparib was administered to cancer-cachectic mice. Physiological and biological parameters were determined in the respiratory and limb muscles of the animals. In cancer cachexia mice compared to non-cachexia controls, body weight and body weight gain, muscle weight, limb strength, physical activity, and muscle fiber size significantly declined, while levels of PARP activity, plasma troponin I, muscle damage, and proteolytic and autophagy markers increased. Treatment with rucaparib elicited a significant improvement in body weight gain, tumor size and weight, physical activity, muscle damage, troponin I, and proteolytic and autophagy levels.Overactivation of poly (ADPribose) polymerases (PARPs) is involved in cancer-induced cachexia. We hypothesized that the PARP inhibitor rucaparib may improve muscle mass and reduce damage in cancer cachexia mice. In mouse diaphragm and gastrocnemius (LP07 lung adenocarcinoma) treated with PARP inhibitor (rucaparib,150 mg/kg body weight/24 h for 20 days) and in non-tumor control animals, body, muscle, and tumor weights; tumor area; limb muscle strength; physical activity; muscle structural abnormalities, damage, and phenotype; PARP activity; and proteolytic and autophagy markers were quantified. In cancer cachexia mice compared to non-cachexia controls, body weight and body weight gain, muscle weight, limb strength, physical activity, and muscle fiber size significantly declined, while levels of PARP activity, plasma troponin I, muscle damage, and proteolytic and autophagy markers increased. Treatment with the PARP inhibitor rucaparib elicited a significant improvement in body weight gain, tumor size and weight, physical activity, muscle damage, troponin I, and proteolytic and autophagy levels. PARP pharmacological inhibition did not exert any significant improvements in muscle weight, fiber size, or limb muscle strength. Treatment with rucaparib, however, improved muscle damage and structural abnormalities and physical activity in cancer cachexia mice. These findings suggest that rucaparib exerts its beneficial effects on cancer cachexia performance through the restoration of muscle structure.

Cancer cell-autonomous overactivation of PARP1 compromises immunosurveillance in non-small cell lung cancer

BackgroundHigh activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells leads to an increase in immunohistochemically detectable PAR, correlating with poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC, as...

Anticancer effects of PARP1 hyperactivation by a decoy oligodeoxynucleotide in vitro and in vivo.

e15060 Background: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors mediate significant anticancer effects against homologous recombination defective (HRD) tumors but have limited efficacy against homologous recombination proficient (HRP) neoplasms. Moreover, HRD tumors often become resistant to PARP inhibitors during treatment, constituting a major limitation to the clinical use of these agents. Here, we describe the metabolic, antineoplastic and immunomodulatory effects of a first-in-class oligodeoxynucleotide that operates as a PARP1 decoy (OX413), resulting in constitutive hyperactivation of PARP1 and consequent exhaustion of the DNA damage response. Methods: OX413-induced PARP trapping and hyperactivation, NAD+ consumption and cell cytotoxicity were monitored using (HRP and HRD) breast, ovarian or prostate cancer cells as well as normal fibroblasts and leukocytes. DNA repair abrogation was monitored by analyzing repair protein recruitment to damage sites. Accumulation of cytoplasmic DNA fragments was monitored after DNA staining and microscopy analysis. Effects on the innate immune response was assessed by following STING pathway activation and T-cell mediated anti-tumor cytotoxicity. In a mouse xenograft model of breast cancer, OX413-induced PARP activation and tumor infiltration by immune cells were analyzed ex-vivo by flow cytometry. Antitumor efficacy of OX413 alone or combined to a PD1 blocker was assessed in MPA/DMBA-driven HR+ HER2- mouse mammary carcinomas. Results: At odds with conventional PARP inhibitors, OX413 bound to and hyperactivated PARP1 with high affinity and in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in elevated cytotoxicity in multiple cancer (but not normal) cells irrespective of HR status. OX413 impaired DNA repair due to PARP trapping and rapid NAD+ consumption, leading to the accumulation of cytoplasmic chromatin fragments (CCFs). Consistent with this, OX413 triggered activation of the CGAS/STING pathway, CCL5 secretion and potentiation of tumor-targeting T cell responses. PARP1 engagement and STING activation were corroborated in vivo in EMT6 mouse mammary carcinomas, correlating with anticancer effects coupled to tumor infiltration by innate and adaptive immune cells. In MPA/DMBA-driven tumors, OX413 mediated considerable anticancer effects that could be exacerbated by PD1 inhibition. Conclusions: Our results provide preclinical rationale for using OX413 to trigger metabolic exhaustion in cancer cells and initiate inflammatory responses that can be actioned by immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients bearing HRD as well as HRP tumors.

