Action Of Toxic Substances Research Articles

Development of fundamental and applied research in the field of food hygiene

The review summarizes the directions of the results of scientific activities of the Department of Food Hygiene of the Federal Scientific Center for Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing. Since the day of its foundation, the employees have been working on the examination of food products, the development of methods for the study of food and ready-made meals, the prevention of food poisoning of bacterial and non-bacterial aetiology, as well as the hygienic assessment and control of the produced utensils and containers. Based on the department, capital studies were carried out to study and rationalize the nutrition of certain groups of the population: industrial workers (engaged in the development of coal mines, working at metallurgical and mining enterprises, etc.), children and adolescents of various institutions. The article highlights the main directions of work on the study and development of methods for hygienic and chemical research of public catering and food industry products, on the hygienic assessment of pesticides and new methods of food processing technology. Attention is paid to studies on establishing migration patterns and deciphering the mechanisms of biological action of toxic substances released from materials in contact with food. A significant contribution was the scientific substantiation of hygienic food system optimization using preventive foods for contingents of persons in extreme environmental conditions, including astronauts. The result of the research was the development of medico-biological requirements for specialized products intended for feeding people in extreme conditions of space flight and wounded with damage to the skeletal system. The works of the outstanding employees of the department have made a significant contribution to the science of hygiene and sanitary practice.

Physiological and Immune Functions of Punicalagin.

The aim of this publication is to compile a summary of the findings regarding punicalagin in various tissues described thus far in the literature, with an emphasis on the effect of this substance on immune reactions. Punicalagin (PUN) is an ellagitannin found in the peel of pomegranate (Punica granatum). It is a polyphenol with proven antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic and chemopreventive activities, antiproliferative activity against tumor cells; it inhibits inflammatory pathways and the action of toxic substances, and is highly tolerated. This work describes the source, metabolism, functions and effects of punicalagin, its derivatives and metabolites. Furthermore, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects are described.

Pulmonary Hypoplasia Associated with Ascites and Hydrothorax in a Newborn Pig

Background: Pulmonary hypoplasia is characterized by incomplete development of the lungs, owing to congenital defectsor the action of toxic substances. Moreover, it has rarely been described in pigs. Ascites or hydroperitoneum is characterized by the presence of fluid inside the abdominal cavity and does not generally cause changes in the abdominal organs. However, hydrothorax, characterized by the presence of fluid within the thoracic cavity, is responsible for the compression of thoracic organs and consequent heart and respiratory failure. This study aims to describe a case of congenital pulmonary hypoplasia associated with ascites and hydrothorax in a newborn pig.Case: A male neonate Landrace pig that died shortly after delivery was presented for necropsy with increased abdominal volume and bilateral extension of the pelvic limbs. The pig belonged to a litter of 13 piglets, four of which died shortly after birth. The rest of the piglets were poorly developed, but only one was presented for necropsy. Significant external changes, along with permanent distension, interpreted as arthrogriposis, were observed in the pelvic limbs. The skin of the ventral abdominal region was thin, with evidence of all blood vessels, interpreted as telangectasis. An internal examination revealed the presence of a slightly yellowish liquid in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, interpreted as hydrothorax and ascites, respectively. The lungs were reduced in size, indicating pulmonary hypoplasia. The liver had rounded edges, which were dark red and firm, with an irregular surface. Significant microscopic findings were observed in the lungs, which were divided by fibrous connective tissue and showed evidence of small and atrophied alveoli. Furthermore, connective tissue was observed around the peribronchiolar regions and underdeveloped cartilage around the airways. The liver showed dilation of the centrilobular veins. Moreover, the sinusoids were filled with erythrocytes, indicating congestion.Discussion: Pulmonary hypoplasia is a rare birth defect in pigs and can be accompanied by malformations of other organs, including anasarca. Pulmonary hypoplasia is caused by conditions that compress the lungs, such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intrathoracic masses, and pleural effusion or malformations in the chest cavity. However, none of these conditions were observed in the current case. Instead, the histopathological changes observed in the lungs were characteristic of pulmonary hypoplasia. A microscopic examination revealed that the hypoplastic lungs showed a reduced number of alveoli, replacement of the peribronchiolar smooth muscle by the connective tissue, and underdeveloped cartilage around the airways, all of which are characteristic of pulmonary hypoplasia. Vascular telangiectasia is characterized by abdominal distention due to a marked ascitic condition. Invariably, ascitic fluid accumulation results from changes in hydrodynamic parameters. The hydrothorax observed in this animal was suggestive of changes in the hydrodynamic parameters, which consequently led to fluid accumulation in the chest cavity. This has been previously described in a newborn pig infected with Clostridium difficile. The permanently and bilaterally extended pelvic joints observed at birth in this animal were interpreted as arthrogriposis. This change is attributed to various factors, such as fetal paralysis in pigs that ingest toxic substances like alkaloids present in Conium maculatum and in the stalks of Nicotiana tabacum and Datura stramunium. The literature describes pelvic limb paralysis in Landrace pigs as a genetically inherited disorder. However, it was not possible for us to establish the cause of arthrogriposis for certain in this pig.

