Action Of Platelet-rich Plasma Research Articles

Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Clinical Applications of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Tendinopathy: A Comprehensive Review.

Tendinopathy poses a significant clinical challenge characterized by chronic tendon pain, swelling, and impaired function, affecting athletes and the general population. Current treatments often provide limited success, necessitating exploration into regenerative therapies such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP). PRP harnesses the regenerative potential of autologous platelets and growth factors to promote tendon healing. This review aims to comprehensively examine the mechanisms, efficacy, and clinical applications of PRPin tendinopathy. We discuss the pathophysiology of tendinopathy, highlighting collagen disorganization, increased ground substance, and inflammatory changes. PRP's action mechanism involves releasing bioactive molecules that stimulate cellular proliferation, collagen synthesis, and tissue remodeling. Clinical studies and trials evaluating PRP in various tendinopathies, including Achilles, patellar, and rotator cuff tendinopathy, are reviewed to assess its efficacy and effectiveness compared to traditional therapies. Practical aspects, such as preparation methods, injection techniques, and safety considerations, are discussed to provide insights into optimal PRP administration. Challenges, including protocol variability and evidence gaps, are addressed, and future research and clinical practice directions are proposed. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review aims to guide clinicians in enhancing treatment strategies and advancing the field of tendon regenerative medicine.

THE USE OF PLATELET-RICH PLASMA IN THE TREATMENT OF ALOPECIA - A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Alopecia is a commonly occurring medical condition. Various types of alopecia are distinguished, with the most common being androgenetic alopecia affecting both men and women. Standard treatments do not always yield the expected results, hence the search for alternative forms of therapy for this condition. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used in medicine for a long time, but it has gained popularity in aesthetic medicine and dermatology in recent years. The action of PRP includes stimulating collagen formation. The therapeutic effects of PRP therapy in alopecia are achieved through the synergistic action of various types of growth factors. Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma therapy for baldness, to compare its effectiveness with other treatment methods and to present this issue to the reader. Methods: Analysis of issues related to baldness and platelet-rich plasma therapy from PubMed sources and comparison of the effectiveness of this therapy with other methods. Conclusions: Treatment with PRP for androgenetic alopecia results in an increase in overall hair density. In chronic plaque alopecia, such therapy leads, among other things, to increased hair regrowth. Combined therapy of PRP with minoxidil in androgenetic alopecia yields better results than using these methods separately. The same applies to combined therapy of PRP with finasteride. However, minoxidil with PRP yields better results than finasteride with PRP.

A review of platelet-rich plasma for enteric fistula management.

Enteric fistula (EF), a serious complication after abdominal surgery, refers to unnatural communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the skin or other hollow organs. It is associated with infection, massive fluid/electrolyte loss, and malnutrition, resulting in an unhealed course. Despite advances in surgical techniques, wound care, infection control, and nutritional support, EF remains associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) containing elevated platelet concentrations has been proposed to promote healing in many tissues. However, the mechanism of action of PRP in EF treatment remains unclear owing to its complicated clinical manifestations. In this review, we summarized the clinical approaches, outlined the principal cytokines involved in the healing effects, and discussed the advantages of PRP for EF therapy. In addition, we defined the mechanism of autologous PRP in EF management, which is essential for further developing EF therapies.

A Comparative Study on Platelet-Rich Plasma From Elderly Individuals and Young Adults to Treat Pressure Ulcers in Mice

