Activated Carbon Nanocomposite Research Articles

Biogenic ZVI-banana peel activated carbon nanocomposite: Green fabrication and its application for Cr(VI) and nitrate removal

A green synthesized zero valent iron (ZVI) and a physically activated carbon derived from banana peel waste (BPAC) were co-precipitated to fabricate a composite adsorbent (ZVI-BPAC). Fe-SEM and TEM studies reveal the better dispersion of the nano-particles of the composite, lesser particle aggregation and smaller nano-sized dimension as compared to that for the ZVI. Biogenic nature of the composite is indicated by its surface chemical composition (C: 55%; Fe: 24%; O: 19%) as evident from EDAX studies. FTIR studies confirm the successful fabrication of ZVI particles onto the surface of the BPAC. The composite demonstrated good potential for the removal of both Cr(VI) (74%) and NO3– (48.5%) from aqueous medium. The adsorptive removal process was pH dependent with maximum removal occurring at pH 3 at an optimum contact time of 30 mins using a dosage of 0.7 g/L and from an initial adsorbate concentration of 20 mg/L. The study reveals the application of a novel green fabrication process for the development of a biogenic nanocomposite. ZVI-BPAC demonstrated good potential for the significant removal of Cr(VI) and NO3– from aqueous solution.

Superior catalytic effect of titania - porous carbon composite for the storage of hydrogen in MgH2 and lithium in a Li ion battery

A novel nanocomposite (0.2TiO2 + AC) with two promising applications is demonstrated, (i) as an additive for promoting hydrogen storage in magnesium hydride, (ii) as an active electrode material for hosting lithium in Li ion batteries (surface area of activated carbon (AC): 491 m2/g, pore volume: 0.252 cc/g, size of TiO2 particles: 20–30 nm). Transmission electron microscopy study provides evidence that well dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles are enclosed by amorphous carbon nets. A thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) study proves that the nanocomposite is thermally stable up to ∼400 °C. Volumetric hydrogen storage tests and DSC studies further prove that a 3 wt% of 0.2TiO2+AC nanocomposite as additive not only lowers the dehydrogenation temperature of MgH2 over 100 °C but also maintains the performance consistency. Moreover, as a working electrode for Li ion battery, 0.2TiO2+AC offers a reversible capacity of 400 mAh/g at the charge/discharge rate of 0.1C and consistent stability up to 43 cycles with the capacity retention of 160 mAh/g at 0.4C. Such cost effective-high performance materials with applications in two promising areas of energy storage are highly desired for progressing towards sustainable energy development.

Copper and Magnetic Activated Carbon Nanocomposites: Application as Recoverable Catalyst for C-S Coupling Reaction.

In this study, activated carbon (AC) was prepared from pistachio nut shell precursor as agricultural by-product. The prepared AC was used to synthesize an efficient nanocomposite via loading of the copper metal and magnetic nanoparticles (Cu-MAC@C4H8SO3H NCs) onto its structure. The structure of the nanocatalyst was characterized by different methods such as FT-IR, TEM, EDS, XRD, VSM, and TGA analysis. The catalytic activity of the prepared composite was tested in a special C-S coupling, namely with the reaction of 2-mercapto-3-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one with iodobenzene or bromobenzene. The products of the aryl thioquinazoline derivatives were obtained in good yields and in short reaction times and the products were characterized with 1H, 13C NMR and CHNS analysis. On the other hand, with easy and high recovery of Cu-MAC@C4H8SO3H NCs through magnetic separation, a simple and green method to enhance the efficiency of the nanocatalyst has been provided. The nanocatalyst was reused in the next reaction in up to five cycles without obvious activity decrease.