Synergistic activity of neratinib in combination with olaparib in uterine serous carcinoma overexpressing HER2/neu

IntroductionUterine serous carcinoma (USC) is an aggressive variant of endometrial cancer with a poor prognosis. Approximately 30% of USC overexpress HER2/neu, a recognized target for trastuzumab in advanced/recurrent HER2/neu-positive USC. We evaluated the efficacy of the pan-c-erb inhibitor neratinib and the poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib as single agents and in combination against USC cell lines and xenografts. MethodsIn-vitro cell-viability assays with olaparib, neratinib, and olaparib/neratinib were assessed using flow-cytometry based assays against a panel of USC cell lines with high and low HER2/neu expression. Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) signatures were evaluated as described by Alexandrov et al. (Nature;2020;578:94–101) while downstream signaling affected by neratinib/olaparib exposure was assessed with immunoblotting. Efficacy of single- versus dual-agent inhibition was evaluated in-vivo using two USC-xenografts with 3+ HER2/neu expression. ResultsNeratinib was more potent than olaparib in suppression of in-vitro growth of HER2/neu 3+ cell lines (ARK1: p = 0.0047; ARK2: p = 0.0428) while no difference was noted against HER2/neu 1+ tumors (ARK4). Importantly, the combination of olaparib with neratinib synergistically improved tumor suppression compared to either single-agent in vitro. USC cells exposed to olaparib upregulated HER2/neu expression, while neratinib treatment increased PARP activity (ARK1: p < 0.0001; ARK2: p < 0.0001). Single-agent neratinib transiently inhibited in vivo growth of USC xenografts harboring HER2/neu gene amplification (ARK1: p < 0.05; ARK2: p < 0.05). In contrast, the combination of the two inhibitors caused a stronger and durable growth inhibition in both USC xenografts (ARK1: p < 0.05; ARK2: p < 0.05). ConclusionThe combination of olaparib and neratinib is active and synergistic against primary HER2/neu + USC. This combination may represent a novel therapeutic option for USC patients with HER2/neu+, homologous recombination-proficient tumors resistant to chemotherapy.

First phase 1 clinical study of olaparib in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors

The survival of patients with high-risk, refractory, relapsed, or metastatic solid tumors remains dismal. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor could be effective for the treatment of pediatric solid tumors with defective homologous recombination. This open-label, multicenter phase 1 clinical trial evaluated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of olaparib, a PARP inhibitor, in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors to recommend a dose for Phase 2 trials. Olaparib (62.5, 125, and 187.5 mg/m2 twice daily) was administered orally every day (1 cycle=28 days) using a standard 3 + 3 dose-escalation design. Patients aged 3-18 years with recurrent pediatric solid tumors were eligible. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses were performed. Fifteen patients were enrolled and received olaparib monotherapy, which was well tolerated. The recommended phase 2 dose for daily administration was 187.5 mg/m2 twice daily. Pharmacokinetics were dose proportional. The area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h and the peak plasma concentration for 187.5 mg/m2 twice daily in children were comparable to previous data obtained in a 200-mg, twice-daily cohort and lower than those in the 300-mg twice-daily cohort in adults. Pharmacodynamic studies demonstrated substantial inhibition of PARP activity. Two partial responses were observed in patients with Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma. This report is the first clinical trial to describe the use of a PARP inhibitor as monotherapy in children. Olaparib was well tolerated, with preliminary antitumor responses observed in DNA damage response-defective pediatric tumors. This Phase 1 trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of olaparib in patients with refractory childhood solid tumors. Olaparib was well tolerated, achieving objective response in 2/15 patients. The DNA damage response was attenuated in nearly one-half of advanced neuroblastoma patients, demonstrating the utility of the PARP inhibitor. The results support further investigation of olaparib as a new treatment for DNA damage-response or repair-defective pediatric cancers.

