Activity Of Antioxidant System Research Articles

The interplay between ferroptosis and inflammation: therapeutic implications for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion

Stroke ranks as the second most significant contributor to mortality worldwide and is a major factor in disability. Ischemic strokes account for 71% of all stroke incidences globally. The foremost approach to treating ischemic stroke prioritizes quick reperfusion, involving methods such as intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy. These techniques can reduce disability but necessitate immediate intervention. After cerebral ischemia, inflammation rapidly arises in the vascular system, producing pro-inflammatory signals that activate immune cells, which in turn worsen neuronal injury. Following reperfusion, an overload of intracellular iron triggers the Fenton reaction, resulting in an excess of free radicals that cause lipid peroxidation and damage to cellular membranes, ultimately leading to ferroptosis. The relationship between inflammation and ferroptosis is increasingly recognized as vital in the process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Inflammatory processes disturb iron balance and encourage lipid peroxidation (LPO) through neuroglial cells, while also reducing the activity of antioxidant systems, contributing to ferroptosis. Furthermore, the lipid peroxidation products generated during ferroptosis, along with damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from ruptured cell membranes, can incite inflammation. Given the complex relationship between ferroptosis and inflammation, investigating their interaction in brain I/R is crucial for understanding disease development and creating innovative therapeutic options. Consequently, this article will provide a comprehensive introduction of the mechanisms linking ferroptosis and neuroinflammation, as well as evaluate potential treatment modalities, with the goal of presenting various insights for alleviating brain I/R injury and exploring new therapeutic avenues.

Cold Tolerance and Physiological Response of Natural Overwintering Pomacea canaliculata in South China.

Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck 1822), a freshwater gastropod indigenous to lower Del Plata Basin of Argentina, has become the most destructive and invasive rice pests in south China since its introduction in the 1980s. In Guangdong, the main production areas for double rice, most of P. canaliculata overwinter in paddy field ditches after late-rice harvesting in mid-November and diapause to temporarily to avoid the damaging effects of extreme low temperatures. This pest aroused from diapause and migrated to the paddy field after early-rice reviving in next late March. Overwintering and cold tolerance of natural P. canaliculata have a non-negligible impact on population dynamics and distribution in the following year. We tested the supercooling capability, levels of cryoprotectant synthesis, activity of antioxidant defense system (antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione), and degree of oxidative damage (concentration of malondialdehyde as an index of lipid peroxidation) monthly, using natural P. canaliculata samples with a size-gender structure (i.e., juveniles, female, and male adults) from experimental ponds during the period of mid-November to the following April. P. canaliculata survived the winter with a monthly death rate of 7%-16.5% in coldest January. The supercooling point (SCP) of overwintering P. canaliculata decreased initially before increasing subsequently with monthly changes in water temperature. P. canaliculata accumulated a high glycogen content before December, which depleted towards the end of January, while lipid content reached peak in January and depleted since February. Activity of antioxidant defense system of P. canaliculata exhibited significant monthly differences and showed relatively higher size heterogeneity than monthly variations. The results contribute to the knowledge of adaptability in overwintering P. canaliculata and help to understand the mechanism of the invasive success of this species.

Effect of ultrahigh frequency ozone therapy on oxidative metabolism in the blood of rats with ischemic skin flaps: A preclinical experimental randomized study