Preparation of Fe3O4/vine shoots derived activated carbon nanocomposite for improved removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions

In this study, Fe3O4/activated carbon nanocomposite was successfully synthesized for removal of Chromium from aqueous solutions. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were decorated on vine shoots-derived activated carbon using co-precipitation method. The atomic absorption spectrometer was used to evaluate the removal of Chromium ions by the prepared adsorbent. The effect of various parameters such as adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, reusability, electric field, and initial Chromium concentration were examined to find the optimum conditions. According to the results, the synthesized nanocomposite showed a high ability to remove Chromium at an optimized pH of 3. At optimum conditions, a high removal efficiency of 90% and an excellent adsorption capacity of 305.30 mg/g was obtained. In addition, adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics were studied in this research. The results showed that the data are well fitted with the Freundlich isotherm and the adsorption process is spontaneous and follows the pseudo-second-order model.

One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cobalt Sulfide/E-Waste Derived Activated Carbon Nanocomposite as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water-Splitting

An electrocatalyst with high performance can enhance the hydrogen production for overall water-splitting. This study reports on the e-waste-derived activated carbon encapsulated cobalt sulfide (CoS2/AC) nanocomposite synthesized via a simple hydrothermal process for overall water-splitting application. The microstructural image of CoS2/AC showed the aggregated stacked nanosheets of activated carbon encapsulating the cobalt sulfide nanoparticles. The nanocomposite of CoS2/AC exhibited the overpotential of 240 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a 34 mV dec−1 of Tafel slope value with extraordinary stability for OER. On the other hand, the nanocomposite exhibited the overpotential of 378 mV at 10 mA cm−2 with a Tafel slope of ∼134 mV dec−1 with splendid stability in 1 M KOH solution for HER. The enhanced electrical conductivity and electrochemically active surface area of the AC nanosheets and CoS2 nanoparticles in this nanocomposite account for its higher electrocatalytic activity. Thus, the hydrothermally synthesized CoS2/AC presents itself as a better bifunctional catalyst for overall water-splitting.

Silver-coated activated carbon nanocomposite by Moringa oleifera for dye removal by multivariate optimization approach

Silver-coated activated carbon nanocomposite by Moringa oleifera for dye removal by multivariate optimization approach

The preparation of AuNPs/B-dNACNs and their application in P-aminophenol electrochemical sensing

Low-cost gold nanoparticles/bagasse-derived nitrogen-doped activated carbon nanocomposites synthesized by a simple activation method, the AuNPs/B-dNACNs/GCE showed well electrocatalytic activity toward the redox of P-aminophenol (4-AP).

Evaluation of PANI-Averraoha bilimbi leaves activated carbon nanocomposite for Cd2+ and Pb2+ removal from wastewater

In current investigation, we synthesized new Polyaniline-Averraoha Bilimbi Leaves Activated Carbon (PANI-ABLC) nanocomposites and utilized as cost effectual for the elimination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions from the wastewater. The synthesized nanocomposite was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD) techniques. A batch adsorption study carried in wastewater containing different concentrations of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions in the temperature range of 303–343 K. The results show that, around 80% of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions from the wastewater was successfully isolated by using PANI-ABLC nanocomposite. Attempts were made to fit adsorption to different isotherm models. The PANI-ABLC nanocomposite complied Langmuir adsorption model (R2 = 0.999) and pseudo-second order kinetics. Further, maximum adsorption efficiency observed at 0.5 g of Polyaniline-Averraoha bilimbi leaves activated carbon nanocomposites. AC- Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) technique shows that, Polyaniline-Averraoha Bilimbi Leaves Activated Carbon (PANI-ABLC) nanocomposite is suitable for removal of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions from the wastewater. AC impedance spectroscopy technique study shows that, the process of adsorption was controlled by charge transfer process.