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to compare the therapeutic effects of activated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) prepared from elderly individuals and young adults to treat pressure ulcers (PUs), and to accumulate a theoretical basis for allogeneic PRP treatment of PUs in elderly patients. Materials and methodsWhole blood was extracted from elderly individuals aged >65 y and young adult volunteers for PRP preparation, and platelet concentrations in whole blood and PRP were compared. Growth factors released from activated PRP were assayed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: the control saline, elderly-PRP (Group A), and young adult-PRP (Group B). Ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced PUs were established on the backs of mice. PUs were photographed on days 0, 5, and 10 to assess their sizes. Specimens were collected on day 10 and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's staining. Immunohistochemical staining for CD31 was conducted to evaluate vascular formation, and cell invasion was assessed using a Transwell assay. The action of PRP on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-dependent fibroblast activity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition was analyzed using immunofluorescence and Western blotting in vitro. ResultsThe platelet concentrations in whole blood and PRP of young adults were significantly higher than that in elderly individuals. The two PRP treatment groups had similar platelet enrichment coefficients of PRP. After activation, PRP from young adults produced significantly higher levels of platelet-derived growth factor, TGF-β, and vascular endothelial growth factor than PRP from elderly individuals (P < 0.05). The concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor, TGF-β, and vascular endothelial growth factor were positively correlated with the platelet concentrations in whole blood and PRP. The effects of PRP in regulating the expressions of TGF-β, α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and E-cadherin were observed in vivo and in vitro. The two PRP treatment groups exhibited better wound healing than the control group, as evidenced by more re-epithelialization, higher collagen content, skin fibrosis, and more blood vessel formation over time. Group B exhibited better wound healing than Group A (P < 0.05). ConclusionPRP exhibits potent wound healing ability in PU therapy, and PRP from young adults is seemingly superior to that from elderly individuals because of a higher concentration of platelets and increased production of growth factors.

Indications of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in Dermatology

Introduction: PRP is an autologous serum containing high concentrations of platelets and growth factors. It is used in dermatology for a variety of purposes, including hair growth, skin renewal, the removal of acne scars, dermal augmentation, and the treatment of striae distensae. The origins of PRP trace back to the 1970s, originating within the field of hematology as a treatment for patients grappling with thrombocytopenia. The subsequent decades, specifically the 1980s and 1990s, witnessed the integration of PRP into surgical procedures, notably in maxillofacial and plastic surgeries. The rationale underlying the employment and therapeutic potential of a concentrated platelet solution hinges upon their remarkable ability to furnish elevated levels of vital growth factors, thus instigating a regenerative impetus that facilitates repair in tissues characterized by limited innate healing capabilities. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted facets of PRP, encompassing mechanisms of action, prevailing indications, existing clinical substantiation, safety considerations, and the burgeoning spectrum of potential applications within the domain of skin condition treatments.&#x0D; Aim of the study: To review the current literature on the use of PRP in the field of dermatology&#x0D; Materials and Methods: We reviewed the literature available in PubMed, using the key words “platelet rich plasma”, “prp”, “autologous platelet rich plasma”, “alopecia”, “anti-aging”&#x0D; Results: PRP has a lot of potential in dermatology and its therapeutic uses are growing. Future research should standardize PRP therapy procedures for particular reasons.&#x0D; Summary: The versatile action of PRP has made it the subject of intense research. However, the reports in the literature to date on its use require further studies on larger groups of people to confirm its effects.

Action of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Facial Esthetics and its Recovery

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is prepared by using autologous blood plasma enriched with platelet. PRP has been proven to be a successful analog to correct blood loss during cardiac surgery and cardiothoracic bypass. Some authors have demonstrated bone regeneration following tooth extraction with healthy compact bone by using PRP. Typical protocols include either 1 or 2 centrifugation steps to separate whole blood into 3 layers: a top plasma layer, middle leukocyte layer, and bottom red blood cell layer, to collect a concentrate of platelets in plasma. The rationale for use and therapeutic potential of a high concentration of platelets is based on their capacity to supply and release supraphysiologic amounts of essential growth factors and cytokines from their alpha-granules to provide a regenerative stimulus that augments healing and promotes repair in tissues with low healing potential.

The Role of Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy in Joint Arthroplasty A Mini-Review.