Background. Maintaining and restoring skin microcirculation in surgical flaps, as well as accelerating rehabilitation after skin flap transplantation, in order to mitigate the consequences of burns and injuries, remain a pressing issue. In addition to various timings and techniques for plastic surgery, physiotherapeutic approaches prove to be efficient and include low-intensity electromagnetic radiation in millimeter waves as their prominent techniques. In recent years, experts have paid an increasing attention to the application of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation across different frequency ranges for the enhancement of microcirculation in patients after surgical correction of burn consequences. However, this approach is yet to be further validated. Objective. To investigate the effect of different combinations of ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic radiation with ozone therapy on the oxidative metabolism of blood in rats using a model of ischemic skin flaps. Methods. A preclinical experimental randomized study was conducted on 100 adult male Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 250 grams. Five equal-sized groups of animals were formed in the study: Group 1: intact (no interventions), and Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5: after surgical intervention (modeling of ischemic skin flaps). Animals in Group 2 (control group) received no therapeutic procedures. Rats in Groups 3 and 5 underwent a 10-minute course of electromagnetic radiation exposure with a dose of 0.06 mJ for seven days. Animals in Group 3 were exposed to electromagnetic radiation of ultrahigh frequency with a range of 53–78 GHz. Animals in Group 4 received injections of ozonized saline solution (with a saturating ozone concentration in the ozonized oxygen mixture of 3000 µg/L) daily for 7 days, administered intraperitoneally at a volume of 1 mL. Group 5 underwent a combined treatment: daily exposure to ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic radiation along with intraperitoneal ozone therapy (the application modalities of these treatments were similar to those used in Groups 3 and 4, respectively). The intensity of lipid peroxidation, peroxide resistance in erythrocytes, and overall antioxidant system activity were assessed in order to investigate the balance of pro- and antioxidant systems in plasma and erythrocytes. Additionally, the study involved determination of the level of malondialdehyde content and evaluation of the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in erythrocytes. The obtained date were analyzed, using MS Office 2013 (Microsoft Corporation, USA) and Statistica 10 (StatSoft, USA). Results. The conducted analysis revealed an antioxidant effect from ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic radiation, with this effect being enhanced by ozone therapy. In addition, the study detected the inhibition of free radical oxidation under the ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic radiation and ozone therapy. Conclusion. Thus, the positive effects of the studied therapeutic factors manifest at the systemic level, as evidenced by the optimization of biochemical parameters and indicators of oxidative metabolism in the plasma of animal blood. It has been established that ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic radiation, administered in a noise mode, exerts a regulatory effect on pro- and antioxidant systems in the body, as demonstrated in a model of transplanted skin flap. This intervention leads to a reduction in the severity of oxidative stress and an enhancement of antioxidant reserves in the blood. The observed effect is further amplified with the additional application of ozone therapy.

Indices of carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant system state during germination of aged wheat and triticale seeds treated with H(2)S donor

Hydrogen sulfide is a gasotransmitter molecule involved in the realization of many functions of the plant organism, including seed germination. Aging of seeds is shown to be accompanied by oxidative stress and reduced germination. The effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on the germination of aged cereal seeds has not been studied. The aim of the work was to estimate the effect of priming with NaHS as an H2S donor on wheat and triticale seeds previously subjected to natural aging. Seeds of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and winter ×Triticosecale were stored indoors for 4 years at fluctuating temperature and humidity. Aged seeds were treated with 0.2-5 mM NaHS solution for 3 h and germinated in Petri dishes for 3 days. The hydropriming­ treatment was used as a control. Amylase activity in grains, the biomass of shoots and roots, the content of total sugars, H2O2, lipid peroxidation products and anthocyanin, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in seedlings were determined. It was shown that after the treatment with H2S donor, the activities of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase, as well as the content of anthocyanins were increased only in triticale seedlings. Nevertheless, treatment of seeds of both cereal species was followed by enhanced growth of shoots and roots, increase in amylase and superoxide dismutase activities, decrease in H2O2 and MDA contents, and elevated accumulation of sugars in shoots. It is concluded that the increase in germination of aged cereal seeds under the influence of H2S donor is caused by increased mobilization of reserve carbohydrates and modulation of antioxidant system activity. Such treatment can be considered as an effective tool to improve seedling growth. Keywords: amylase, antioxidant system, hydrogen sulfide, oxidative stress, seeds aging, total sugar, Triticosecale, Triticum aestivum

Dynamics of Free Radical Oxidative Processes During the Latent Period of Experimental Metastasizing to the Liver

Purpose — to investigate the dynamics of the content of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPO1), glutathione reductase (GR) and lipid peroxidation products diene conjugates (DC), malondialdehyde (MDA) in the spleen and liver during the latent period of growth and metastasis of experimental tumor.Materials and methods. Using 28 white male rats, a model of hematogenous liver metastasis was created by transplanting sarcoma 45 cells (S45) into the spleen, previously lead out under the skin 3 weeks before. Previously, was determined that a tumor visualized in the spleen at 5 weeks, and liver metastases at 7 weeks after transplantation S45. Levels of SOD1, GPO1, GR and MDA were determined using ELISA and DC by biochemical method in spleen and liver homogenates during the latent period of tumor growth and metastasis (1–2 weeks post-transplantation).Results. Significant changes (1.5–5.2 times, р < 0.050–0.001) in studied factors levels were observed compared to intact rats and rats with the spleen lead out. Activation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system was noted in the spleen (tumor-carrying organ) during tumor growth and metastasis. At the same time, in the liver (the target organ of metastasis) observed also increased lipid peroxidation but simultaneously a pronounced decreased GR levels (5 times, p < 0.001) without affecting SOD1 levels.Conclusion. Liver tissue exhibited the inferiority of antioxidant protection and the formation of pro-oxidant condition during the latent period of tumor growth, which may prepare the soil for metastasis.