Identification of anticancer bioactive compounds derived from Ficus sp. by targeting Poly[ADP-ribose]polymerase 1 (PARP-1)

The nuclear enzyme Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1) facilitates DNA damage repair which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. The PARP-1 has been touted as an important target for the anticancer therapeutic development as it is overexpressed in various forms of cancer. Several drugs have been approved, and many are under investigation to potentially target PARP-1 and inhibit cancer growth. Of late, anticancer drug development has witnessed a tremendous shift toward natural compounds because of the side effects of conventional therapies. In this study, an attempt has been made to identify the bioactive compounds of Ficus sp. that can potentially bind and inhibit PARP-1 activity by using molecular docking approach. For this purpose, 46 compounds have been retrieved from the IMPPAT database and filtered for their pharmacokinetic properties using Lipinski's Rule of five. The screened compounds were then subjected to docking-based virtual screening using PyRx software, and finally, a total of eight compounds were selected based on their binding affinity towards PARP-1. The interactions of these ligands with PARP-1 were further studied using site-specific molecular docking. These ligands showed strong interaction via several hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with PARP-1 and had low inhibitory constant (Ki). Based on these findings, it is evident that the bioactive compounds derived from Ficus sp. can be considered as potential anticancer drug candidates. However, further studies in different in vitro and in vivo models would corroborate the inhibitory activity of the ligands targeting PARP-1.

STING modulates necrotic cell death in CD4 T cells via activation of PARP-1/PAR following acute systemic inflammation

Regulated cell death profoundly affects on the progress of inflammatory and immune responses in various acute inflammatory diseases, as seen in sepsis and trauma. However, the mechanisms underlying CD4 T cells death have not yet been fully addressed. We demonstrated that interferon genes (STING) promoted excessive Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) activity stimulated by endotoxin, which in turn induced apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-independent but PARP-1 dependent programmed cell death. Elevated PARP-1 activity triggered a cascade of molecular events, including PAR polymer release from the nucleus and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and ATP depletion. Interestingly, translocation of AIF, a biochemical signature for PARP-1-dependent parthanatos, was not observed in the present study, suggesting a non-canonical mechanism of CD4 T cells parthanatos. In this study, we also identify a STING-mediated mechanism of necrotic cell death in CD4 T cells in septic animals. Furthermore, we revealed wider effects of STING on the mortality in mice when PARP-1 gene inhibited. These findings reveal that STING signaling and targeting PARP-1/PAR pathway in CD4 T cells may present a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of acute systemic inflammatory diseases.

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase: An Overview of Mechanistic Approaches and Therapeutic Opportunities in the Management of Stroke.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality accompanied by blood supply loss to a particular brain area. Several mechanistic approaches such as inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, therapies against tissuethrombosis, and neutrophils lead to stroke's therapeutic intervention. Evidenceobtained with the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition and animalshaving a deficiency of PARP enzymes; represented the role of PARP in cerebral stroke, ischemia/reperfusion, and neurotrauma. PARP is a nuclear enzyme superfamily with various isoforms, each with different structural domains and functions, and out of all, PARP-1 is thebest-characterized member. It has been shown to perform multiple physiological as well as pathological processes, including its role in inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The enzyme interacts with NF-κB, p53, and other transcriptional factors to regulate survival and cell death and modulates multiple downstream signaling pathways. Clinical trials have also been conducted using PARP inhibitors for numerous disorders and have shown positive results. However, additional information is yet to be established for the therapeutic intervention of PARP inhibitors in stroke. These agents' utilization appears to be challenging due to their unknown potential long-term side effects. PARP activity increased during ischemia, but its inhibition provided significant neuroprotection. Despite the increased interest in PARP as a pharmacological modulator for novel therapeutic therapies, the current review focused on stroke and poly ADP-ribosylation.

