Gene Action Research Articles

Genetic analysis and heterosis breeding of seed yield and yieldattributing traits in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.).

This study aimed to assess the genetic basis and combining ability of 10 morphological traits in Indian mustard. The experiment involved eight parent lines and 28 crosses derived from a half-diallel mating design. Combining ability analysis is vital for identifying parents and hybrids with favorable genetic effects to enhance breeding efficiency. The study found significant variations across treatments, parents and parent vs. cross for all attributes related to seed yield. Some traits exhibited notable disparities between parents and crosses, underscoring the intricate genetic dynamics at play. The estimation of genetic components of variance underscored a predominant influence of non-additive gene action, especially in traits linked to yield. Specific combining ability (SCA) consistently surpassed general combining ability (GCA), underscoring the substantial role of non-additive genetic effects. Parental genotypes NPJ-194, DRMR-15-16, Kranti and NPJ-194 were identified as consistent and potent general combiners, indicating their potential to pass on favorable alleles to their offspring. Hybrid combinations such as SKJM-05 × Kranti, RW-85-59 × SKJM-05, and NPJ-194 × SKJM-05 exhibited notable GCA effects of parents, per se performance and SCA effects of hybrids for seed yield plant-1. Heterosis breeding proved to be a viable strategy, with crosses such as RW-85-59 × SKJM-05, RW-85-59 × Giriraj, RW-85-59 × PHR-2, DRMR-15-16 × Giriraj, and SKJM-05 × PHR-2 exhibiting significant positive heterosis for OC over both mid-parent and better-parent values. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of morphological traits in Indian mustard, offering strategic directions for focused breeding efforts and trait refinement.

Identification and mechanistic insights of cell senescence-related genes in psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting 2-3% of the global population, characterised by red scaly patches that significantly affect patients' quality of life. Recent studies have suggested that cell senescence, a state in which cells cease to divide and secrete inflammatory mediators, plays a critical role in various chronic diseases, including psoriasis. However, the involvement and mechanisms of action of senescence-related genes in psoriasis remain unclear. This study aimed to identify senescence-related genes associated with psoriasis and explore their molecular mechanisms. RNA sequencing data from psoriasis and control samples were obtained from the GEO database. Differential expression analysis was performed using DESeq2 to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The intersection of DEGs with cell senescence-related genes from the CellAge database was used to identify the candidate genes. Protein-protein interaction networks, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted to explore the functions and pathways of these genes. Machine learning algorithms, including Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression and Support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVE-RFE), were used to select feature genes that were validated by qRT-PCR. Additionally, an immune cell infiltration analysis was performed to understand the roles of these genes in the immune response to psoriasis. This study identified 4,913 DEGs in psoriasis, of which 46 were related to cell senescence. Machine learning highlighted four key genes, CXCL1, ID4, CCND1, and IRF7, as significant. These genes were associated with immune cell infiltration and validated by qRT-PCR, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets for psoriasis. This study identified and validated key senescence-related genes involved in psoriasis, providing insights into their molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets and offering a foundation for developing targeted therapies for psoriasis.

Assessment of genetic diversity in Nelumbo nucifera genotypes

Aim: The present investigation assessed the level of genetic diversity in the lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) genotypes grown naturally in Bihar (India). Methodology: In situ observations on 21 quantitative traits were recorded with five replications from each sampling site and data was analysed in a Completely Randomized Block Design. Results: Among all the genotypes BRL-01, BRL-08, BRL-21, and BRL-22 showed significant variation in the number of petals per flower, weight of flower, and flower colour. High values of genetic parameters were calculated for number of petals per flower, rhizome weight, rhizome length and weight of the flower. Number of petals per flower, number of leaf venation and diameter of the flower bud showed a significant positive correlation with the weight of flower. Path analysis revealed a highest positive direct effect of leaf length on flower weight at genotypic level. Interpretation: High GCV for all traits indicates the existence of genetic variation. The traits coupled with high heritability and genetic advance indicate the positive response for selection, primarily driven by additive gene action. Therefore, selection for traits such as number of petals per flower, length of flower stalk and weight of flower may be useful for the development of improved variety for flower attributes. Key words: Correlation coefficient, Diversity, Genotypes, Lotus, Path analysis

Genotype by year interaction and additive and epistasis gene effects for Fusarium stalk rot resistance in doubled haploid lines of maize (Zea mays L.).