The pro-oxidant-antioxidant ratio in the cells of plant seedlings from various ecological and geographical growth locations

The balance of pro-antioxidants within the cells of common fir (Abies alba) and mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) seedlings cultivated across eight distinct climatogeographical regions of Russia and Kharkov (Ukraine) was investigated. The intensity of lipid peroxidation processes was recorded as a pro-oxidant response, and the antioxidant response was measured by assessing the total content of low-molecular-weight antioxidants and the activity of superoxide dismutase. An assessment of the pro-antioxidant balance within the cellular structures of seedlings, originating from seeds of plants grown in diverse climatogeographical environments, was performed. This evaluation included the analysis of seedling survival rates, the degree of lipid peroxidation, and the activity of the antioxidant system, utilizing the coefficient method for measurement. The results suggest that the regions from which plant seeds were collected can be classified into three distinct zones according to the values of the extremity coefficient. A significant positive correlation was identified between the activity of superoxide dismutase in the cells of the examined seedlings and the levels of solar insolation in the regions where the seeds were collected. Adaptation changes in wild plants to temperature, humidity, and light conditions lead to the activation of antioxidant systems. The seedlings of plants whose seeds were formed in environments characterized by high insolation and low precipitation (such as Yakutsk, Ulan-Ude, and Srednekolymsk) exhibited a low total antioxidant content, accompanied by a compensatory increase in superoxide dismutase activity. Our research indicates that the survival rates of seedlings of common fir and mugwort are contingent upon the pro-antioxidant balance that has developed in response to the climatic conditions experienced by the plants. This relationship is characterized by species specificity, nonlinear dynamics, and is predominantly affected by the volume of precipitation received during the active growing season of the maternal plants.

Elevated proline and melatonin alter the methylation pattern in the promoter of their biosynthesis genes in rice

Salt stress upregulates osmoprotectants proline and melatonin in plants, and their exogenous application under salt stress can protect them from stress. While melatonin-induced plant epigenetic reprogramming is known in plants, such a mechanism is yet to be identified in the case of proline. The studies conducted so far used proline and melatonin along with one or more stress factors to look into their stress-alleviating effects. We investigated the impact of externally applied proline and melatonin on the methylation of promoter sequences of proline and melatonin biosynthesis genes in 14-day-old rice plants using a combination of biochemical, bioinformatics, and molecular techniques. Our findings demonstrate that exogenously applied proline and melatonin elevate endogenous levels of these compounds in rice, mimicking stress conditions in plants, as the biochemical assays corroborated the activation of antioxidant systems, particularly ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT). Bioinformatics analysis unveiled multiple stress-responsive transcription factor binding sites on gene promoters associated with proline and melatonin biosynthesis pathways. Restriction analysis using the isoschizomer pair MspI/HpaII revealed distinct cytosine methylations at the restriction sites on the promoters analyzed in plants treated with proline and melatonin compared to the control. Differential methylation identified in the promoter sequences were matching with the biosynthesis of proline and melatonin and also the antioxidant enzyme levels. These observations are consistent with previous transcriptome data of proline and melatonin biosynthesis genes, providing insights into underlying regulatory mechanisms of proline and melatonin biosynthesis, their role in epigenome control during abiotic stress, and the evolution of various stress-tolerant varieties.