Blocking PARP activity with the inhibitor veliparib enhances radiotherapy sensitivity in endometrial carcinoma.

ObjectiveOur study aimed to investigate the potential clinical utility of a poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, veliparib (ABT‐888), as a radiosensitizer in the medication of endometrial carcinoma (EC).MethodsHuman Ishikawa endometrial adenocarcinoma cells were treated with veliparib, radiotherapy (RT), or combination treatment. The viabilities, radiosensitivity enhancement ratio (sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER), and apoptosis of Ishikawa cells were, respectively, evaluated by Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8), colony formation experiment, and flow cytometry. The tumor growth was assessed by xenograft mice models. Western blot assay investigated the expression of DNA damage and apoptosis‐related proteins in vivo and in vitro.ResultsCell Counting Kit‐8 revealed that the 10% inhibition concentration (IC10) and 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values of veliparib‐treated Ishikawa cells were 1.7 and 133.5 µM, respectively. The SER of veliparib combined with RT was 1.229 in vitro. Flow cytometry analysis results indicated that the apoptosis rate of the veliparib + RT group was markedly higher than that of the RT group in vitro (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in vivo data revealed that veliparib + RT treatment significantly decreased tumor growth compared with single treatments of veliparib or RT and with the control group (p < 0.05). Then western blot confirmed the levels of anti‐phospho‐histone (γH2AX), caspase‐3, and B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) associated protein X (Bax) were significantly higher in the veliparib + RT group, while the level of Bcl‐2 was lower compared with that of the RT group (p < 0.05), both in vivo and in vitro.ConclusionOur results indicate that veliparib in combination with RT markedly improved the therapeutic efficiency in human endometrial carcinoma.

Methylmercury induced apoptosis of human neuroblastoma cells through the reactive oxygen species mediated caspase and poly ADP-ribose polymerase/apoptosis-inducing factor dependent pathways.

Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental neurotoxic substance, which can easily cross the blood-brain barrier, causing irreversible damage to the human central nervous system. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in various ways of intracellular physiological or pathological processes including neuronal apoptosis. This study attempted to explore the role of ROS-mediated poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)/apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) apoptosis signaling pathway in the process of MeHg-induced cell death of human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Here, we found that SH-SY5Y cells underwent apoptosis in response to MeHg, which was accompanied by the increased levels of ROS and calcium ion, and the activation of caspase cascades and PARP. Inhibiting the production of ROS can reduce the apoptosis rate to a certain extent. PARP/AIF apoptotic pathway is independent of caspase dependent signaling pathway and regulates it. In conclusion, these results suggest that ROS mediated activation of caspase pathway and PARP/AIF signaling pathway are involved in MeHg induced apoptosis, and these two pathways interact with each other.

PARP inhibition impedes the maturation of nascent DNA strands during DNA replication

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is implicated in the detection and processing of unligated Okazaki fragments and other DNA replication intermediates, highlighting such structures as potential sources of genome breakage induced by PARP inhibition. Here, we show that PARP1 activity is greatly elevated in chicken and human S phase cells in which FEN1 nuclease is genetically deleted and is highest behind DNA replication forks. PARP inhibitor reduces the integrity of nascent DNA strands in both wild-type chicken and human cells during DNA replication, and does so in FEN1−/− cells to an even greater extent that can be detected as postreplicative single-strand nicks or gaps. Collectively, these data show that PARP inhibitors impede the maturation of nascent DNA strands during DNA replication, and implicate unligated Okazaki fragments and other nascent strand discontinuities in the cytotoxicity of these compounds.

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1-mediated defective mitophagy contributes to painful diabetic neuropathy in the db/db model.

