Activation Energy Of Thermal Decomposition Research Articles

Laminated ammonium perchlorate-based composite prepared by ice-template freezing-induced assembly

In this work, laminated ammonium perchlorate-based composite (LAPC) with high thermal decomposition performance was prepared by ice-template freezing-induced assembly strategy. Cobalt-Konjac glucomannan (Co2+-KGM) hydrosol with rich AP embedded was designed and used as a frozen precursor. LAPC was obtained from the ice-template freezing of the hydrosol precursor and crystallization of AP molecules. The structure and morphology of as-obtained composite were characterized, and the thermal decomposition performances were investigated. The results showed that LAPC materials have micro-/nano-lamellar structures with the thickness size of 20 μm, which are composed of AP micro-/nanoparticles formed in the freezing crystalline progress and uniformly dispersed Co2+-KGM coated on the surface and inside of the micro-/nanoparticles. Thermal analysis results show that LAPC-2 has a lower decomposition temperature than raw AP, which have decreased by 114.3 °C. The activation energy of LAPC-2 thermal decomposition was reduced by 87 kJ/mol from 200 kJ/mol of AP to 113 kJ/mol of LAPC-2. A possible catalytic mechanism of thermal decomposition of LAPC is proposed. Under heating condition, the Co2+-KGM molecules firstly decomposed, and Co-based oxides can be in situ generated on the surface and inside of AP particles, resulting in enhancing the catalytic contact areas. Abundant distributed nanoscale Co-based oxides boosted the thermal decomposition of AP and exhibited excellent catalytic performances.

Investigation on the performance of thermally aged natural ester fluid impregnated pressboard material

This paper reports the key findings from an experimental study carried out on thermally aged natural ester fluid impregnated pressboard (EOIP) material. The results show that the surface discharge inception voltage (SDIV) with thermally aged EOIP material is higher under negative DC voltage compared with positive DC and AC voltage. The SDIV increases with AC voltage frequency and a minimal reduction in voltage was observed under harmonic AC voltages with different total harmonic distortion (THD). The rate of change in voltage due to ripple content in DC voltage affects the SDIV of EOIP material, initiating discharges at lower voltages. The UHF signals radiated during the surface discharge process have a bandwidth in the range 0.9 to 2 GHz. Surface potential variation studies indicated the formation of high trap sites and trap density due to thermal aging. A reduction in the oxidation onset temperature and the activation energy of thermal decomposition were observed with thermally aged EOIP material. A pyrolysis study showed high composition of levoglucosan and acidic residue with the thermally aged specimen, which reduces its degree of polymerization. Impedance spectroscopic analysis indicates a non-Debye type of relaxation with thermally aged EOIP material. The mobility and charge transfer characteristics were also inferred from the modulus spectroscopy which showed less change for thermally aged pressboard material.

Triazole-coumarin centered star-shaped polymer: Structural characterizations and electrical properties of graphene composites

In present study, new three-arm initiator containing coumarin group and new 4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acryloyl) phenyl acrylate (MPAC) was synthesized. Three-armed star-shaped polymer was obtained by polymerization using ATRP method from the chlorine ends of the initiator. The structure characterization was performed by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy techniques. Thermal analyzes were performed by using thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) techniques in a nitrogen atmosphere. Thermal decomposition activation energy (Ea) of star polymer was determined by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger methods. The average activation energy in the range of 0.02-0.3 conversion range was determined as 115.28 kJ/mol and 152.72 kJ/mol, respectively. Polymer composites were prepared by adding graphene particles in different ratios (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 4.0% by weight) to the polymer matrix. The dielectric properties of star polymer and graphene composites were investigated in a range of 100 Hz-20 kHz frequency. Besides, the dielectric properties of the pure polymer were examined as a function of frequency at different temperatures (25 °C, 40 °C, 55 °C, 70 °C,). Furthermore, the polymer/4% graphene composite/p-Si thin-film heterojunction diode properties were investigated using current-voltage (I-V) analysis at room temperature in dark. The electrical parameters of heterojunction diode such as the rectification ratio (RR), barrier height (Φb) and ideality factor (n) were investigated. The frequency dependence of capacitance and the role of interface states were examined. The results showed that chalcone substituted three-arm star polymer/4% graphene composite has a diode and capacitor characteristic.