Antimicrobial activity of isoxazole derivatives: A brief overview

AbstractDue to their extensive range of biological actions, isoxazole and its analogues stand out among other heterocyclic compounds as a very important class of heterocycles. Over recent years, there has been a growing demand for these heterocyclic nuclei as crucial synthetic intermediates, contributing significantly to the advancement of newly formed chemical entities in the fields of pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry. Furthermore, the significance of N and O‐containing heterocycles from medicinal perspective arises from their inherent ability to readily bind with biological systems, including various enzymes and receptors, through many non‐covalent interactions. The antimicrobial potential of isoxazole compounds has been extensively studied against broad range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, etc. From a research perspective, isoxazoles exhibit antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, analgesic, anti‐inflammatory, and central nervous system activities. It also exhibits inhibitory, glutamate transporter, and anti‐hypertensive properties, which are similar to GABA (γ‐aminobutyric acid). The current review explores the antimicrobial properties and structure‐activity relationship of different isoxazole derivatives relative to their antimicrobial efficacy. Furthermore, it seeks to highlight the potential applications and future directions in the development of isoxazole‐based antimicrobial agents.

Acetone O-(2-naphthylsulfonyl) oxime alleviates the toxic effects of cadmium in maize seedlings by increasing the phenolic substance content and antioxidant system activity

The absorption of cadmium by plants largely depends on cadmium contamination in the soil. The development of phytomining and phytoremediation methods to clean cadmium-contaminated ecosystems is an urgent issue that needs to be solved. Therefore, the role of exogenous O-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)oxime (ANSO) to maize seedlings under cadmium stress was tested. The results showed that when ANSO+cadmium application was compared to cadmium, the cadmium content increased by 7.8 times, while the abscisic acid content decreased. Under cadmium stress, ANSO application did not change the relative water content, but increased the chlorophyll content. While carotenoid content increased with cadmium application, it increased further with ANSO+cadmium application. As a result of the positive effects of ANSO application on the antioxidant system under cadmium stress, hydrogen peroxide content, lipid peroxidation and proline content decreased. ANSO application under cadmium stress increased the phenolic substance content. This study shows that exogenous ANSO makes significant contributions to the protection of maize seedlings despite being under cadmium stress. It also provides important references to the fact that despite stress, the cadmium chelation mechanisms of seedlings continue to work actively to accumulate cadmium in tissues, and it has deep implications for the remediation of cadmium-polluted soils.

Chronic Kidney Disease and Oxidative Stress

Abstract Disturbance of the balance between production of oxygen free radicals (or some other radical species) and activity of antioxidative system of protection causes the so called oxidative stress Protection of an organism from oxygen free radicals implies activity of enzymatic (catalase, SOD, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase etc.) and nonenzymatic (vitamin E. vitamin C. glutathione, uric acid etc.) systems of protection. An organism can tolerate a mild oxidative stress but a higher disturbance between the production of free radicals and the activity of the antioxidative protection results in lipid protein and DNA as well as numerous diseases. In this article we analyze oxidative stress role as an important cofactor contributing to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, atherosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis, anemia, tubulointerstitial nephritis and ischemia-reperfusion injury to chronic kidney disease patients.

Ecological characteristics of tall fescue and spatially organized communities: Their contribution to mitigating cadmium damage

The threat of cadmium (Cd) stress to agricultural soil environments, as well as their productivity attracting growing global interest. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is a strong candidate for the remediation of heavy metals in soil. However, the joint analysis of Cd tolerance, physiological responses, and multifaceted plant microbiomes in tall fescue fields has not been extensively researched. Therefore, this study employed microbial sequencing (i.e., 16S and ITS sequencing) to investigate the differences in microbial community structure among various plant compartments of Cd-resistant tall fescue (cv. ‘Arid3′) and Cd-sensitive tall fescue (cv. ‘Barrington’). Furthermore, we examined the mechanism of resistance to Cd by introducing three different bacteria and a fungus that were isolated from the ‘Arid3′ rhizosheath soil. It highlighted the potential application of enriched taxa such as Delftia, Novosphingobium, Cupriavidus and Torula in enhancing the activity of antioxidant defense systems, increasing the production of osmotic regulatory substances, and stimulating the expression of Cd-resistance genes. This ultimately promoted plant growth and enhanced phytoremediation efficiency. This study shed light on the response mechanism of the tall fescue microbiome to Cd stress and underscored the potential of tall fescue-microbe co-culture in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated areas.