Orthobiologics are playing an increasingly large role in the clinical setting across multiple fields of surgery. Particularly, in the field of orthopedic surgery, the employment of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy in total joint arthroscopy (TJA) has become popular for its prompted benefits of controlling pain, blood loss, and increased wound healing. PRP was originally used for thrombolytic conditions, however, the aforementioned potential benefits have led to its increased use across various fields of medicine including dermatology, neurosurgery, orthopedics, and sports medicine. Currently, there is a persisting gap in the literature surrounding the mechanism of action of PRP, as well as its true role in increasing positive patient outcomes in the context of TJA. Thus, this review aims to briefly highlight the physiological mechanisms underlining PRP therapy, evaluate recent preclinical and clinical data about its effects on TJA patient outcomes, and to describe its concomitant use in novel orthopedic-applications.

Platelet Lysate Therapy Attenuates Hypoxia Induced Apoptosis in Human Uroepithelial SV-HUC-1 Cells through Regulating the Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial-Mediated Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway.

(1) Background: Ischemia/hypoxia plays an important role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been shown to relieve symptoms of IC/BPS by regulating new inflammatory processes and promoting tissue repair. However, the mechanism of action of PRP on the IC/BPS bladder remains unclear. We hypothesize that PRP might protect the urothelium during ischemia/hypoxia by decreasing apoptosis. (2) Methods: SV-HUC-1 cells were cultured under hypoxia for 3 h and treated with or without 2% PLTGold® human platelet lysate (PL). Cell viability assays using trypan blue cell counts were examined. Molecules involved in the mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway, HIF1α, and PCNA were assessed by Western blot analysis. The detection of apoptotic cells and CM-H2DCFDA, an indicator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, was analyzed by flow cytometry. (3) Results: After 3 h of hypoxia, the viability of SV-HUC-1 cells and expression of PCNA were significantly decreased, and the expression of ROS, HIF1α, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase 3, and early apoptosis rate were significantly increased, all of which were attenuated by PL treatment. The addition of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) suppressed the levels of ROS induced by hypoxia, leading to inhibition of late apoptosis. (4) Conclusions: PL treatment could potentially protect the urothelium from apoptosis during ischemia/hypoxia by a mechanism that modulates the expression of HIF1α, the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and reduces ROS.

Action of Platelet-Rich Plasma on In Vitro Cellular Bioactivity: More than Platelets

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a biological therapy in which one of the mechanisms of action is the stimulation of biological processes such as cell proliferation. The size of PRP's effect depends on multiple factors, one of the most important being the composition of PRP. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between cell proliferation and the levels of certain growth factors (IGF-1, HGF, PDGF, TGF-β and VEG) in PRP. First, the composition and effect on cell proliferation of PRP versus platelet-poor plasma (PPP) were compared. Subsequently, the correlation between each growth factor of PRP and cell proliferation was evaluated. Cell proliferation was higher in cells incubated with lysates derived from PRP compared to those cultured with lysates derived from PPP. In terms of composition, the levels of PDGF, TGF-β, and VEGF were significantly higher in PRP. When analyzing the PRP growth factors, IGF-1 was the only factor that correlated significantly with cell proliferation. Of those analyzed, the level of IGF-1 was the only one that did not correlate with platelet levels. The magnitude of PRP's effect depends not only on platelet count but also on other platelet-independent molecules.