Studies have shown that poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is involved in the pathological process of diabetes. Mitophagy is widely acknowledged to be a key regulatory process in maintaining reactive oxygen species homeostasis via lysosome degradation of damaged mitochondria. However, the regulatory role of PARP1 in mitophagy-related mitochondrial oxidative injury and progression of painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is unclear. In this study, we studied the in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of PARP1-mediated mitophagy blockade in a leptin gene-mutation (db/db) mouse model of PDN. Db/db mice models of PDN were established by assessing the sciatic nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT), and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL). The results showed that PARP1 activity and mitochondrial injury of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were increased, and mitophagy was impaired in PDN mice. PARP1 was found to mediate the impairment of mitophagy in DRG neurons isolated from PDN mice. PARP1 inhibitors (PJ34 or AG14361) attenuated diabetes-induced peripheral nerve hyperalgesia, restored DRG neuron mitophagy function and decreased mitochondrial oxidative injury. Mitophagy impairment induced by lysosome deacidificant (DC661) aggravated diabetes-induced DRG neuron mitochondrial oxidative stress and injury. Taken together, our data revealed that PARP1-induced defective mitophagy of DRG neurons is a key mechanism in diabetes-induced peripheral neuropathic injury. Inhibition of PARP1 and restoration of mitophagy function are potential therapeutic targets for PDN.

Inherited Retinal Degeneration: PARP-Dependent Activation of Calpain Requires CNG Channel Activity.

Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) are a group of blinding diseases, typically involving a progressive loss of photoreceptors. The IRD pathology is often based on an accumulation of cGMP in photoreceptors and associated with the excessive activation of calpain and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Inhibitors of calpain or PARP have shown promise in preventing photoreceptor cell death, yet the relationship between these enzymes remains unclear. To explore this further, organotypic retinal explant cultures derived from wild-type and IRD-mutant mice were treated with inhibitors specific for calpain, PARP, and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs). The outcomes were assessed using in situ activity assays for calpain and PARP and immunostaining for activated calpain-2, poly (ADP-ribose), and cGMP, as well as the TUNEL assay for cell death detection. The IRD models included the Pde6b-mutant rd1 mouse and rd1*Cngb1−/− double-mutant mice, which lack the beta subunit of the rod cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and are partially protected from rd1 degeneration. We confirmed that an inhibition of either calpain or PARP reduces photoreceptor cell death in rd1 retina. However, while the activity of calpain was decreased by the inhibition of PARP, calpain inhibition did not alter the PARP activity. A combination treatment with calpain and PARP inhibitors did not synergistically reduce cell death. In the slow degeneration of rd1*Cngb1−/− double mutant, VGCC inhibition delayed photoreceptor cell death, while PARP inhibition did not. Our results indicate that PARP acts upstream of calpain and that both are part of the same degenerative pathway in Pde6b-dependent photoreceptor degeneration. While PARP activation may be associated with CNG channel activity, calpain activation is linked to VGCC opening. Overall, our data highlights PARP as a target for therapeutic interventions in IRD-type diseases.

PARP1 is activated by membrane damage and is involved in membrane repair through poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.

Mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation are posttranslational modifications evolutionarily conserved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They entail transfer of one or more ADP-ribose moieties from NAD+ to acceptor proteins with the simultaneous release of nicotinamide. The resultant ADP-ribosylated acceptor proteins regulate diverse cellular functions. For instance, ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 (ART1) catalyzes mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation of arginine residues in Trim72, a protein specifically expressed in muscle cells and involved in cell membrane repair, which is enhanced upon its ADP-ribosylation. By contrast, the contribution made by ADP-ribosylation to membrane repair in epithelial cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the involvement of ADP-ribosylation in cell membrane repair in HEK293T and HeLa cells. We found that upon induction of membrane damage using streptolysin-O, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) catalyzed poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. In scratch assays, inhibition of PARP1 activity using the nonspecific PARP inhibitor PJ34 or shRNA targeting PARP1 delayed wound healing, suggesting that PARP1-catalyzed poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation plays a key role in membrane repair in epithelial cells.