Application of response surface methodology for defluoridation of water using zirconia-activated carbon nanocomposite

ABSTRACT Fluoride overexposure, especially through drinking water, poses a severe risk to people all over the world. There are several ways to get rid of fluoride, but adsorption technologies are typically seen to be the most appealing in view of their efficiency, practicality, simplicity of operation, and attractiveness from an economic and environmental standpoint. In the current work, Zirconia and activated carbon nanocomposite (Zr-AC) were researched for the adsorption of fluoride from water. The impact of the various factors, viz. Zr-AC dosage (0.25–2.5 g/L), initial concentration of fluoride (2–32 ppm), pH (2.0–7.0) and contact time (30–180 min) and their effect on adsorption of fluoride was examined by using central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). At pH 7, initial fluoride concentration of 2 ppm, contact time of 180 min, and Zr-AC dosage of 2.5 g/L, fluoride removal was around 95% using Zr-AC composite. Surface characterisation of the prepared adsorbent was done using SEM-EDS and FTIR. The obtained results indicate that Zr-AC gave good results and therefore could be used for treating fluoride-contaminated water.

Fabrication of a novel superhydrophobic cotton by HDTMS with TiO2 supported activated carbon nanocomposites for photocatalysis and oil/water separation

The strong superhydrophobic and photocatalytic cotton was fabricated by a simple one-step dip rolling technique using activated carbon supported titanium dioxide (TiO2) composite with fluoride-free hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) coupling agent. The experimental result shows that the contact angle of cotton fabric treated with TiO2-AC/HDTMS reaches 158°. More importantly, 0.7 g TiO2-AC provided the same superhydrophobic effect as 5 g TiO2. Moreover, the surface physical morphology and chemical composition of modified cotton fabric were observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope(AFM), X-ray diffractometer(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) correspondingly. The experimental results show that the micro-/nano-scale rough structure, together with the long side chain alkyl in HDTMS and the siloxane (Si-O-Si) structure generated after hydrolysis and crosslinking, endows the modified cotton fabric with superhydrophobic properties. In addition, the thermogravimetric analysis shows that the modified sample exhibited excellent thermal stability. Besides, the degradation rates of methylene blue (MB) solution was 90 % when photocatalytic performance was tested on the modified fabric under simulated sunlight, and the contact angle still reached 150°. In addition, the modified fabric showed superior oil-water separation ability, with the separation efficiency higher than 98%, separation flux is greater than 1600 Lm−2 s−1, oil absorption is more than twice its own weight and it has excellent recyclability and reusability, because of its superhydrophobic surface, TiO2-AC/HDTMS fabric also showed superior stain resistance and self-cleaning ability. At the same time, the TiO2-AC/HDTMS treated fabric remained hydrophobic in acid and alkali immersion, 25 home washes, and high strength mechanical properties tests. In short, this simple porous nano-composite material combined with non-fluorosilane coupling agent finishing technology has a broad development prospect in the industrial production of multifunctional advanced textiles.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) adsorptive removal by algal magnetic activated carbon nanocomposite

In the present study, ferric oxide nanoparticles impregnated with activated carbon from Ulva prolifera biomass (UPAC−Fe2O3) were prepared and employed to remove 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by adsorption. The UPAC−Fe2O3 nanocomposite was characterized for its structural and functional properties by a variety of techniques. The nanocomposite had a jagged, irregular surface with pores due to uneven scattering of Fe2O3 nanoparticles, whereas elemental analysis portrayed the incidence of carbon, oxygen, and iron. XRD analysis established the crystalline and amorphous planes corresponding to the iron oxide and carbon phase respectively. FT-IR analyzed the functional groups that confirmed the integration of Fe2O3 nanoparticles onto nanocomposite surfaces. VSM and XPS studies uncovered the superparamagnetic nature and presence of carbon and Fe2O3, respectively, in the UPAC−Fe2O3 nanocomposite. While the surface area was 292.51 m2/g, the size and volume of the pores were at 2.61 nm and 0.1906 cm3/g, respectively, indicating the mesoporous nature and suitability of the nanocomposites that could be used as adsorbents. Adsorptive removal of 2,4-D by nanocomposite for variations in process parameters like pH, dosage, agitation speed, adsorption time, and 2,4-D concentration was studied. The adsorption of 2,4-D by UPAC−Fe2O3 nanocomposite was monolayer chemisorption owing to Langmuir isotherm behavior along with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity and second order rate constant values were 60.61 mg/g and 0.0405 g/mg min respectively. Thermodynamic analysis revealed the spontaneous and feasible endothermic adsorption process. These findings confirm the suitability of the synthesized UPAC−Fe2O3 nanocomposite to be used as an adsorbent for toxic herbicide waste streams.