Effects of autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma treatment on thin endometrium in patients undergoing frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to determine whether the treatment of a thin endometrium with autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) prior to an embryo transfer increases positive reproductive outcomes in cycles where implantation failure is attributable to a thin endometrium, during the endometrial preparation cycles.Material and MethodsThis is a cohort, prospective and interventional study, carried out in a private facility. Women between 32 and 45 years old were included, with a history of two or more failed IVF/ICSI (In vitro fertilization/Intracytoplasmic sperm injection) cycles and a thin endometrium (&lt;7 mm), the cycles were with their own ovules or from donors not older than 28 years, with or without alterations in the seminal samples of their partners.Twenty-five women were enrolled in this study, the patients were treated with an intrauterine infusion of autologous PRP 2 or 3 times during the menstrual cycle on days 8, 10 and 12 of endometrial preparation for their frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycle, and Embryo Transfer (ET) was performed 3 to 5 days after the final autologous PRP infusion. A total of 25 patients underwent FET.ResultsOf 25 patients included in this study, the mean endometrial thickness after PRP treatment was 8.6 mm. The average increase in endometrial thickness was 1.76 mm this difference was statistically significant when compared with the previous cycles for each patient, respectively. The results of the cycles with PRP infusion treatment were compared with the previous results obtained in the same group of patients. The implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates (LBR) in the PRP treatment cycle were 24.59, 56, and 48%, respectively. Implantation, clinical pregnancy, and LBR in the control cycle were 0%. Implantation, clinical pregnancy, and LBR were significantly higher in the PRP treatment cycle than in the control cycle. Age, BMI, number of embryos transferred, and number of good quality embryos transferred were not significantly different.&#x0D; ConclusionsThe present study revealed a noticeable improvement in endometrial thickness after the PRP treatment considering the history of the patients, however, more studies are needed to elucidate the molecular basis of the PRP action mechanism on the endometrium and to support the results obtained and generate more solid evidence on the beneficial effect of autologous PRP treatment on the thin endometrium.

Platelet-rich Plasma in the Management of Shoulder Disorders: Basic Science and Implications Beyond the Rotator Cuff.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous mixture produced by centrifugal separation of whole blood. Understanding the clinical efficacy of PRP remains a challenge in the field of sports medicine, including the treatment of various shoulder conditions. Animal studies have examined the biologic actions of PRP on the rotator cuff tendon and shoulder capsule. Human studies have reported the outcomes of PRP in the management of subacromial impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tears, frozen shoulder, and glenohumeral osteoarthritis. These studies highlight the role of PRP in the nonsurgical management of these conditions and its utilization in the perioperative setting to augment tissue healing and optimize the surgical outcomes. The role of PRP as an adjunct therapy in patients undergoing rotator cuff repair has been in the spotlight during the last decade; however, a limited number of studies have examined the role of PRP in the management of non-rotator cuff shoulder conditions. This article aims to provide an overview of the biologic actions of PRP on shoulder tissues and to summarize the outcomes of PRP injection in patients with rotator cuff and non-rotator cuff disease of the shoulder. We sought to organize the existing literature and to provide recommendations on the use of PRP in various shoulder conditions, based on the existing evidence.

Platelet Rich Plasma and Its Use in Hair Regrowth: A Review.

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) was described as a small volume of plasma containing higher concentrations of platelets than those found in peripheral blood and initially used as a transfusion product for treatment of thrombocytopenia. To date, it was discovered that there are several growth factors and cytokines that can accelerate wound healing and tissue regeneration, leading to a wider range of applications in the medical field, such as in sport medicine, regenerative medicine, and aesthetic medicine. Several studies have shown that PRP can be used effectively for treatment of hair loss. Although it has been widely used, the exact mechanism of action of PRP is still not fully elucidated. In this article, we aim to review and update current information on the definition, classification, mechanism of action, clinical efficacy in hair regrowth, and adverse events of PRP.

Platelet-rich plasma affects gap junctional features in myofibroblasts in vitro via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/VEGF receptor.