Evaluation of the phytotoxicity and accumulation potential of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 3-nitrofluoranthene, on water status, photosystem II efficiency, antioxidant activity and ROS accumulation in Salvinia natans

Organic pollutants, which have become one of the most striking problems of today, raise concerns about the spread of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds into ecosystems and their toxic effects on living organisms. The purpose of this study was to determine how harmful 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-NF) exposure was to Salvinia natans, a freshwater macrophyte. Furthermore, it clarifies how this aquatic plant, which is frequently used in phytoremediation of water contaminants and wastewater treatments, interacts with PAHs and contributes to the development of bioremediation methods. In S. natans exposed to stress (10 μM (3-NF10), 25 μM (3-NF25), 50 μM (3-NF50), 100 μM (3-NF100), 250 μM (3-NF250), 500 μM (3-NF500), 1000 μM (3-NF1000) 3-nitrofluoranthene), 3-NF accumulation, oxidative stress indicators, photosynthetic efficiency, and antioxidant system activity alterations were investigated for this objective. The findings demonstrated that S. natans could effectively accumulate 3-NF, and at a concentration of 1000 μM, the 3-NF content in the leaves reached approximately 1112 mg/kg. While its adverse effects on growth (RGR) and photosynthesis (Fv/Fm) remained mild up to a concentration of 250 μM, the severity of the inhibitions increased at higher concentrations. On the other hand, exposure to 3-NF triggered the antioxidant system in S. natans plants and resulted in an increase of 60 %, 80 %, 47 % and 27 % in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in 3-NF10–25–50-100 groups, respectively. Conversely, in comparison to control plants, higher concentrations of 3-NF treatments resulted in insufficient antioxidant activity, increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS concentration), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In conclusion, S. natans plants tolerated 3-NF accumulation up to 250 μM concentration despite limitations in growth suppression and photosynthetic capacity, proving that S. natans has the potential to be used in phytoextraction studies of 3-NF-polluted waters.

Physiological responses of Lizard, Toad and Pigeon during rainy season in tropical savanna climate

BackgroundThis study investigated the adaptation mechanisms of Pigeons, Toads and Lizards during the rainy season in tropical savanna climates. Male Agama Lizards (Agama agama), Afep Pigeons (Columba unicincta) and Toads (Sclerophrys perreti) were captured at a location in Ibadan, Oyo state. Five (5) Lizards marked: L1 to L5, Afep Pigeons marked: B1 to B5 and Toads marked: T1 to T5. Each of the animals was manually constrained within six to eight hours of capture, and a 1.0-ml syringe was used to obtain blood from the heart or coccygeal vein. Blood samples were collected in an EDTA and plain bottle, respectively. Plasma and sera samples were separated by centrifugation at − 4 °C using a cold centrifuge and then analysed for creatinine, urea, glucose, Mg+, k+, Cl−, Na+, albumin, TP, ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH and haematological parameters. Cervical dislocation was performed on the animals before organs such as kidneys and liver were collected from each of the animals. Each organ collected from each animal was placed in separate plain tubes (filled with phosphate buffer).ResultThe Pigeon had higher body temperature, urea, glucose, ALP, PCV, haemoglobin concentration, neutrophil and triglyceride compared to the Lizard and Toad, while the Toad had higher Na+, Mg+ and Cl−, basophil and monocytes compared to Pigeon and Lizard and the Lizard has higher creatinine, lymphocyte and cholesterol compared to the Pigeon and Toad. On the liver oxidative stress markers, the Pigeon has higher superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione compared to the Lizard and Toad, while the Toad has higher MDA and catalase compared to the Pigeon and Lizard. On the kidney oxidative stress markers, the Pigeon has higher MDA compared to the Lizard and Toad, while the Toad has higher catalase than the Pigeon and Lizard.ConclusionsFrom this study, the elevated level of lymphocytes in Lizard and eosinophil, basophil and monocytes in Toad suggests that Lizards and Toad are more vulnerable to inflammation. The high value of cholesterol in Lizard and triglyceride in Pigeon as observed in this study may relate to the degree of stress. Also, the activation of antioxidant systems under comparative study is a part of the survival strategy of animals like amphibians, reptiles and aves when facing environmental problems.

