Action Of Potassium Research Articles

Investigation of the Effect of an Alkaline Solution in Different Concentrations on 3D Printed PETG Plastic Specimens

Today, the most common 3D printing technology is FDM. Its essence lies in the construction of the part by applying molten material within the contour layer by layer. The advantages of this method over other 3D printing technologies are the simplicity of the process, the availability of equipment and materials, and their wide range, which allows you to vary the properties of the product. Author considered the use of 3D printing using FDM technology for the manufacture of an experimental model of a hydrocyclone. Hydrocyclones are used in modern sprinklers as a filtration system. With their help, water with abrasive substances and various impurities and with the initial content of suspended solids is filtered. The material for hydrocyclone must have high abrasive and chemical resistance. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in to investigate the possibilities of using 3D printing for the manufacture of a hydrocyclone of the sprinkler machine. (Materials and methods) The resistance of PETG plastic to the action of potassium- based fertilizers, the effect of alkali on the hardness of the material and its mechanical destruction were studied. (Results and discussion) The article presents the results of experimental studies of the exposure of samples in the working fluid. The exposure of samples in the working fluid leads to destruction with a slight mechanical impact associated with the removal of excess moisture before weighing. (Conclusions) The effect of KOH solution in different concentrations on PETG plastic does not lead to a change in its volume and mass (the polymer does not shrink and does not swell). The strength characteristics of this material have not been fully studied and require further analysis and testing.

PHYSIOLOGICAL STIMULATION BY THE HUMIC DRUGS OF GROWTH POTENTIALS OF CHICKEN-BROILERS

To increase the meat productivity of broiler chickens during fattening, they used a feed additive in the form of preparations based on humic compounds of sodium and potassium salts in various dosages and methods of giving. As a result of two prolonged experiments, the optimal scheme for the use of feed additives was experimentally worked out. The maximum gain in live weight by 9.7% compared with the control was induced by a feed additive based on a potassium humic preparation in the amount of 10% of the diet given with water and, accordingly, 9.1% with food. Sodium humic preparations were less effective than potassium, when fed in the amount of 10% of the diet with water, the gain increased by 6.7% compared with the control and, accordingly, 5.7% when given with food. When comparing the biochemical and hematological parameters of experimental and control groups of broiler chickens on the 5th day of life, that is, the starting values of their homeostasis, no statistically significant difference was found. Immediately before the experiment and the use of feed additives, the physiological potencies of all chickens were equal and their quantitative indicators were included in a single and homogeneous General population. During the period of using humic compounds that positively affected the metabolic and physiological processes of the macroorganism, as well as provided targeted correction and optimization for the intestinal microbiota, significantly different indicators of live weight gain of chickens were recorded between the experimental and control groups, with a significant difference in the actions of potassium and sodium salts of humic and methods of feeding. It turned out that potassium humic compounds are more effective than sodium, and feeding with water is better than with dry food. But the main thing is that the quantitative indicators of the physiological state of chickens of the experimental and control groups differed little from each other, and in some cases were the same. This indicates the physiology of the impact of feed additives and their safety for the macroorganism, and as a result, it provides a biochemically complete meat raw materials of high sanitary quality. That is, the use of feed additives biochemical and hematological parameters of blood in experimental and control groups consistently were within the physiological norm, which certainly proves that supplements are not excessively strong physiological stressor and provide Norelco functioning of all systems and organs of the organism, and the increased gain in live body weight of chickens of the experimental groups did not negatively affect the sanitary quality and biochemical composition of meat products. The intestinal microbiota in the experimental groups received a drug that showed prebiotic potencies and contributed to the normalization of the microflora composition, as evidenced by the isolation of signal microbionts - indicators of the sanitary well-being of a macroorganism such as Aerococcus viridans and Mycobacterium vaccae, as well as non-pathogenic variants of E. coli.