Virus-Host Interplay Between Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 and Oncogenic Gammaherpesviruses.

The gammaherpesviruses, include the Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and murine gammaherpesvirus 68. They establish latent infection in the B lymphocytes and are associated with various lymphoproliferative diseases and tumors. The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), also called ADP-ribosyltransferase diphtheria-toxin-like 1 (ARTD1) is a nuclear enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety to its target proteins and participates in important cellular activities, such as the DNA-damage response, cell death, transcription, chromatin remodeling, and inflammation. In gammaherpesvirus infection, PARP1 acts as a key regulator of the virus life cycle: lytic replication and latency. These viruses also develop various strategies to regulate PARP1, facilitating their replication. This review summarizes the roles of PARP1 in the viral life cycle as well as the viral modulation of host PARP1 activity and discusses the implications. Understanding the interactions between the PARP1 and oncogenic gammaherpesviruses may lead to the identification of effective therapeutic targets for the associated diseases.

Extra Virgin Olive Oil consumption from Mild Cognitive Impairment patients attenuates oxidative and nitrative stress reflecting on the reduction of the PARP levels and DNA damage

Oxidative/nitrative stress that results from the unbalance of the overproduction/clearance of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/NOS), originated from a variety of endo- and/or exo-genous sources, can have detrimental effects on DNA and is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. An excellent marker of oxidative DNA lesions is 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) while of nitrative stress the enzyme NOS2 (Nitric oxide synthase 2). Under massive oxidative stress, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP-1) enzyme activity, responsible for restoration of DNA damage, is augmented, DNA repair enzymes are recruited, and cell survival/or death is ensued through PARP-1 activation, which is correlated positively with neurodegenerative diseases. In this biochemical study the levels of PARP-1, 8-oxo-dG, and NOS2, Aβ1-42, and p-tau in their sera determined using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Patients diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment participated in MICOIL clinical trial, were daily administered with 50ml Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) for one year. All MCI patients' biomarkers that had consumed EVOO were tantamount to those of healthy participants, contrary to MCI patients who were not administered. EVOO administration in MCI patients resulted in the restoration of DNA damage and of the well-established "hallmarks" AD biomarkers, thanks probably to its antioxidant properties exhibiting a therapeutic potentiality against AD. Molecular docking simulations of the EVOO constituents on the crystal structure of PARP-1 and NOS-2 target enzymes were also employed, to study in silico the ability of the compounds to bind to these enzymes and explain the observed in vitro activity. In silico analysis has proved the binding of EVOO constituents on PARP-1and NOS-2 enzymes and their interaction with crucial amino acids of the active sites. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03362996. MICOIL GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT03362996.

Dual Imaging of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 and Endogenous H2O2 for the Diagnosis of Cancer Cells Using Silver-Coated Gold Nanorods

The imaging of tumor-related multitarget molecules is of great significance to raise the diagnostic accuracy for malignant tumors. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) has emerged as a potential clinical biomarker for tumor diagnosis due to its specific overexpression in cancer cells. High levels of H2O2 in the tumor microenvironment play vital roles in driving cancer progression. Inspired by these achievements, we employed a silver-coated gold nanorod (Au@Ag NR) as a plasmonic probe for dual imaging of intracellular PARP-1 and H2O2 under a dark-field microscope (DFM). Au@Ag NR was used not only to distinguish tumor cells from normal cells but also to induce the apoptosis of cancer cells owing to the etching of Ag shell by H2O2, accompanied by the color change from green to orange. On the other hand, Au@Ag NRs modified with active double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) could be utilized to image PARP-1 in cancer cells and quantitatively detect PARP-1 in vitro by naked eyes or DFM. The reason is that PARP-1 polymerized nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into large and hyperbranched poly(ADP-ribose) polymer (PAR) on the surface of Au@Ag NRs, preventing the Ag shell from being etched by H2O2. As the PARP-1 activity increased, a blue-shift of the adsorption peak occurred along with a color change from pale pink to green, which could be recognized by naked eyes. Under DFM, its scattering light varied obviously from red to green. The proposed dual-imaging strategy holds good prospects in cancer diagnosis.