Neuroprotective effects of trigonelline in eggplant on oxidative damage of PC12 cells and cognitive impairment in aging mice

Oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage is the main cause of neurodegenerative diseases, which is characterized by cognitive impairment. We selected a high-content natural alkaloid, trigonelline, from daily vegetables eggplants. The results showed that eggplants were rich in trigonelline. It has antioxidant and anticancer effects, but there is limited research on neurodegenerative diseases. An in vitro neuronal injury model was established using PC12 cells damaged by H2O2 to explore neuroprotective effect of trigonelline. An aging model was established in vivo by injecting D-galactose into mice for 6 weeks. Trigonelline have been found to improve cognitive impairment by improving brain-damage, enhancing antioxidant system activity in mice, regulating the activity of ChAT and AChE to maintain the balance of cholinergic system. The experimental results indicate that trigonelline has good neuroprotective effects, providing a reference for the development of functional foods made from eggplant and trigonelline, as well as prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Значення порушень прооксидантно- антиоксидантних процесів у патогенезі розвитку експериментальної пневмонії та адреналінового пошкодження міокарда

Today, pneumonia is one of the most common diseases of the respiratory system, accounting for 35-45%. No less common is coronary heart disease (CHD) among the pathologies of the cardiovascular system. In the medical world, the problem of comorbid pathology is acute, which can reduce adaptive capabilities, reduce the effectiveness of treatment and increase the development of various complications. Pathogeny of development of pneumonia and CHD is in this time to the end not studied. Research aim: to find out the features of changes and role of lipoperoxidation processes and state of the antioxidant system in pathogenesis of development of experimental pneumonia of connected with the adrenalin damage of myocardium. Materials and research methods. There were undertaken studies on 82 guinea-pigs (males), that distributed on three groups: the first group is intact animals – control (10); the second (experience) group is animals with experimental pneumonia (ЕP) accordingly on 1th, 3th, 6th and 14th twenty-four hours of experiment (36); the third (experience) group is animals with the united pathology (ЕP and adrenaline myocardium damage – AMD) accordingly on 1th, 3th, 6th and 14th twenty-four hours of experiment (36). The fixed twenty-four (1th, 3th, 6th and 14th twenty-four hours) hours took into account, because they answer the classic stages of the abrupt used for setting fire reply (incubations, development of illness, height of illness, convalescence) and motion. ЕP recreated by the method of Shlapnikov V. N., Solodova T. L. et al. by the way of intranasal infection of animals of Staphylococcus of aureus. AMD designed by non-permanent intramuscular introduction of 0,18% solution adrenaline hydrotartrate («Darnytsia», Ukraine), in a dose 0,5 mg/kg. Assessment of lipid peroxidation was carried out by measuring levels of diene conjugates (DC) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and activity of antioxidant system was evalution by catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SОD). Euthanasia by decapitation of laboratory animals was conducted under act of chloroform anaesthesia. Determinations of DC in fabrics of kidney was carred by Gavrilov's method, content of МDА – by the method of Y. N. Korobeynikov, activity SОD – by the method of R. Fried, CAТ – by the method of B. Holmes and C. Masters. The statistical working of the obtained data was carried out by Student's t-test. Results and discussions. ЕP and AMD (1th, 3th, 6th, 14th twenty-four hours) is accompanied by the increase of content of DC in fabrics of kidneys accordingly on 62,5 %, 71,5 %, 79,5 %, 82,9 % (р < 0,05), MDA – on 55,0 %, 62,1 %, 72,7 %, 85,7 % (р < 0,05) on a background the decline of activity of SОD accordingly on 25,2 %, 27,2 %, 30,6 %, 37,2 % (р < 0,05), CAT – on 31,2 %, 34,7 %, 40,3 % 45,5 % (р < 0,05) in relation to the control group of animals, that testified to development of oxidative stress, that strengthened motion of pneumonia and AMD. Conclusion: the results of researches are Got by us allow to assert that comorbidity (EP and AMD) predetermines violation of balance between prooxidant and by an antioxidant the systems, strengthening of lipoperoxidation processes in the conditions of depression of the antioxidant securing for all stages of their development with advantage on 6th and 14th twenty-four hours of experiment against the intact group of animals and specifies on the important role of one of molecular (lipid) mechanisms of damage of cages in pathogenesis of formation of these models of illnesses.