Preparation of Copolymer Systems of 2-(Isocoumarin-3-yl)-2-oxoethyl Methacrylate with Methyl Methacrylate and Thermal Decomposition Kinetics

Novel isocoumarin-derived copolymer systems of 2-(isocoumarin-3-yl)-2-oxoethyl methacrylate (ICEMA) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) were prepared by free radical polymerization. The ICEMA monomer ratios at the copolymer compositions were found to be 25%, 48% and 64% ICEMA by integration method in 1H-NMR technique. Thermal decomposition studies of copolymer systems were performed by thermogravimetric analysis. Various kinetic methods were applied to determine thermal decomposition kinetics of poly(ICEMA:0.48-co-MMA) copolymer. The maximum rate loss temperatures of this copolymer shifted from 295.38 to 323.17 °C depending on the increasing heating rate from 5 to 20 °C/min. The thermal decomposition activation energies of copolymer were investigated in the conversion range of 7–19%, which were resulted to be 126.17 and 125.32 kJ/mol by Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Kissinger’s methods, respectively. In addition, thermal decomposition process of the studied copolymer followed with a D1 solid-state mechanism, one-dimensional diffusion-type deceleration mechanism, at the optimum heating rate of 5 °C/min.

Study of the thermal catalysis decomposition of ammonium perchlorate-based molecular perovskite with titanium carbide MXene

In this study, we reported that two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2) MXene has intrinsic catalytic activity for thermal decomposition of high-energy ammonium perchlorate-based molecule perovskite (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3] (DAP-4). The micro morphology and structure of Ti3C2 MXene were characterized. Thermal catalysis decomposition of DAP-4 using Ti3C2 as a novel catalyst was investigated by Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that with 10 wt% Ti3C2 added, the decomposition temperature of DAP-4 was reduced to 341.2 °C at the heating rate of 10 °C·min−1, which decreased by 43.8 °C from raw DAP-4 (385 °C). The activation energy of DAP-4 thermal decomposition effectively reduced from 181 kJ mol−1 to 155 kJ mol−1. A possible mechanism of Ti3C2 MXene for the catalysis thermal decomposition of DAP-4 was proposed. This work provides a proof-of-principle concept for the thermal catalysis decomposition of ammonium perchlorate-based molecule perovskite energetic materials using the titanium carbide MXene as a catalyst.

Kinetics Model Reconstruction for Multistep Overlapping Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate with and without the Copper Oxide Compound Catalyst

ABSTRACT The effects of copper oxide compound catalyst (Cu-O) on various stages of ammonium perchlorate (AP) thermal decomposition were investigated by TG. The results show that the thermal decomposition rate at the low-temperature section increases and the temperature at the maximum thermal decomposition rate (Tm ) appears at 571 K when the Cu-O catalyst was added. The Tm at the high-temperature section is reduced from 660 K to 606 K. The thermal decomposition activation energy (Ea ) of the whole process shows that the Ea of pure AP is significantly higher than that of AP+Cu-O when α > 0.25. According to the Gaussian peak-fit, the thermal decomposition of pure AP and AP+Cu-O can be divided into four stages. The Ea of each stage shows that the Cu-O catalyst has a significant catalytic effect on the first three stages of AP thermal decomposition, but has almost no catalytic effect on the fourth stage. According to the Coats-Redfern (CR) and masterplot method, the four stages of pure AP and AP+Cu-O are consistent with the n-order reaction F model and the Avrami-Eroféev (AE) model. Finally, the mechanism function reconstruction of four stages for pure AP and AP+Cu-O is completed by Arrhenius equation and kinetics compensation effect.

Application of a multi-channel in-situ infrared spectroscopy: The case of LLM-105.