Protective Effect of Dietary Potassium against Cardiovascular Damage in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension: Possible Role of its Antioxidant Action

It is well known that high salt intake induces hypertension and cardiovascular damage, while dietary potassium supplementation counteracts these harmful effects. Actually, the protective effect of potassium is strengthened with excess salt as compared with salt depletion. Although the precise mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, in our previous reports, the antihypertensive effect of dietary potassium was accompanied by sympathetic nerve inhibition in salt-sensitive hypertension. Also, potassium supplement suppressed salt-induced insulin resistance. These effects of dietary potassium can explain its cardio- and vasculo-protective action in addition to the potassium supplementation induced decreased salt-induced rise in blood pressure. On the other hand, salt-sensitive hypertension is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. Moreover, sympathoexcitation can be induced by central ROS upregulation and insulin resistance can be caused by ROS excess in the target organs of insulin, such as skeletal muscle. Conversely, the seemingly different actions of potassium can be explained by the antioxidant effect of dietary potassium; in our recent studies, potassium supplementation inhibits salt-induced progress of cardiac diastolic dysfunction and vascular neointima formation by cuff placement around arteries, associated with the inhibition of regional ROS overproduction, in salt-sensitive hypertension. Thus, it is possible that dietary potassium protects against salt-induced cardiovascular damage by the reduction of ROS generation and by central sympatholytic action and amelioration of insulin resistance induced through its antioxidant effect.

High potassium intake attenuates antinatriuretic response to air stress in DOCA-salt rats

We studied the effects of potassium supplementation (2 wk of 0.5% KCl to drink) on responses of renal function to a stressful environmental stimulus (air stress) in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt rats. In conscious DOCA-salt rats, air stress decreased urine flow rate and urinary sodium excretion without changes in effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, whereas in normotensive vehicle-treated rats air stress had no effect on these measures. Renal denervation abolished the antidiuretic and antinatriuretic responses to air stress in DOCA-salt rats. Correspondingly potassium supplementation in DOCA-salt rats could not only reduce basal blood pressure significantly but also attenuate the antidiuretic and antinatriuretic responses to air stress without renal denervation. Evidence suggests that the attenuation by potassium supplementation of air stress-induced decrease in urine flow and sodium excretion in DOCA-salt rats may be partly involved in the natriuretic and the resultant antihypertensive actions of potassium in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats, but the mechanisms could not be clarified by the present study.

Role of Na+, K+ -ATPase in the centrally mediated hypotensive effects of potassium in anaesthetized rats

Several investigators have demonstrated the antihypertensive properties of potassium in various models of hypertension. The present studies were conducted to determine whether central mechanisms contribute to these salutary effects of potassium. In Inactin-anaesthetized rats, intracerebroventricular administration of KCl solutions (0.375, 0.75 and 1.25 mumol/5 microliters) produced concentration-dependent reductions in arterial pressure and heart rate. These effects were significantly attenuated by prior central administration of ouabain, a selective inhibitor of the sodium pump. In a separate series of experiments, prior central administration of alpha 1- and alpha 2-antagonist phentolamine, or the dopamine receptor (DA1 and DA2) antagonist RS-sulpiride, was also effective in inhibiting the hypotensive and bradycardiac effects of intracerebroventricular administration of potassium. Thus, these data suggest that activation of Na+,K(+)-ATPase and central noradrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms are involved in the central actions of potassium and these central mechanisms may contribute to the salutary effects of a potassium-rich diet in hypertensive subjects. The present studies demonstrate a potentially important relationship between Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity in the central nervous system and neural regulation of arterial blood pressure.