The rhizobacterial Priestia megaterium strain SH-19 mitigates the hazardous effects of heat stress via an endogenous secondary metabolite elucidation network and molecular regulation signalling

Global warming is a leading environmental stress that reduces plant productivity worldwide. Several beneficial microorganisms reduce stress; however, the mechanism by which plant–microbe interactions occur and reduce stress remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mutualistic interaction between the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial strain SH-19 and soybeans of the Pungsannamul variety. The results showed that SH-19 possessed several plant growth-promoting traits, such as the production of indole-3-acetic acid, siderophore, and exopolysaccharide, and had the capacity for phosphate solubilisation. The heat tolerance assay showed that SH-19 could withstand temperatures up to 45 °C. The strain SH-19 was identified as P. megaterium using the 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequence technique. Inoculation of soybeans with SH-19 improved seedling characteristics under high-temperature stress. This may be due to an increase in the endogenous salicylic acid level and a decrease in the abscisic acid level compared with the negative control group. The strain of SH-19 increased the activity of the endogenous antioxidant defense system, resulting in the upregulation of GSH (44.8%), SOD (23.1%), APX (11%), and CAT (52.6%). Furthermore, this study involved the transcription factors GmHSP, GmbZIP1, and GmNCED3. The findings showed upregulation of the two transcription factors GmbZIP1 (17%), GmNCED3 (15%) involved in ABA biosynthesis and induced stomatal regulation, similarly, a downregulation of the expression pattern of GmHSP by 25% was observed. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the strain SH-19 promotes plant growth, reduces high-temperature stress, and improves physiological parameters by regulating endogenous phytohormones, the antioxidant defense system, and genetic expression. The isolated strain (SH-19) could be commercialized as a biofertilizer.

Impaired Upper Airway Muscle Function with Excessive or Deficient Dietary Intake of Selenium in Rats.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) involves impaired upper airway muscle function and is linked to several pathologies including systemic hypertension, daytime somnolence and cognitive decline. Selenium is an essential micronutrient that exerts many of its effects through selenoproteins. Evidence indicates that either deficient or excessive dietary selenium intake can result in impaired muscle function, termed nutritional myopathy. To investigate the effects of selenium on an upper airway muscle, the sternohyoid, rats were fed on diets containing deficient, normal (0.5 ppm sodium selenite) or excessive (5 ppm selenite) selenium for a period of two weeks. Sternohyoid contractile function was assessed ex vivo. Serum selenium levels and activity of the glutathione antioxidant system were determined by biochemical assays. The abundance of three key muscle selenoproteins (selenoproteins -N, -S and -W (SELENON, SELENOS and SELENOW)) in sternohyoid muscle were quantified by immunoblotting. Levels of these selenoproteins were also compared between rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia, a model of OSA, and sham treated animals. Although having no detectable effect on selected organ masses and whole-body weight, either selenium-deficient or -excessive diets severely impaired sternohyoid contractile function. These changes did not involve altered fibre size distribution. These dietary interventions resulted in corresponding changes in serum selenium concentrations but did not alter the activity of glutathione-dependent antioxidant systems in sternohyoid muscle. Excess dietary selenium increased the abundance of SELENOW protein in sternohyoid muscles but had no effect on SELENON or SELENOS. In contrast, chronic intermittent hypoxia increased SELENON, decreased SELENOW and had no significant effect on SELENOS in sternohyoid muscle. These findings indicate that two-week exposure to selenium-deficient or -excessive diets drastically impaired upper airway muscle function. In the sternohyoid, SELENON, SELENOS and SELENOW proteins show distinct alterations in level following exposure to different dietary selenium intakes, or to chronic intermittent hypoxia. Understanding how alterations in Se and selenoproteins impact sternohyoid muscle function has the potential to be translated into new therapies for prevention or treatment of OSA.

Free amino acid pool in the rat skin and the skin morphological structure in acute allergic contact dermatitis