Forecasting the environmental effects of air pollution with landfill gas in residential areas

In the article the prediction of ecological consequences of contamination of components of the landfill gas air to a residential building, located on the territory close to the landfill. A method for calculating the dispersion of landfill gas taking into account the influence of the building, based on the numerical solution of differential equations, heat transfer, Reynolds, exponential distribution, supplemented by corresponding models of turbulence, initial and boundary conditions. The technique allows to take into account the spatial heterogeneity of landfills and rolling pins as the source of the pollutant, as well as the process of penetration of polluted air into the interference. Performed software implementation and verification of the method on the example of the range “Novoselki” (Saint Petersburg) and the adjacent warehouse buildings and residential complex for the most unfavourable wind conditions taking into account the averaging over time. The ecological and toxicological analysis of landfill gas taking into account its main components, and also the analysis of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk at chronic influence on the abstract person living in the room in which the air polluted by landfill gas penetrates is carried out. The results can be used to determine the amount of maximum permissible emissions of landfill gas components, the scale moat sanitary protection zones of landfills and dumps, detecting the identification of the most polluted places on the street and indoors, the health risk assessment of residents as a result of chronic action of toxic substances, the syndrome of “sick building” caused by penetration of contaminated air into the room through openings in the walling, the solution of applied problems of ecological safety of construction, housing and communal services and public health.

Leishmaniasis and other dermatozoonoses in Brazil

Dermatozoonosis can be defined as any skin alteration caused by occasional or permanent noxious action of protozoans, coelenterates, insects, and larvae, acting as parasites or not, in any phase of their biologic cycle. The harmful effect of these diseases occurs by toxic action of substances in contact with the skin, direct contact with the body of certain aggressors, inoculation of toxic substances through stings or bites, and finally by the agent’s penetration of and permanent residence inside the skin. This permanence can be forever, during certain phases of the biologic cycle of the aggressor, or as a way by which the parasite reaches other organs. Parasitic agents may exclusively affect humans or other animals, and stings, bites, or contact with the body or substances cause nonparasitic lesions. This group constitutes a very large subject in dermatology, with a great variety of diseases. Most of the dermatozoonoses have an exclusive regional pattern, and for this reason the present article will emphasize leishmaniasis, besides creeping eruption, myiasis, schistosomiasis, and tungiasis, mainly as they are seen in Brazil. Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis is a chronic disease caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania, transmitted from animals to humans by the bite of an infected female sand fly. There is a large spectrum of clinical forms, including those that affect skin, mucosa, or internal organs.1,2

The invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia is not a suitable diet for the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Food intake by the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) was investigated when sea urchins were given a diet exclusively composed of Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh, an invasive alga recently introduced into the Mediterranean. Experiments were carried out under aquarium conditions over two periods of 3 months.In the first experiment (summer/autumn), P. lividus consumed C. taxifolia 3–30 times less than control algae. In the second experiment (winter/spring), consumption of C. taxifolia by urchins was low at the beginning, but increased during the following weeks to achieve levels similar to those of controls.Whatever the period of year, urchins with C. taxifolia diet showed marked loss of spines, long righting times and small gonosomatic ratios compared with the controls. This may result either from the action of toxic substances in the alga, and/or from a too small food intake (particularly in summer).

The use of cysteine to normalize interoceptive reflexes altered by the action of toxic substances of ascarides

In acute experiments on cats under urethane anesthesia the author studied the change of the vascular and respiratory reflexes from the chemoceptors of a humorally isolated intestine following the action of ascarides toxic substances (Ascarissuum water extracts or the metabolites of these parasites produced in vitro), as well as the normalizing effect of cysteine. As established, the vascular and respiratory reflexes, altered as a result of the toxic products of ascarides, become normalized after the administration of cysteine. In the presence of marked ascariasis in cats, the interoceptive reflexes from the chemoceptors of the isolated intestine are similarly changed; cysteine administration also normalizes the reflexes in natural Ascaris infestation.

Neuromuscular transmission in frog’s unstriated muscle

1. The neuromuscular junction in frog’s unstriated muscle is more susceptible than the muscle to fatigue, toxic action of substances and oxygen lack. 2. Calcium and potassium are necessary for neuromuscular transmission. 3. Spontaneous contractions and those produced by electric current are myogenic.

Hématies A Ponctuations Basophiles Et Hyperthyroïdie

SummaryThe ratio of stippled cells, observed on dark field after staining by methylen blue, has been found higher in patients with thyreotoxicosis (4.000 to 40.000) per million) than in normal subjects (0 to 3.000) per million). Stippled cells are not produced by direct action of toxic substances. They are probably in relation with an excitation of the erythropoietic system. They are not identical to the reticulocytes. Perhaps they provide us with a new possibility for the diagnosis of thyreotoxicosis.