Fusarium stalk rot is the main factor reducing the quality of maize grain and leads to significant yield losses, which that ranges from 20 to 100%, depending on the degree of infection and weather conditions. Understanding its genetic mechanism is key to improving grain quality and ultimate yield. An experiment with 26 doubled haploid (DH) lines of maize was conducted in the northern part of the Lower Silesia Province in Poland over a ten-year period (2013-2022). The study assessed resistance to Fusarium stalk rot. The objectives were to evaluate genotype-year interactions for resistance to Fusarium stalk rot in maize DH lines using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model, to select DH lines that are stable across all years of testing and specific to particular environmental conditions, and to estimate additive and epistatic effects. AMMI results demonstrated a significant effect of genotype, year, and their interaction on Fusarium stalk rot resistance. The KN16 line is recommended for inclusion in further research within the breeding program due to its excellent stability and high average resistance to Fusarium stalk rot. Estimates of additive gene action effects were statistically significant in each year of the study. Estimates of epistasis (total additive by additive interaction) effects for Fusarium stalk rot resistance were also statistically significant in all ten years of the study. Only in 2013 was the epistasis effect positive (0.168). These results indicate that achieving biological advances in resistance to Fusarium stalk rot should be an important focus of ongoing maize breeding programs.

Identification of key genes associated with oxidative stress in ischemic stroke via bioinformatics integrated analysis

BackgroundIschemic stroke (IS) is a common cerebrovascular disease. Although the formation of atherosclerosis, which is closely related to oxidative stress (OS), is associated with stroke-related deaths. However, the role of OS in IS is unknown.MethodsOS-related key genes were obtianed by overlapping the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IS and normal control (NC) specimens, IS-related genes, and OS-related genes. Then, we investigated the mechanism of action of key genes. Subsequently, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and machine learning algorithms were utilized to excavate feature genes. In addition, the network between feature genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) was established to investigate the regulatory mechanism of feature genes. Finally, quantitative PCR (qPCR) was utilized to validate the expression of feature genes with blood specimens.ResultsA total of 42 key genes related to OS were acquired. Enrichment analysis indicated that the key genes were associated with oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, lipid and atherosclerosis, and cell migration-related pathways. Then, 6 feature genes (HSPA8, NCF2, FOS, KLF4, THBS1, and HSPA1A) related to OS were identified for IS. Besides, 6 feature genes and 255 miRNAs were utilized to establish a feature genes-miRNA network which contained 261 nodes and 277 edges. At last, qPCR results revealed that there was a trend for higher expression of FOS, KLF4, and HSPA1A in IS specimens than in NC specimens. Additionally, HSPA8 expression was significantly decreased in the IS specimens, which was consistent with the findings of the GEO database analysis.ConclusionIn conclusion, 6 feature genes (HSPA8, NCF2, FOS, KLF4, THBS1, and HSPA1A) related to OS were mined by bioinformatics analysis, which might provide a new insights into the evaluation and treatment of IS.Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Impact of Heterotic Potential in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) for Certain Yield and its Contributing Traits in Salt-Affected Soil