The concentration of free amino acids in the skin of rats in experimental acute allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was studied. Free AAs were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Acute ACD was simulated using 2.4-dinitrochlorobenzene. The levels of asparagic and glutamic acids, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, and taurine increased and methionine, tyrosine, tryptophan, α-aminobutyric acid and anserine decreased in the rat skin during acute ACD development. An imbalance of amino acid metabolism was expressed in an increase in the ratio of aromatic amino acids/branched-chain amino acids by a decrease in the sum of aromatic amino acids. An increase in the Phe/Tyr ratio may indicate a decrease in the activity of the hydroxylase pathway of phenylalanine metabolism in the rat skin. Only in the skin of rats with acute ACD, the levels of valine, isoleucine and lysine were negatively correlated with the level of blood TNF-1α, which confirms their anti-inflammatory effect.Histological examination revealed an inflammatory reaction expressed by lymphocytic infiltration of various skin layers (ectoderm, subepidermal layer). Perivascular proliferation of fibroblasts and formation of subepidermal fibrosis were observed in subepithelial sections. The upper layer of the thorny layer was necrotic, the granular layer with necrosis and pronounced karyopiknosis of nuclei was observed. The epidermis thickness increased, infiltration of lymphocytes and segmented neutrophils into epidermis was noted up to the cells of the thorny layer (exocytosis).The data obtained indicate a significant metabolic imbalance of amino acids in the skin of rats in acute ACD, manifested by depletion of the amino acid pool of aromatic and sulfur-containing amino acids, impaired metabolism of phenylalanine, as well as increased levels of immunogenic amino acids that play a functional role in the regulation of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant system and proliferative activity of immune system cells on the background of a significant inflammatory process.

Sex differences in respiration and redox homeostasis of heart mitochondria in rats on high-fructose diet

Sex hormones play a leading role in the sexual dimorphism of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress that are associated with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and considered as possible causes of cardiovascular disease. The aim of the work was to determine mitochondrial respiration and redox homeostasis in the heart mitochondria of high-fructose diet-fed (НFD) rats depending on sex. MetS was induced in Wistar rats by 8 weeks intake of fructose (200 g/l) with drinking water. The experiment was performed on 30 rats divided into five groups: control males, control females, HFD-fed males, HFD- fed females with intact ovaries, ovariectomized HFD-fed females. Heart mitochondria were isolated and indicators of redox homeostasis as well as mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate were determined. Heart mitochondria of intact female rats were characterized by a lower intensity of lipid peroxidation, a higher activity of antioxidant defense system and state 3 respiration in comparison with control males. HFD was shown to induce more expressed oxidative stress due to significant inhibition of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of antioxidant defese and more pronounced dysregulation of mitochondrial respiration in the heart mitochondria of ovariectomized females as compared to males. This data may partially explain the greater cardiovascular risk in women with low estrogen sufficiency and justify the necessity of new sex-specific prevention and treatment of cardiovascular risk approaches. Keywords: antioxidant defense system, heart mitochondria, mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress, rats, sex differences

Effect of exogenous melatonin on growth and antioxidant system of pumpkin seedlings under waterlogging stress.

Melatonin regulates defense responses in plants under environmental stress. This study aimed to explore the impact of exogenous melatonin on the phenotype and physiology of 'BM1' pumpkin seedlings subjected to waterlogging stress. Waterlogging stress was induced following foliar spraying of melatonin at various concentrations (CK, 0, 10, 100, 200, and 300 μmol·L-1). The growth parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant enzyme activity, osmoregulatory substance levels, and other physiological indicators were assessed to elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying the role of exogenous melatonin in mitigating waterlogging stress in pumpkin seedlings. The results indicate that pumpkin seedlings exhibit waterlogging symptoms, such as leaf wilting, water loss, edge chlorosis, and fading, under waterlogging stress conditions. Various growth indicators of the seedlings, including plant height, stem diameter, root length, fresh and dry weight, and leaf chlorophyll content, were significantly reduced. Moreover, the MDA content in leaves and roots increased significantly, along with elevated activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and soluble protein contents. When different concentrations of melatonin were sprayed on the leaves post waterlogging stress treatment, pumpkin seedlings showed varying degrees of recovery, with the 100 μmol·L-1 treatment displaying the best growth status and plant morphological phenotypes. There were no significant differences compared to the control group. Seedling growth indicators, chlorophyll content, root activity, antioxidant enzyme activities, soluble protein content, and osmotic adjustment substance content all increased to varying degrees with increasing melatonin concentration, peaking at 100 μmol·L-1. Melatonin also reduced membrane damage caused by oxidative stress and alleviated osmotic imbalance. Exogenous melatonin enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and systems involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species, with 100 μmol·L-1 as the optimal concentration. These findings underscore the crucial role of exogenous melatonin in alleviating waterlogging stress in pumpkins. The findings of this study offer a theoretical framework and technical assistance for cultivating waterlogging-resistant pumpkins in practical settings. Additionally, it establishes a theoretical groundwork for the molecular breeding of pumpkins with increased tolerance to waterlogging.