Synthesis and characterization of Ni-doped TiO2 activated carbon nanocomposite for the photocatalytic degradation of anthracene

Nickel-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NDT) deposited on pine cone activated carbon (PAC) have been successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The as synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS), Photoluminescence (PL), BET surface area, and pHzpc. The characterization results of the prepared nanocomposite revealed that Ni-TiO2 was loaded on the surface of PAC, and had a higher surface area and narrower bandgap than TiO2 nanoparticles. The visible-light photocatalytic activity of the Ni-TiO2@C nanocomposite towards anthracene degradation was found to be 99.9% in 50 mins leading to end products of (1E, 3Z)-hexa-1,3,5-trien-1-ol (1a; m/z = 96), and (1E, 3E)-penta-1,3-dien-1-ol. The synthesized Ni-TiO2@C nanocomposite exhibited a better photocatalytic activity towards the photocatalytic degradation of anthracene as compared to the TiO2 nanomaterial (22.5%) and TiO2/activated carbon nanocomposite (31%) under similar conditions. The photodegradation of anthracene followed the pseudo first-order rate kinetics. The Ni-TiO2@C nanocomposite had excellent regeneration properties till the fifth cycle of use during which it degraded around 73% anthracene.

Boron-doped activated carbon nanocomposite as a selective adsorbent for rapid extraction of aflatoxins in nut samples

Activated carbon-boron (AC-B) nanocomposite has been developed as a new solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent for the extraction and specification of aflatoxins (AFs) in nuts. Porous activated carbon was produced by the chemical activation method from potato peels, which is important biomass waste, and boron was incorporated into the structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy methods were used to characterize the adsorbent. The BET specific surface area of AC-B was found to be 1014.7 m2 g−1and the pore volume was 0.42 cm3 g−1. After the extraction parameters (adsorbent amount (1–20 mg), vortex time (1–10 min), pH (3–8), desorption solvent, desorption volume (1–10 ml), and desorption time (1–10 min)) were optimized, recoveries in the range of 89.5–96.5 % of AFG1, AFG2, AFB1, and AFB2 were obtained in real pistachio, cashew nut, and walnut samples. The highest recoveries of AFs were obtained under conditions with AC-B adsorbent amount of 5 mg, vortex time of 3 min, pH 5, desorption solvent acetonitrile, volume 3 ml, and time 3 min. AFs have a low detection limit range (0.04–0.16 μg kg−1). In addition, the method had good repeatability (the intra-day and inter-day RSDs were 0.3–7.0 %, n = 8) and was validated with CRM. The results were evaluated statistically. The proposed AC-B/SPE method has been presented as an alternative to routine analysis due to its advantages such as being environmentally friendly, simple, faster, sensitive, reliable, selective, reproducible, and ease of application in the extraction of aflatoxins compared to the traditional immunoaffinity column method.

SnO2 embedded activated carbon nanocomposites: Anchoring adsorption behavior for removal of iron from water

Detection and removal of iron are of great interest to environmental chemists. Herein, activated carbon has been synthesized from saw dust. Tin oxide nanoparticles were loaded on activated carbon to prepare efficient nanoadsorbent for the removal of iron from water. The prepared adsorbent was investigated and characterized by various techniques, such as FTIR, SEM, XRD, EDX analysis. The removal of iron was monitored by considering various parameters like amount of adsorbent, contact time and concentration of iron. Kinetic studies showed best fitting of pseudo first order kinetics with rate constant 0.012 min-1. The adsorption process was analyzed by using Freundlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm models.

Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide-loaded activated carbon nanocomposite: Adsorption of methylene blue, kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic study

Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by activated carbon-loaded copper oxide nanocomposites (CuO@AC) was investigated. The activated carbon was derived from Prosopis juliflora (Mesquite) pods which is a noxious wild invader. Both activated carbon and CuO@AC were prepared at low-temperature in shortest possible duration ensuring environmentally-friendly and green synthesis approach. CuO@AC nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR and tested for adsorption kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamics, mechanism and effect of experimental variables on removal of MB from aqueous solution. The obtained results revealed that >97% MB removal over CuO@AC was achieved within 15 min by using 0.1 g adsorbent dosage, 10 mg/L MB at neutral pH and 313 K. The monolayer adsorption of MB was found to be favourable with maximum adsorption capacity to be 54.73 mg/g at 313 K. Both the gradual decrease in values of ΔG, −5.865 kJ/mol at 293 K to −7.71 kJ/mol at 313 K) and positive values of ΔS (95.12 J/K/mol) and ΔH (22.035 kJ/mol) are indicative of spontaneity and endothermicity of MB adsorption in the current study under studied experimental conditions. CuO@AC nanocomposite has demonstrated stability and recyclability to four adsorption cycles with nearly same adsorption efficiency. These findings prove that CuO@AC nanocomposite can be utilized as an excellent adsorbent for wastewater treatment at wider scale.

Zero-valent Iron Loaded Activated Carbon Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Potassium Dichromate

Fe-NPs and Fe-AC nanocomposite were synthesised using tulsi leaf extract. The phytochemicals present in the leaf extract help in the formation of nanoparticles and nanocomposites. The present method is simple and free from the use of any organic reagents. The synthesised nanoparticles were well characterised using TEM, HR-TEM, SAED pattern, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR and EDX analysis. The XRD and EDX analyses confirmed the formation of nanocomposites. The synthesised Fe-NPs and Fe-AC composites have been used for the degradation of potassium dichromate under solar irradiation. A total of ~95% and ~70% of potassium dichromate was completely degraded using Fe-AC and Fe-NPs as a photo catalyst. Fe-AC nanocomposites were found to show better catalytic activity than Fe-NPs.

Effect of UVC and UVA Photocatalytic Processes on Tetracycline Removal Using CuS-Coated Magnetic Activated Carbon Nanocomposite: A Comparative Study.

In this study, we synthesized a novel MAC nanocomposite using almond’s green hull coated with CuS. The whole set of experiments have been conducted inside a batch (discontinuous reactor system) at room temperature. The effectiveness of different parameters in tetracycline removal pH (3, 5, 7, and 9), pollutant concentration (5–100 mg/L), nanocomposite dosage (0.025–1 g/L), and contact time (5–60 min) using newly synthesized nanocomposite were investigated. Based on the results, in the optimal conditions of pH = 9, nanocomposite dosage of 1 g/L, pollutant concentration of 20 mg/L, contact time of 60 min, and room temperature, 95% removal efficiency was obtained. In MAC/CuS/UVC process, the removal of COD and TOC were 76.89% and 566.84% respectively meanwhile, these values in MAC/CuS/UVA process were 74.19% and 62.11%, respectively. The results of nanocomposite stability and magnetic recovery illustrated that the removal efficiency was reduced by 1.5% in the presence of UVC and 5% in the presence of UVA lights during all six cycles. Therefore, this nanocomposite was highly capable of recycling and reuse. It can be concluded that considering the high potential of the synthesized nanocomposite, the photocatalytic efficiency of the MAC/CuS/UVC process in tetracycline synthesis was higher than MAC/CuS/UVA process.