What is the central question of this study? It is a challenge to discover effective therapies for fibrosis. Increasing evidence supports the antifibrotic potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a source of bioactive molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. However, the effects and mechanisms of action of PRP need to be clarified. What is the main finding and its importance? This report clarifies the mechanisms mediating the antifibrotic action of PRP, strengthening the role of VEGF-A/VEGF receptor, and identifies gap junction currents and connexin 43 as novel targets of this pathway in the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition induced by the transforming growth factor-β1. Despite increasing experimental evidence, the antifibrotic potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) remains controversial, and its mechanisms of action are not fully clarified. This short report extends our previous research on the capability of PRP to prevent the in vitro differentiation of fibroblasts toward myofibroblasts, the key effectors of fibrosis, induced by the profibrotic agent transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). In particular, we focused on the involvement of signalling mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) in the PRP-induced fibroblast response, highlighting gap junction features. Electrophysiological and morphological analyses revealed that PRP hindered morphofunctional differentiation of both murine NIH/3T3 and human primary adult skin fibroblasts toward myofibroblasts as judged by the analysis of membrane phenomena, α-smooth muscle actin and vinculin expression and cell morphology. Neutralization of VEGF-A by blocking antibodies or pharmacological inhibition of VEGFR by KRN633 in TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts prevented the PRP-promoted effects, such as the reduction of voltage-dependent transjunctional currents in cell pairs and a decreased expression of connexin43, the typical connexin isoform forming voltage-dependent connexons. The role of VEGF-A in inhibiting these events was confirmed by treating TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblasts with soluble VEGF-A. The results obtained when cells were differentiated using KRN633 alone suggest an antagonistic cross-talk between TGF-β1 and VEGFR. In conclusion, this study identifies, for the first time, gap junction currents as crucial targets in the VEGF-A/VEGFR-mediated antifibrotic pathway and provides new insights into mechanisms behind the action of PRP in preventing differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts.

Olfactory dysfunction: prevalence, diagnosis and treatment

Topicality: Odors affect the vital body functions, the general psychophysiological state. The sense of smell plays an important role in regulating human behavior. For example, the olfactory impulse reaches the brain faster than the impulse of pain, and therefore very effectively regulates us, regardless of awareness. Odors can change the work of various body systems: they affect the rhythm of our breathing, the excitability of muscles, the work of the brain and the entire nervous system. The sense of smell affects the limbic system, the part of the brain that controls hunger, feelings of aggression, sexual emotions and other "animal" feelings of a person. OD violates the informational and controlling roles of odorous substances (attractants, repellents, pheromones), therefore disorganizing the performance of nutritional, sexual, protective, orientation functions. For people of some specialties (taster, perfumer, cook), the decrease in the sense of smell can mean job loss and social maladaptation. Complaints about problems with taste perception more often reflect violations of the sense of smell, since the taste of a number of foods (chocolate, coffee, vanilla, strawberries, etc.) in reality depends on the stimulation of the sense of smell by volatile components that enter the nasopharynx when swallowing. Aim: To offer an otorhinolaryngologist guidance in the information stream regarding the problem of olfactory dysfunction, its prevalence, diagnosis and treatment. Materials and methods: The Sniffin’ Sticks test (CST) has been certified in the EU since 1995, and is used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy. Odors are offered in the form of markers, in which the odorous substance takes the place of the coloring one. There is a version with 16 odors from the extended test [extendid] or with 12 odors [screening]. The test is well validated, can, unlike CCSIT, be used repeatedly, the shelf life is 0.5-1 year, depending on the intensity of application. The test can be used by patients independently. The study consists of 3 stages: threshold test (THR) – determination of the minimum odor concentration that the patient feels; discrimination test (D) is aimed at identifying the patient's ability to distinguish odors; identification test (I) for odor recognition. "University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test" (UPSIT) – the test is used exclusively to identify 40 odors (some of them are little known outside of North America). Odorous substances are microcapsulated on paper in the form of a rectangle and are released as a result of friction when held over it with a simple pencil. The patient is given 4 possible answers. Normally, a healthy man correctly identifies 34-40 odors, a healthy woman – 35-40. If the subject scores 18 or less, it is considered that he has a complete loss of sense of smell. The test system is a single-use and expensive. Digital volumetric tomography (CT). The visualization of the olfactory cleft, the upper nasal concha, and the configuration of the olfactory groove (OJ) turned out to be informative. Results and discussions: The review discusses the unique properties of OE and the potential use of olfactory epithelial grafts to restore olfactory function. Permanent population of multipotent stem cells proliferating throughout the life of the organism is located in the mammal OE. The cells formed during division go through several stages of differentiation and replace the dying olfactory receptor neurons. Neural stem cells were isolated from the olfactory region of the mucous membrane of humans, rats and mice. It is this population of neural stem cells that is being investigated as an autologous material for transplantation and the future use of olfactory transplants as a potential method of restoring the sense of smell. OE survives when transplanted to various areas of the brain, can be grafted directly to OL. Conclusions: A new direction in the treatment of OD is associated with cell therapy technologies, for example, using platelet-rich plasma (PRP), plasma in which the concentration of platelets is several times higher than normal. The term PRP is legitimate at a concentration of 700 thousand to 1 million platelets in 1 ml of plasma (the physiological plasma concentration of platelets is (180-360) x109 per liter). PRP is used to accelerate tissue regeneration, reduce scarring, stimulate angiogenesis, as well as a local antiseptic. The spectrum of pharmacological action of PRP is determined by growth factors: platelet growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF). The active secretion of these growth factors by platelets begins within 10 minutes after activation (activation can be stimulated by almost any environmental disturbance, up to a simple mechanical stress), while more than 95% of the previously synthesized growth factors are secreted within 1 hour.