Abstract 10231: Parp1-Pkm2 Axis Mediates Right Ventricular Failure Associated with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Introduction: Right ventricular (RV) function is the poor prognosis factor in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. Inflammation, oxidative DNA damage, and glycolysis are key triggering pathways that induce cardiomyocytes (CM) dysfunction. Oxidative DNA damage-dependent Poly (ADP ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1) activation was documented to promote glycolysis and inflammation through nuclear retention of Pyruvate Kinase Muscle isozyme 2 (PKM2). Despite PARP1/PKM2 axis is involved in many pathologies, their role in RV failure (RVF) remains unclear. We hypothesized that sustained PARP1 activation induces nuclear PKM2 localization, cardiac inflammation, and myocytes apoptosis resulting in transition from compensated (cRV) to decompensated RV (dRV). Methods and Results: We found that PARP1/PKM2 expression/activity (IF, WB) is upregulated in dRV patients (died of RVF, n=11) compared to cRV patients (CI&gt;2.2, n=12) and control donors (n=19). Similar findings were seen in two rat models of RVF (monocrotaline, PA banding). In vitro , we confirmed that oxidative DNA damage (ET-1+H 2 O 2 ) as well as inflammatory stress (ET-1+LPS) induced nuclear expression of PARP1/PKM2 (IF, WB) leading to inflammation (NF-κB nuclear translocation) and CM death (TUNEL). These effects were prevented by treatment with PARP1 inhibitor (ABT-888, Olaparib) or enforced cytosolic retention of PKM2 (TEPP-46, DASA-58). Cardiomyocytes isolated from neonatal Parp1 deficient mice were resistant to myocyte dysfunction (PKM2 nuclear upregulation, NF-κB nuclear translocation, TUNEL) induced by oxidative DNA damage (ET-1+H 2 O 2 ). In vivo , Olaparib (10mg/kg) as well as TEPP-46 (25mg/kg) prevented RVF (CO, hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation, DNA damage, apoptosis) induced by PAB in rats (n=8~12 per group). Moreover, we confirmed that global Parp1 loss-of-function confers protection against PAB induced-RVF (CO, hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation, DNA damage, apoptosis, n=10 per group). (All p&lt;0.05) Conclusions: We demonstrated for the first time that PARP1/PKM2 axis is a critical signal pathway RV decompensation. Targeting PARP1/PKM2 axis may represent a promising avenue for tackling maladaptive RV remodeling and pulmonary circulation, simultaneously.

Modulatory effect of Persea Americana oil against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats: a proposed mechanism

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Persea Americana (avocado) oil against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.MethodsFor the induction of hepatotoxicity, DEN was administrated orally in a dose of 20 mg/kg B.wt for 6 successive weeks, and then the animals were gavaged with Persea Americana oil in a dose of 4 mL/kg b.wt. daily for another 6 weeks. Serum caspase-3 activity and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) levels were estimated; in addition to gene expressions for NADPH oxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Bcl-2, and Bax were detected.ResultsThe DEN-intoxicated group exhibited a remarkable increase in NADPH oxidase and iNOS expression combined with over-activation of PARP-1 and increased antiapoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression, whereas the expression of apoptotic biomarkers significantly decreased. On the other hand, treatment with Persea Americana oil significantly suppressed the elevated levels of hepatic enzymes and improved histopathological alterations in the liver. Furthermore, these groups displayed marked downregulation in NADPH oxidase and iNOS expressions. Persea Americana oil suppressed the expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2, activated the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway through upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax, and induced an obvious increase in caspase-3 activity. Moreover, Persea Americana oil administration markedly inhibited the activity of PARP-1.ConclusionsThis study indicated the promising potential of Persea Americana oil against DEN-induced hepatic injury through its anti-oxidative activity and pro-apoptotic effect via caspase activation and PARP-1 inhibition.