The present investigation was undertaken with the objectives to estimate genetic variability for yield and yield contributing components. The experimental materials of rice for this investigation comprised of 22 genotypes as lines (female) and three testers (male) viz., Narendra Usar 3, NDR 359 and CSR 36. Each of the three testers was crossed with 22 lines during Kharif, 2013. The experiment was based on the evaluation of a line × tester set of 66 hybrids (F1s) along with their 22 parents and check varieties viz., Narendra Usar 3 and Arize 6444, for twelve quantitative trait in salt affected soil in randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of variance revealed that all the treatments, parents, parent vs crosses, crosses, lines and lines x testers were highly significant for majority of the yield and its contributing traits indicated sufficient variation among the treatment/materials under study.In the present investigation, a wide range of variation in estimates of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis in positive and negative directions was observed for grain yield per plant and its contributing components. In case of grain yield per plant heterobeltiosis ranged from -1.76 per cent (IR 47427-2B-2-2B-1-1× Narendra Usar 3)to 100.14 per cent (Kashturi Chandauli× NDR 359), standard heterosis over SV1varied from -30.85 per cent (AGAMI MI× CSR 36) to 50.84 per cent (Kashturi Chandauli× NDR 359) while over it ranged from -3677 per cent (AGAMI MI× CSR 36) to 37.92 per cent (Kashturi Chandauli× NDR 359). Kashturi Chandauli× NDR 359, IR 74095 AC 5 × NDR 359, Narendra 6096 × NDR 359, Sarjoo 52 × Narendra Usar 3 and Kashturi Chandauli× Narendra Usar 3 were found highly significant over BP, while Kashturi Chandauli× NDR 359, IR 74095 AC 5 × NDR 359, Narendra 6096 × NDR 359, Sarjoo 52 × Narendra Usar 3 and Jaya × Narendra Usar 3 had highly significant over standard variety SV1. Further Kashturi Chandauli × NDR 359, IR 74095 AC 5 × NDR 359, Narendra 6096 × NDR 359, Sarjoo 52 × Narendra Usar 3 and Jaya × Narendra Usar 3 were found to be highly significant over SV2 for grain yield per plant. The estimates of heterosis were attributed to genetic interaction arising from both additive as well as high degree of non additive gene action for major physiological traits. Two physiological traits viz., biological yield per plant and harvest index followed by spikelets per panicle, 1000- grain weight, L: B ratio and flag leaf area remained as major contributors to heterobiltiosis and standard heterosis. It reflects that emphasis should be given to select these traits to enhance the production and productivity in salt affected soil.

Interspecific Hybridization between Gossypium hirsutum (American Cotton) and Gossypium barbadense (Egyptian Cotton) for Quality Improvement

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is a globally important cash crop, valued for its fiber and economic contributions to the textile industry. This study investigated the variability, heritability, and genetic advance of yield-related traits in interspecific hybrids of American (G. hirsutum) and Egyptian (G. barbadense) cotton. Using a randomized complete block design, 28 hybrids were evaluated for traits such as seed cotton yield, plant height, bolls per plant, and boll weight. Significant genetic variability was observed among hybrids, with high heritability estimates for seed cotton yield (96.84%), plant height (93.51%), and bolls per plant (76.44%), coupled with moderate genetic advance, suggesting additive gene action. Regression analysis revealed that the number of bolls emasculated and pollinated significantly influenced total seed production, with coefficients of determination (R²) of 0.5924 and 0.5102, respectively. The hybrid JA-08/A × JA-12/203 demonstrated superior crossability (100%) and seed production, making it a promising candidate for breeding programs. These findings emphasize the potential for exploiting genetic variability and hybrid vigor to develop high-yielding and high-quality cotton varieties.

Genetic Parameters in Germplasm Lines for Yield and Its Contributing Traits in Grain Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)

The present investigation was conducted to estimate the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of genotypes of grain amaranth during kharif, 2022 at Agricultural Research Station, Tornala. Fifty nine genotypes of grain amaranth along with 4 checks (Suvarna, BGA-2, GA-5 and RMA 7) were evaluated in an augmented block design for access their performances. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for grain yield/plant (82.73/82.70), no. of spikelets/ plant (62.41/62.36), inflorescence length (49.72/49.66), plant height (41.54/41.47) and days to 50% flowering (21.78/21.66) indicating the presence of high variability in germplasm for selection. The characters viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height, inflorescence length, no. of spikelets/ plant and yield/plant expressed high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean, which indicates preponderance of additive gene action in controlling the traits. Hence, the characters having high GCA & PCA can be relied upon and simple selection can be practiced for further improvement. Based on the performance, genotypes SKGPA183, EC322998, IC 551493, IC 551496 and IC 551499 have been found superior among the genotypes which can be used in breeding programmes for crop improvement.