Action of potassium on neurochemical transmission at the cardiac adrenergic neuroeffector junction with aging

The effect of age on potassium (K +)-induced norepinephrine release in the heart was studied in 6- and 24-month-old male Fischer-344 rats. Isolated hearts were perfused with Krebs-Ringer solution according to Langendorff method. K + was employed as 2 ml bolus at the concentrtions of 70, 90, 100 and 120 μM. Norepinephrine content was measured by high pressure liquid-chromatography/electrochemical detection methodology. At each of the K − concentrations, the amount of norepinephrine released from preparations of 6-month-old animals was significantly greater than observed from preparations of 24-month-old animals. Since K +-induced release of norepinephrine is associated with calcium influx, the decrease in the capacity of K + to cause norepinephrine release with age supports the hypothesis that diminution in transmitter release is due to altered calcium function.

Synthesis of aminals and aminalacetals of ?-substituted ?-dimethylaminoacrolein

Aminals and aminalacetals of α-substituted β-dimethylaminoacrolein were synthesized by the action of potassium methylate on meso-substituted trimethine salts in the presence of dimethylamine.

Polymerization of benzene occluded in graphite-alkali metal intercalation compounds

Benzene accommodated within the interlayer space of graphite-alkali metal (potassium and rubidium) intercalation compounds was found to be polymerized not only to biphenyl, but also to terphenyl and quaterphenyl, while only biphenyl was formed by the action of potassium or rubidium metal alone under the same conditions. The formation of higher oligomers of benzene in the interlayer space of graphite intercalation compounds is to be ascribed to the amphoteric nature of the compounds, which are capable of both donating and accepting electrons.

Unequal depolarization of the membrane of the rat diaphragm muscle fibres caused by veratrine

The effect produced by veratrine on transmembrane potential was investigated in five distinct regions of the isolated rat diaphragm blocked with either d-tubocurarine or alpha-bungarotoxin. It was found that small (0.4 micrograms/ml) and large (2.0 micrograms/ml) doses of veratrine depolarize only two or three of these regions. With the use of a very large (10.0 micrograms/ml) dose depolarization occurred in all five regions of the diaphragm but the effect was much larger in those areas of the muscle fibre membrane which were selectively depolarized by the smaller ones. These results clearly indicate either an unequal distribution of sodium channels activated by veratrine or differences in sodium channel density in distinct areas of the muscle fibre membrane. Supersensitivity of veratrinized muscles to potassium was confirmed. However, the sensitiveness to the depolarizing action of potassium was only increased in the regions of the diaphragm partially depolarized by veratrine. This suggests that partial depolarization of the muscle fibre membrane was actually the cause of the supersensitivity. The possible involvement of potassium and of the unequal depolarization of the muscle fibre membrane in the veratrine response is considered.

Substitution of chlorine by fluorine in chloroaromatic compounds by the action of potassium and cesium fluorides in graphite

We have shown that preparations of KF and CsF in graphite, which are much less hygroscopic than the pure salts, are also efficient agents for the substitution of chlorine by fluorine in chloroaromatic compounds. For example, the action of equimolar amounts of pentachloropyridine with alkali metal fluorides as well as their preparations in graphite gave the following set of the products of the exchange of chlorine by fluorine (the yields are given below the products)

Changes in renal and central noradrenergic activity with potassium in DOCA-salt rats

We studied the role of the renal and central noradrenergic neurons in the antihypertensive actions of potassium in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Supplementation with 0.2% KCl could moderate the development of the DOCA-salt hypertension. The potassium supplement attenuated sodium retention in the DOCA-salt rats, and, thus, sodium "space" at wk 4 was significantly smaller in the KCl-supplemented DOCA-salt rats than in the DOCA-salt rats. Norepinephrine turnover was measured from the rate of decline of tissue norepinephrine concentration after administration of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Renal norepinephrine turnover was markedly accelerated in the DOCA-salt rats compared with the vehicle-treated control rats, but the 0.2% KCl supplements could normalize it. In contrast, turnover time in the hypothalamus and pons medulla was delayed in the DOCA-salt rats compared with the control rats, whereas 0.2% KCl supplements increased the norepinephrine turnover in the brain stem. These results suggest that the potassium-induced hypotensive actions in DOCA-salt rats may be attributed mainly to the augmented urinary sodium excretion. Moreover, it appears that the normalization of the increased renal sympathetic activity, which is intimately related to the central sympathoinhibitory noradrenergic mechanisms, may be involved in the natriuretic and antihypertensive actions of potassium in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.