The thermal decomposition process of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide(LLM-105)under several constant temperatures (100°C, 115°C, 130°C, and 145°C) have been studied by a multi-channel in-situ reaction system. Almost 1000 spectra were obtained within 24days by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The thermal decomposition activation energies (Eα) of C-NH2 and C-NO2 in LLM-105 were calculated by the Arrhenius equation to be 89.65 and 145.09kJmol-1, respectively. The thermal decomposition process of LLM-105 under long-term constant temperature is divided into two paths: intramolecular H-transfer and C-NO2 partition. It is feasible to study the aging process of materials using a combination of a multi-channel in-situ reaction system and FT-IR, which can effectively monitor the evolution of structure.

Inkjet Printing of GAP/NC/DNTF based Microscale Booster with High Strength for PyroMEMS.

In order to improve the mechanical strength of micro-booster based on 3,4-dinitrofurazanofuroxan (DNTF), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was introduced into the composite binder of nitrocotton (NC) and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP). A full-liquid explosive ink containing DNTF, binder and solvent was printed layer by layer. By the polymer cross-linking technology, the inkjet printed sample with three-dimensional network structure was obtained. The morphology, crystal form, density, mechanical strength, thermal decomposition and micro scale detonation properties of the printed samples were tested and analyzed. The results show that the printed sample has a smooth surface and a dense internal microstructure, and the thickness of the single layer printing is less than 10 μm. Compared with the raw material DNTF, the thermal decomposition temperature and activation energy of the printed samples do not change significantly, indicating better thermal stability. The addition of curing agent TDI increases the mechanical properties and charge density of the energetic composites. The elastic modulus and hardness are increased by more than 20%. The charge density can attain 1.773 g·cm−3, which can reach 95.5% of the theoretical density. The critical detonation size of the sample can reach 1 mm × 0.01 mm or less and the detonation velocity can achieve 8686 m·s−1, which exhibits excellent micro-scale detonation ability.

Synthesis, thermal stability and surface activity of imidazolium monomeric surfactants

Abstract The renewable raw material-based imidazolium cationic monomeric surfactants have been prepared and characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR and TGA. The conductometric study of 3-(2-(decanoyloxy)ethyl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-bromide (capric surfactant) and 3-(2-(octadecanoyloxy)ethyl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-bromide (stearic surfactant) with different concentrations at 298K, 303K, 308K and 313K in ethanol; indicates that these surfactants behave as weak electrolytes. The thermodynamic parameters calculated from conductivity measurements indicate that micellization is favoured over dissociation process. The results of density and viscosity measurements have been satisfactorily explained by well-known equations with their allied parameters. The surface-active properties of capric and stearic surfactant have been measure at 298K in water and ethanol. The Gibb's adsorption isotherm confirm that derivative of surface tension with respect to natural logarithm of concentration is negative, indicating that adsorption is positive in nature i.e. surface tension of the solution is lowered by addition of surfactant molecules. The thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates that these surfactants are thermally stable up to 370 °C. Activation energy for thermal decomposition was found to be in the range of 14.00–26.06 kJ/mol and thermal stability is more for surfactants having higher hydrocarbon chain than lower one. The information collected from conductance, density and viscosity as well as surface tension measurements has shown that there is significant interaction between surfactant molecules at certain concentration (CMC).

Nanoscale Co3O4 powders prepared by an enhanced solid-state reaction method

This work is focused on the mechanism study of nanoscale Co3O4 powders prepared by an enhanced solid-state reaction method. The as-prepared powders are characterized by thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with the powders ball milled for different times as the control. The results show that ball milling can accelerate the thermal decomposition process by approximately 18.2%. Moreover, the apparent thermal decomposition activation energy of CoCO3 powders pretreated by the enhanced solid-state method declined by 33.2%. To elucidate this,the thermal decomposition kinetic equations of CoCO3 powders, with and without ball milling, are calculated. And the thermal decomposition kinetic equation of the ball-milled powders is dα/dt = (2.42E6~2.19E7) exp [(8.74E3~9.96E3)/T] 4/3(1-α) [-ln(1-α)]1/4; while that of the powders lack of ball milling is dα/dt = (1.08E10–1.07E11) exp [(1.43E4~1.51E4)/T] 2/3α−1/2, respectively. The reaction process at different time points can be forecasted by the obtained equations.