Understanding mode of gene action governing green forage yield and its component traits in pearl millet

Understanding mode of gene action governing green forage yield and its component traits in pearl millet

Analysis of Combining Ability and Gene Action for Seed Yield and its Component Traits in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh

Background: Pigeonpea is one of India’s most essential pulse crops and it is the handiest food legume with widespread uses as food, feed, fodder and fuel. To fulfil the peoples nutrient demand, the urgent need for developing nutritious and higher productive cultivar become imperative. Therefore, this research paper seeks to explore the combining ability with the ultimate goal of advancing the development of improved varieties. Methods: An experiment was carried out in pigeonpea using Line x Tester mating design to estimate combining ability. 20 hybrids were developed by using five female lines crossed with four male testers. Result: The analysis of variance revealed significant differences of genotypes for all characters studied, indicating sufficient genetic variability for the characters. Based on results, Seed yield per plant showed a positive and significant correlation with the number of pods per plant, pod length and the number of seeds per pod. While, parents GT 102, Vaishali, GT 1 and BDN 2004-01 were found to be good general combiners. Whereas, crosses viz., GT 102 x SKNP 1408 and GT 103 x BDN 2004-01 were the most promising specific combiners for seed yield per plant.

Exploitation of heterosis, combining ability and gene action potential for improvement in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

Exploitation of the heterosis, combining ability and gene action potential in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] serves to optimize breeding efficacy, enhance both yield and quality, and facilitate the development of disease resistant and adaptable varieties. The study was carried out during rainy (kharif) seasons of 2022 and 2023 at Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh to assess the combining ability and gene action potential for 14 fruit yield and related traits in 11 parental lines and their 24 crosses. The hybrid cross Neri-7×Punjab Suhawani was proven remarkably significant positive heterosis compared to both better parent (BP) and the standard check (SC) for yield and related characters. Among the parental lines, Neri-9 and Neri-11 revealed with superior general combining ability (GCA) for maximum traits. Crosses Neri-7×Punjab Suhawani followed by Neri-75×PB-5, Neri-M×Varsha Uphar, Neri-19×Punjab Suhawani, Neri-11×PB-5 and Neri-11×Varsha Uphar recorded with maximum significantly positive specific combining ability (SCA) for yield and related traits. The non-additive gene action was pronounced in governing all the traits as the ratio of general combining ability variance (σ2GCA) and specific combining ability variance (σ2SCA) was recorded less than one for all of the characters. Proportional contribution (in per cent) of the lines was recorded greater than the testers but it was recorded lower than line × tester for the maximum traits. The superior performing crosses Neri-7×Punjab Suhawani, Neri-75×PB-5, Neri-M×Varsha Uphar, Neri-19×Punjab Suhawani and Neri-11×PB-5 showed potential for producing F1 hybrids and releasing as superior recombinants after conducting several location trials.

Genetic Variability and Association Analysis for Various Quantitative Traits in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ssp. culinaris)

Background: Lentil (microsperma) is the earliest domesticated grain legume grown for its lens shaped seeds. The current study was carried out to assess genetic variability, trait association between seed yield and its attributing components and to assess the direct and indirect effects of various attributing components on seed yield. Methods: The current experiment evaluated hundred lentil germplasm lines with three checks in augmented design across two environments viz., timely sown (E1) and late sown (E2) during rabi 2022-23. The data was recorded on 11 quantitative traits and all the statistical analyses were done using R studio. Result: High PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, 100 seed weight and number of pods per plant suggesting that these traits are genetically controlled by additive gene action and their direct selection is effective. Path analysis revealed that biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of primary branches, seeds per pod and days to flowering were the highest positive direct contributors to the seed yield. Based on the observations of the present study, genotypes PL 105, LH 18-03, IPL 406, LH 18-38, LH 18-42, LH 18-45 and LH 18-46 were found to be better performing under timely sown conditions. Similarly, genotypes LH 09-18, LH 09-19, LH 09-20, LH 09-26, LH 09-27, WBL 77 and Kota Masoor 2 were found superior under late sown conditions.

Gene Action and Combining Ability Analysis for Seed Yield and Component Traits in Castor Genotypes

General and specific combining ability was studied in castor genotypes under three different environments at Mandor, Jodhpur using three lines and ten testers along with their resultant 30 hybrids and one check (GCH-8) for seed yield and yield attributing traits. Analysis of variance showed significant influence on gca (general combining ability) and sca (specific combining ability) variances for most of the characters studied. Tester MCP-1-1 was found good general combiner for seed yield at 120, 150, 180 and 210 days after sowing and for other yield determining traits. On the contrary, two testers viz., MP-12-17 and MP-27-17 were found superior for overall seed yield at final harvest done at 210 days after sowing and also for some yield governing traits. Hybrids possessing high sca effects for overall seed yield were SKP-84 × MP-36-17, MCP-1-1 × MP-12-17 and DPC-15 × MP-34-17, these hybrids were found promising for high seed yield in arid regions of Rajasthan.