Release of vasoactive intestinal peptide from rat brain slices by various depolarizing agents

The release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from rat brain cortical and amygdala slices was studied by using various depolarizing agents such as potassium (K +), veratridine (VER) and batrachotoxin (BTX). The basal release of VIP observed is of the same order of magnitude for both structures and represents less than 0.1% of the tissue content per minute measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. Maximal stimulation obtained with 56 mM K +, 50 μM VER and 1 μM BTX corresponds to a mean 3-fold increase above the basal release of VIP in both cortex and amygdala. When the incubation medium did not contain any calcium, the action of potassium on the release of VIP was suppressed. When tetrodotoxin (1 μM) was added to the incubation medium, the veratridine- and batrachotoxin-induced release of VIP was inhibited whereas K +-induced release was unaffected.These results support the hypothesis that VIP can be a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Adsorption of nitrogen on potassium promoted Fe(111) and (100) surfaces

Dissociative nitrogen adsorption through N 2 ⇌ N 2, ad → 2 N s is the rate limiting step in ammonia synthesis over iron catalysts. This model study deals with the “promoter” action of potassium by studying the influence of preadsorbed K on the energetics and kinetics of molecular and atomic nitrogen adsorption on Fe(111) and Fe(100). The heat of adsorption of molecular nitrogen is locally increased to about 11 kcal/mole in the vicinity of an adsorbed K atom, which phenomenon simultaneously lowers the activation barrier for dissociation. As a consequence the effective sticking coefficient for dissociative nitrogen adsorption is markedly increased. This effect is less pronounced for Fe(111) than for Fe(100) so that the difference in activity observed with the K-free surfaces is eliminated. The increase of the N 2 adsorption energy is attributed to the enhanced electron density of the substrate (due to charge transfer from K) which enables a more pronounced “backbonding” contribution to the adsorption bond.

Heterocyclic nitro compounds. 25. 1-Hydroxymethyl-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazoles and their derivatives

1-Hydroxymethyl derivatives of tetrazoles were obtained by the reaction of 1,2,4-triazole and 3-nitro-5-substituted triazoles with formaldehyde in water. The hydroxy groups were replaced by chlorine, and the hydroxymethyltriazoles were acetylated and tosylated. The chloro and tosyl groups are readily replaced by iodine by the action of potassium and ammonium iodide in acetone.

Potassium and hydrogen ion interaction in the vasculature of the isolated, perfused guinea pig heart.

Potassium and hydrogen ion interactions have been reported in the pial vessels of the cerebral vasculature. Adenosine and hydrogen ion interactions were also found in the coronary circulation. We now report an interaction of perfusate pH and potassium in the coronary vasculature. Isolated, perfused guinea pig hearts were used to investigate the possible influence of perfusate pH on hyperkalemic vasodilatation and on ouabain blockade of the coronary response to hyperkalemia. At perfusate pH 7.45, potassium infusion increased coronary diastolic flow 18%. At pH 7.21, the same concentration of potassium increased flow 35% above control. The coronary vascular response to potassium was modestly diminished at pH 7.65. The duration of the transient vasodilatory response to potassium at low pH was more than doubled relative to pH 7.45. The presence of ouabain in the perfusate significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the dilating action of potassium at pH 7.01 and 7.65. We conclude that the effect of hyperkalemia on coronary flow is pH sensitive but that ouabain blockade of the potassium response is not effected by changes in pH.

Differential effects of potassium on the potency of different opioids in the mouse vas deferens.