Insight into the thermal decomposition properties of potassium perchlorate (KClO4)-based molecular perovskite

Studying thermal decomposition properties of the perchlorate-based molecular perovskite energetic materials is essential to facilitate the potential applications. In this work, thermal decomposition properties of potassium perchlorate (KClO4)-based molecular perovskite were investigated. Potassium perchlorate -based molecular perovskite (H2dabco)[K(ClO4)3] were prepared by the one-pot reaction of KClO4, HClO4 and triethylenediamine (dabco). The samples were characterized. The results show that (H2dabco)[K(ClO4)3] has ternary organic-inorganic perovskite crystal structures. The thermal decomposition results demonstrated that molecular perovskite (H2dabco)[K(ClO4)3] has a lower decomposition temperature (383.6 °C) and a higher heat release (2815 J g−1) than 607.7 °C and 313 J g−1 of the monocomponent KClO4, respectively. The activation energy of thermal decomposition of (H2dabco)[K(ClO4)3] had been reduced appreciably from 191.2 kJ mol−1 to 177.7 kJ mol−1. A synergistic catalysis thermal decomposition mechanism based on unique molecular perovskite structure was proposed. This work offers a novel understanding for thermal decomposition of the molecular perovskite energetic materials.

Thermal decomposition and combustion performance of high-energy ammonium perchlorate-based molecular perovskite

The development of high-energy ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4, AP)-based energetic materials is of great significance for promoting their potential applications. In this study, AP-based molecular perovskite energetic materials (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3] were prepared via molecular assembly strategy with the facile one-pot reaction of AP, HClO4 and triethylenediamine (dabco). The as-obtained sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The thermal decomposition and combustion performance was investigated by thermo-gravimetric/differential scanning calorimeter (TG-DSC), high speed photography and three-dimensional FT-IR. The results showed that combined with the oxidizer perchlorate and fuel dabco at the molecular level, ternary molecular perovskite (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3] possessed a more stable thermal decomposition temperature (385.0 °C) than the monocomponent AP and the heat release is also as high as 3421 J g−1. The thermal decomposition activation energy (181.070 kJ mol−1) of thermal decomposition of (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3] had been expectably reduced from the activation energy (200.259 kJ mol−1) of high-temperature decomposition stage of AP, despite of low-temperature decomposition stage. The synergistic catalysis thermal decomposition mechanism based on the molecular perovskite structures was proposed. And the combustion performance demonstrated molecular perovskite (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3] had a high energy-releasing efficiency. This work provides a proof-of-principle concept for the design and fabrication of high-performance solid propellants based on molecular perovskite (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3].

Exploration of the thermal decomposition of zinc oxalate by experimental and computational methods

Zinc oxalate dihydrate has been synthesized by precipitation method and characterized by FT-IR, XRD and SEM-EDAX. The kinetics of dehydration and decomposition were studied by non-isothermal DSC technique in the N2 atmosphere at different heating rates: 4, 6, 8 and 10 K min−1. The product of thermal decomposition, ZnO has been characterized by UV, TEM, SEM-EDAX and XRD and found that the particles are in nanometer range. The activation energy for thermal dehydration and decomposition was calculated by various isoconversional methods. Furthermore, structure and reactivity of zinc oxalate have also been investigated using B3LYP/631+g (d, p) level of theory with the help of Gaussian 09W software. The theoretical investigation indicates that most probably the compound decomposes to ZnO along with the evolution of CO2 and CO.