Efficient tetracycline removal from aqueous solutions using ionic liquid modified magnetic activated carbon (IL@mAC)

Tetracycline (TCy) belongs to PPCPs is such a widely used antibacterial drug, which is discharged from urban wastewater treatment plants or agricultural effluents. Due to low metabolism, poor absorption, overuse, and misuse, TCy is considered as threat to environment and its removal from waste-water is vital. In this research, a novel ionic liquid modified magnetic activated carbon nanocomposite (IL@mAC) was synthesized, characterized, and the adsorption efficiency of IL@mAC for removal of TCy was investigated under different operational parameters of pH (3–11); dose of IL@mAC (0.01–0.1 g/50 mL); reaction time (30–240 min), and initial TCy concentration (50–1500 mg/L). The IL@mAC characterization was done using XRD, VSM, SEM-EDX, BET, and FTIR. Results of equilibrium experiment showed that the highest removal efficiency (~98%) was obtained using 0.06 g of IL@mAC in 135 min at pH 7 and temperature 303 K. Considering the correlation coefficients (R2) for different adsorption models, it can be deduced that adsorption of TCy onto IL@mAC was better followed by Langmuir (0.9985) in comparison to Freundlich (0.9322), and Temkin (0.9654) models. Furthermore, Langmuir adsorption capacity was observed to be 895.0 mg/g. The regeneration study showed that IL@mAC retained around 85% TCy adsorption efficiency after 6th cycle. Finally, the present study indicates that the IL@mAC is of a high applicability and has extremely high adsorbent capacity to remove TCy from water compared to most of other benchmark adsorbents reported in literature.

Excellent photocatalytic performances of Co3O4–AC nanocomposites for H2 production via wastewater splitting

Natural sunlight-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production from wastewater is one of the most desirable techniques that can realize future green energy technology. Herein, we report the synthesis and the characterization of the biomass activated carbon (AC)-decorated cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanocomposites for solar-stimulated photocatalytic hydrogen production from sulphide wastewater. The Co3O4-AC nanocomposites were ultrasonically synthesized by using hydrothermally-grown spinel Co3O4 nanoflakes and biomass-derived AC nanoflakes. Co3O4-AC showed a nanobundle-like aggregated morphology, and exhibited a large specific surface area (~133 m2/g). Through utilizing Co3O4-AC as a photocatalyst for photocatalytic splitting of sulphide wastewater (0.2 M) under solar irradiance with 730 W/m2, an enhanced H2 production efficiency (~70 mL/h) was achieved owing to the synergic effects from 2-dimentionally configured Co3O4 and AC microstructures; i.e., large surface area of Co3O4 and high electrical conductivity of AC. These findings suggest the nanocomposites of Co3O4-AC to hold great promise for the green approach of photocatalytic wastewater splitting.

Enhanced water permeability and fouling resistance properties of ultrafiltration membranes incorporated with hydroxyapatite decorated orange-peel-derived activated carbon nanocomposites

Hydroxyapatite-decorated activated carbon (HAp/AC) nanocomposite was synthesized and utilized as a nanofiller to fabricate a novel type of polyethersulfone (PES) nanocomposite ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Activated carbon (AC) derived from orange peel was synthesized by low-temperature pyrolysis at 400 °C. A hydroxyapatite/AC (HAp/AC) nanocomposite was developed by a simple one-pot hydrothermal synthesis method. The UF membrane was fabricated by intercalating HAp/AC fillers into PES casting solution by the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process. The prepared membranes exhibited a lower water contact angle than the pristine PES membrane. The hybrid membrane with 4 wt% HAp/AC nanocomposite displayed 4.6 times higher pure water flux (~660 L/m2 h) than that of the pristine membrane (143 L/m2 h). In static adsorption experiments, it was found that the amount of humic acid (HA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorbed by the HAp/AC-PES hybrid membrane was much lower than that of the original membrane due to the electrostatic repulsive forces between them and the surface of the membrane. Irreversible fouling was reduced from 33 to 6 % for HA and from 46 to 8 % for BSA after HAp/AC was incorporated into the PES matrix. After 7 cycles of water-BSA-water, the HAp/AC-PES hybrid membrane maintained a high pure water flux of 540 L/m2 h with an excellent flux recovery ratio (FRR), demonstrating the long-term stability of the membranes. The developed UF membranes outperformed the original PES membranes in terms of permeability, selectivity, and antifouling.