Assessment of Genetic Variability and Trait Associations in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Germplasms for Targeted Breeding Strategies

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a pivotal legume crop with substantial contributions to global food security and agricultural sustainability due to its high protein content, adaptability and nitrogen-fixing ability. The efficiency of breeding programs in enhancing chickpea productivity and resilience relies heavily on understanding and utilizing genetic variability within the germplasm. This study investigates the extent of genetic variability among forty-three chickpea genotypes, focusing on key traits such as number of pods (NPP), biological yield (BY), harvest index (HI), days to flowering (DTF), days to maturity (DTM), that influence yield and other agronomic characteristics. Analysis of variance showed significant variability among genotypes for various traits. Higher phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficients (GCV) indicated the presence of environmental influence, particularly for traits like number of pods per plant (NPP) and biological yield (BY). High heritability was observed for days to flowering (DTF) and maturity (DTM), while genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) varied, indicating additive gene action for some traits. Correlation and path analysis revealed positive relationships between plot yield and traits such as Days to Flowering (DTF), plant height (PH), and harvest index (HI). Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis indicated significant genetic diversity, grouping genotypes into clusters and identifying top performers like GJG1801 and NBEG 924. This study emphasizes the importance of genetic variability in breeding programs, aiding in the selection of elite genotypes for targeted traits improvement.

Variability Studies in Soybean Genotypes under Different Water Regimes

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is economically one of the most important oilseed crop worldwide which have high protein and oil content. Its productivity is frequently affected due to drought occurrence in India. Variability for root shoot traits under early seedling stage under drought stress may be important selection criteria for development of drought tolerant genotypes. The present investigation was carried out at Net house of Experimental Farm, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur. Sixty genotypes, procured from ICAR-IISR, were used to know the extent of genetic variability under different water regimes [normal, 100 ml (100%), S1, 50 ml (50%), S2, 25 ml (25%) and S3,0 ml (0%)] for root-soot traits and relative leaf water content under early seedling stage. Significant genetic variability was recorded for all the traits among genotypes studied under normal and water stress conditions respectively which showed the presence of ample variability in studied material. High Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation than their corresponding Genotypic Coefficient of Variation for the entire trait under different water regimes denoted influence of environment on these traits. The large genetic variation found in these genotypes may be used to develop varieties with better drought tolerance behavior and used as drought donor lines in drought breeding programs. We measured high heritability for selected characters under non water stress condition (75.05% to 100%) and water stress conditions S1 (81.40% to 100%), S2 (85.69% to 100%) and S3 (92.60% to 99.26%) respectively. Additive gene action interacted to control characters under different water regimes because high broad sense heritability along with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were recorded for most of traits. It is indicating that simple phenotypic selection would be effective for these traits under water stress condition.

Epstein-Barr virus and immunity.

The Epstein-Barr virus has infected the vast majority of the world's population. EBV is the most common herpes virus in the human population. In childhood, viral infection is either asymptomatic or can lead to infectious mononucleosis. In a small proportion of latently infected people, especially in immunosuppressed patients, EBV causes lymphoid and epithelial malignancies and a number of autoimmune diseases, including one of the causes of the development of multiple sclerosis. Innate immunity is the first line of antiviral defense, which EBV evades using a number of strategies to achieve successful infection. EBV disrupts the innate immune signaling pathways activated by Toll-like, RIG-I-like, NOD-like and AIM2-like receptors, as well as cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase. EBV also antagonizes interferon production and signaling, including the TBK1-IRF3 and JAK-STAT pathways. Through differential modulation of proviral and antiviral mechanisms of action of caspases and other cellular life cycle regulators at different stages of infection, EBV actively interferes with apoptotic and inflammatory pathways to continue effective infection. By turning the activation of innate immunity to its advantage by triggering a pro-inflammatory reaction and proteolytic cleavage of caspases that exhibit proviral activity, the virus establishes latency or enters the lytic reactivation phase, which contributes to the development of serious life-threatening diseases, including oncogenesis. The outcome of EBV infection is regulated by a subtle interaction between innate, adaptive immunity, and viral replication. In the absence of licensed preventive vaccines, immunocorrection and antiviral therapy are the only possible ways to combat the virus and prevent diseases associated with it. Understanding the mechanisms of action of certain EBV genes involved in the life cycle at different stages of infection will help in the future to find the right approach to the development of preventive and therapeutic drugs against EBV.