Phosphorus Schiff base ligand and its complexes: Experimental and theoretical investigations

A phosphorus‐containing Schiff base was prepared from bis{3‐[2‐(4‐amino‐1,5‐dimethyl‐2‐phenylpyrazol‐3‐ylideneamino)ethyl]indol‐1‐ylmethyl}phosphinic acid and paraformaldehyde as a novel antibacterial compound. The reaction of the Schiff base ligand with VO(IV), Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Pd(II) and Pt(IV) led to binuclear species of metal complexes, depending on the ratio of metal ion and ligand. The ligand and its complexes were investigated using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV–visible and mass spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, conductivity measurements and thermal analysis. The results showed that the Schiff base behaves as a tetradentate ligand; moreover, on the basis of conductance results, of all the prepared complexes are non‐electrolytes, excepting the Pt(IV) complex. The metal complexes were found to be formed with a metal‐to‐ligand ratio of 2:1, except for the Pt(IV) complex with a ratio of 1:1. The activation thermodynamic parameters (ΔE*, ΔH*, ΔS*, ΔG* and K) and the activation energy of thermal decomposition were determined from thermogravimetric analysis using the Coats–Redfern method. The biological activities of the metal complexes were screened against the growth of bacteria and fungi in vitro to assess the antimicrobial potential and study the toxicity of the compounds. The prepared compounds have noteworthy antimicrobial properties.

Synthesis, characterization and thermokinetic analysis of the novel sugar based styrene co-polymer

Abstract A new α-chloralose (1,2-O-(R)-trichloroethylidene-α-D-glucofuranose)-based copolymer of styrene (PSVTEG) (2) was synthesized from vinyl (hydroxyl) furan monomer (1) and styrene by a conventional free radical polymerization reaction. The thermal decomposition kinetics of polymer were investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis in dynamic nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates. The apparent activation energy for the main stage thermal decomposition of the copolymer PSVTEG (2) was calculated using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and found to be 159.0±3 kj/mol. In addition, the activation energy value was calculated according to Coats-Redfern method and found to be compatible with the obtained result. The thermogram of the glycopolymer (PSVTEG) (2) has two decomposition stages and the calculated activation energy indicated that the main degradation stage is a nonspontaneous process (integral form 1/(1−α)2 for F3).

Study on Blending of Wall Material of the Nonel Tube by CSW/PE-g-MAH.

In order to improve the strength and resistance of ordinary nonel tubes, calcium sulfate whiskers (CSW, treated with silane coupling agent) and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MAH) are used to control the wall material of the nonel tube that the blending of the low-density polyethylene was enhanced. The effects of mass fraction of CSW or PE-g-MAH on the tensile properties, interfacial structure, melting and crystallization characteristics, and thermal decomposition behavior of the composite system were studied, and the thermal decomposition kinetics were calculated. The results show that, relative to pure LDPE, the strength of LDPE/CSW (85/15) is increased by 7.58%, and the strength of LDPE/CSW/PE-g-MAH (84/15/1) is increased by 7.58%. The addition of CSW or PE-g-MAH has gradually changed the fracture mode of the LDPE matrix. Thermal analysis shows that CSW can reduce the crystallinity of LDPE. The melting and crystallization characteristics of LDPE/CSW/PE-g-MAH composites have little effect, but the thermal decomposition stability is improved. The kinetic analysis showed that the reaction order (n) was around 1, CSW could improve LDPE/CSW thermal decomposition activation energy, and PE-g-MAH increased the thermal decomposition activation energy of LDPE/CSW/PE-g-MAH.

An assessment of how distance and diesel oxidation catalyst will impact thermal decomposition behaviors of particles

Decomposition mass loss and pyrolysis products analyses of particles sampled at various locations along the tailpipe of a Euro-IV diesel engine were performed using a thermogravimetry in conjunction with Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry-mass spectrum. Diesel particles were collected at the same location with and without diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) mounted on the test engine separately. The three poles in thermal gravity-differential thermal gravity images suggested that the decomposition process of diesel particles could be divided into three stages which correspond to the decompositions of lower boiling substances, higher boiling substances and soot respectively. It is noticed that no matter whether DOC was mounted or not, the further the particles were sampled away from the engine block, the lower the peak temperatures and the heavier the mass losses within the first two stages, which indicated that the soluble organic fraction in the particle samples increased and therefore lowering the activation energy of thermal decomposition. Hydroxyl, ammonia, CxHy fragments, benzene, toluene, and phenol were found to be the primary products of particle decomposition, which didn't change with the location of particle sample point. The employment of DOC increased the activation energy for particle oxidation and resulted in a higher peak temperature and lower mass loss within the first-stage. Moreover, the CO stretching bands of aldehyde and ketone at 1771 cm−1 was only detected without a DOC, while the NO2 peak at 1634 cm−1 was solely noticed with the presence of DOC. Compared to the first-stage pyrolysis products, more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and less CxHy fragments were seen in the second-stage.