The effect of potassium on the potency of different opioids to inhibit electrically evoked twitches of the mouse vas deferens has been studied. In general, opioids lose activity as the concentration of potassium increases. Distinct differences, however, were observed between specific opiate receptor agonists. Least sensitive to the effect of potassium proved mu- and delta-opiate receptor agonists, showing only a 2-fold increase in the concentration required to cause a half-maximal inhibition at 14 mM K+. In contrast, the supposed dynorphin receptor/kappa-receptor agonists exhibited at this concentration up to an 8-fold loss of potency. Dynorphin1-13 was found to be intermediate with a 5-fold loss of inhibitory activity. These data suggest a modulatory action of potassium for dynorphin- and kappa-receptors.

Factors altering the secretion of LHRH from superfused fragments of rat hypothalamus.

This paper deals with the effect of temperature (t degrees), ions, prostaglandin (PGE2) and testosterone on the rate of release of LHRH from the superfused medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) of normal or castrated male rats in an effort to further validate the biological properties of this preparation. LHRH in the perfusate is nondetectable when the MBH is at 0 C, warming to 37 C produces a sharp rise in LHRH and then stabilization at a level at least threefold the one calculated for the 0 C experiment. Basal release rate of LHRH is t degrees and calcium dependent, as is the stimulatory action of potassium. Infusion of high K+ induces approximately a fivefold increase in the release rate of LHRH and stays at this high level for as long as the infusion lasts (50 min). LHRH stimulation by PGE2 (pulse) proceeds in the absence of external calcium, and the effect lasts longer than the potassium (pulse) action. Surprisingly, MBHs from long-ter castrated males (60-90 days) release less LHRH per minute than intact male MBHs during the steady state phase of LHRH secretion; testosterone propionate (TP, 200 microgram/100 g BW x 3 days) increases significantly the rate of release in castrate rats and is not related to the amount of LHRH assayed in the MBH. MBHs of untreated castrated rats or castrated rats treated with TP, show a reduced LHRH secretion in response to PGE2. It is concluded that this preparation can be used at advantage to study the rate of LHRH release in a variety of experimental paradigms.

Electron spin resonance spectrum of the xanthen radical anion

The radical anions of xanthen and several of its derivatives have been prepared by the action of potassium on a solution of the parent compound in dimethoxyethane at –70°. The e.s.r. spectra of these species are reported and compared with the results of MO calculations. It is suggested that the xanthen radical anion is not symmetrical but that the electron is localised on one of the benzene rings and jumps rapidly between the two sites. The radicals decompose at higher temperatures to yield other radicals some of which have been identified.

Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by domestic fowl thrombocytes (spindle cells) in vitro.

Exogenously administered 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was accumulated by nucleated thrombocytes of the domestic fowl in vitro by a mechanism showing the characteristics of active transport. This accumulation was greatly increased by the addition of various cations such as potassium, rubidium, caesium, lithium, sodium, calcium or magnesium to the incubation medium. Ouabain inhibited the stimulant action of potassium, but had little effect on that of sodium. The amount of 5-HT accumulated by the thrombocytes was also reduced by the addition to the incubation medium of reserpine, chlorpromazine, imipramine, desipramine, tryptamine, amphetamine or tyramine. These findings are similar to those reported with mammalian platelets. On the basis of these results and our previous findings on the presence of tryptophan hydroxylase in the cells, it is concluded that the high concentration of 5-HT in domestic fowl thrombocytes is supplied by two different mechanisms: uptake of this amine from circulating blood on the one hand, and synthesis from tryptophan on the other, the latter not being possible in mammalian platelets.

?Slow exchange? of unpaired electron in diphenylmethane an ion-radical

In diethyl ether, containing 10% hexametapol, in the EPR spectra of the anion-radicals obtained by the action of potassium on diphenylmethane, a transition from the spectra, corresponding to a dynamic delocalization of the unpaired electron throughout the entire diphenylmethane molecule, to spectra that testify to its localization in one phenyl ring, is realized when the temperature is lowered.