Fusion Genes in Myeloid Malignancies.

Fusion genes arise from gross chromosomal rearrangements and have been closely linked to oncogenesis. In myeloid malignancies, fusion genes play an integral role in the establishment of diagnosis and prognostication. In the clinical management of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, fusion genes are deeply incorporated in risk stratification criteria to guide the choice of therapy. As a result of their intrinsic ability to define specific disease entities, oncogenic fusion genes also have immense potential to be developed as therapeutic targets and disease biomarkers. In the current era of genomic medicine, breakthroughs in innovation of sequencing techniques have led to a rise in the detection of novel fusion genes, and the concept of standard-of-care diagnostics continues to evolve in this field. In this review, we outline the molecular basis, mechanisms of action and clinical impact of fusion genes. We also discuss the pros and cons of available methodologies that can be used to detect fusion genes. To contextualize the challenges encountered in clinical practice pertaining to the diagnostic workup and management of myeloid malignancies with fusion genes, we share our experience and insights in the form of three clinical case studies.

Inheritance, heterosis and combining ability analysis in line × tester crosses of cotton

Abstract. The aim of this research was to study heterosis, combining ability and genetic control of most important traits in line × tester crosses. It was found that the non-additive variance (σ2D) was larger than the additive variance (σ2A) for productivity per plant and fiber length revealing the greater importance of non-additive gene action in the inheritance of both traits and the selection of desirable forms should be conducted in the later hybrid generations. Non-additive genetic variance was also more important for boll weight, whereas additive gene action was of greater importance for lint percentage and the selection for this trait can be effective in early segregated generations. Line 266 was identified as a good general combiner for productivity per plant and fiber length, line 346 for lint percentage and fiber length. The Turkish cultivar Nazili 954 can be used in crosses to improve productivity, while the Spanish cultivar FR-H-1001 can be used to increase lint percentage and fiber length. The hybrids 191 × Nazili 954 and 266 × FR-H-1001 exhibited the highest productivity per plant with high SCA effects and the highest heterosis of 30.7-31.7%. The highest lint percentage of 42.1-42.3% was achieved in hybrids from the crosses Nazili 954 × 266 and 346 × FR-H-1001 showing significant positive heterosis of 2.4 - 9.0%. Hybrids from the crosses FR-H-1001 × 266 and 346 × FR-H-1001 had the longest fiber and exhibited heterosis of 8.4% and 5.7%, respectively. The cross combination 346 × FR-H-1001 was very promising for lint percentage and fiber length showing high mean levels for both traits with high SCA effects and positive heterosis.

Estimation of combining ability and gene action in feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using line × tester analysis

Estimation of combining ability and gene action in feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using line × tester analysis

Human DNA Mutations and their Impact on Genetic Disorders.

DNA is a remarkably precise medium for copying and storing biological information. It serves as a design for cellular machinery that permits cells, organs, and even whole organisms to work. The fidelity of DNA replication results from the action of hundreds of genes involved in proofreading and damage repair. All human cells can acquire genetic changes in their DNA all over life. Genetic mutations are changes to the DNA sequence that happen during cell division when the cells make copies of themselves. Mutations in the DNA can cause genetic illnesses such as cancer, or they could help humans better adapt to their environment over time. The endogenous reactive metabolites, therapeutic medicines, and an excess of environmental mutagens, such as UV rays all continuously damage DNA, compromising its integrity. One or more chromosomal alterations and point mutations at a single site (monogenic mutation) including deletions, duplications, and inversions illustrate such DNA mutations. Genetic conditions can occur when an altered gene is inherited from parents, which increases the risk of developing that particular condition, or some gene alterations can happen randomly. Moreover, symptoms of genetic conditions depend on which gene has a mutation. There are many different diseases and conditions caused by mutations. Some of the most common genetic conditions are Alzheimer's disease, some cancers, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, and sickle cell disease. Interestingly, scientists find that DNA mutations are more common than formerly thought. This review outlines the main DNA mutations that occur along the human genome and their influence on human health. The subject of patents pertaining to DNA mutations and genetic disorders has been brought up.