Impact of growth conditions and strain on indium incorporation in non-polar m-plane (101¯) InGaN grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

We establish the relationships between growth conditions, strain state, optical and structural properties of nonpolar m-plane (101¯0) InGaN with indium composition up to 39% grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. We find that indium mole fraction as a function of growth temperature can be explained by an Arrhenius dependence of InN decomposition only for high temperature and low indium composition InGaN films. For the samples following the Arrhenius behavior, we estimate the effective activation energy for InN thermal decomposition in m-plane InGaN to be about 1 eV. This value is approximately a factor of two smaller than that reported for c-plane InGaN films. At low growth temperatures, InGaN layers show less efficient indium incorporation than predicted by Arrhenius behavior. We attribute the lower than expected indium composition at low temperatures to the strain-induced compositional pulling effect. We demonstrate that at 540 °C, the increase in the InGaN layer thickness leads to a preferential strain relaxation along the a-direction and an increase in the indium composition. For the indium mole fraction up to x ∼ 0.16, 30-nm-thick m-plane InGaN layers can be coherently grown on GaN with smooth morphology and pronounced low-temperature photoluminescence indicating that the material quality is suitable for device applications.

Spectroscopic characterization of glycidyl methacrylate with acrylonitrile copolymers and monomer reactivity ratios.

We report herein that copolymers containing glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with acrylonitrile (AN) units were synthesized by free radical solution polymerization technique using benzoyl peroxide as a free radical initiator and 1,4-dioxane as a solvent at 70°C. The copolymerization behavior was studied in different composition with the mole fractions of GMA ranging from 0.20 to 0.80 in the feed and under 10% copolymer conversion. The copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The thermogravimetric analysis of the copolymers suggest an overall decrease in the thermal stability of the copolymer with decreasing content of GMA in the copolymers. Thermal decomposition activation energies are calculated by the Ozawa method. The copolymer composition was determined by the application of elemental analysis method. The monomer reactivity ratios were estimated by the application of conventional linearization methods, such as Kelen-Tudos (K-T), Fineman-Ross (F-R) methods, and a nonlinear error in variable model (RREVM) method using a computer program, and all results were discussed and compared with the literature.

Thermal properties of decomposition and explosion for CL-20 and CL-20/n-Al

ABSTRACTNano-sized aluminum powders (n-Al) are usually added to high energy explosives and propellants o promote their detonation and combustion performance. From the perspective of thermal safety, this work focused on the thermal decomposition and explosion properties of CL-20 in the absence and presence of 30 wt% n-Al (CL-20/n-Al). The results of DSC experiments showed that the activation energy () of thermal decomposition of CL-20 slightly decreased upon addition of n-Al, implying that n-Al exhibited a certain degree of catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition process of CL-20, but the catalytic activity is quite low. By nonlinear multivariate regression method, the kinetic model for the thermal decomposition of CL-20 and CL-20/n-Al was determined as n-th order reaction with autocatalysis, and both the reaction order (n) and autocatalytic kinetic rate constant () of CL-20 were found to be lower than those of CL-20/n-Al, indicating that the complexity of the decomposition reaction system and autocatalytic ability of CL-20 during thermal decomposition increased upon addition of n-Al. By the deflagration point tests, the Five-Second explosion temperature () of CL-20 and CL-20/n-Al was determined to be 277.7°C and 282.3°C, respectively. Moreover, the activation energy () of thermal explosion of CL-20 and CL-20/n-Al were calculated as 159.98 kJ mol−1 and 100.7 kJ mol−1, respectively. From the more than one-third reduction of value, it can be concluded that the thermal sensitivity of CL-20 explosive could be remarkably decreased by adding n-Al, especially under the low-temperature condition.