Differences in the mechanisms of therapeutic action of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of various joints

The paper presents the results of the application of the plasmolifting technique in the treatment of various types of musculoskeletal pathology and analyzes the possible mechanisms of the positive therapeutic effect of this technique. It is suggested that its success is in direct proportion to the composition of the tissues that make up a particular articular formation. It is supposed that the conditions for the positive therapeutic effect of the platelet auto-suspension technique include, first of all, the presence of a branched network of capillaries, which provides sufficient blood supply and, as a result, access to the sanitized tissue of granulocytic cells. The second condition is the presence of connective tissue formations containing basophils and mast cells, which, together with the endothelium of the above capillaries, secrete a sufficient amount of cytokines that trigger the therapeutic effect of this manipulation. A number of recommendations were made to increase the sanitizing effect of the plasmolifting technique on a specific joint formation.

The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on the Intra-Articular Microenvironment in Knee Osteoarthritis.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) represents a clinical challenge due to poor potential for spontaneous healing of cartilage lesions. Several treatment options are available for KOA, including oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, braces, activity modification, and finally operative treatment. Intra-articular (IA) injections are usually used when the non-operative treatment is not effective, and when the surgery is not yet indicated. More and more studies suggesting that IA injections are as or even more efficient and safe than NSAIDs. Recently, research to improve intra-articular homeostasis has focused on biologic adjuncts, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The catabolic and inflammatory intra-articular processes that exists in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) may be influenced by the administration of PRP and its derivatives. PRP can induce a regenerative response and lead to the improvement of metabolic functions of damaged structures. However, the positive effect on chondrogenesis and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is still highly controversial. Recommendations from in vitro and animal research often lead to different clinical outcomes because it is difficult to translate non-clinical study outcomes and methodology recommendations to human clinical treatment protocols. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanism of PRP action. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms related to inflammation and chondrogenesis in cartilage repair and regenerative processes after PRP administration in in vitro and animal studies. Furthermore, we review clinical trials of PRP efficiency in changing the OA biomarkers in knee joint.

Platelet-rich plasma for androgenic alopecia: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study and combined mice model experiment.

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) has been accepted as a potential therapy for treating androgenetic alopecia (AGA). To fully clarify the underling molecular mechanisms of PRP action on hair growth and promote its clinical applications. In this study, we used mice models and protein biochip to explore the specific mechanisms of PRP regulating hair growth. Then, we performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, half-head study of 52 AGA patients to verify the therapeutic efficacy of PRP in Chinese AGA patients. The results confirmed that PRP treatment boosted hair regrowth, accelerated hair cycling, and the effect sustained for more than one hair cycle in mice. Protein biochip evaluation confirmed remarkably upregulated β-Catenin, PDGF, and AKT signaling and repressed p53 signaling in PRP injection group. Clinically, mean hair count, density, diameter, and anagen hair ratio in PRP group showed a significant improvement at 6month comparing to control side. Overall, we elucidated the specific molecular mechanism of PRP action on hair growth and proved the therapeutic efficacy and safety of PRP in Chinese AGA patients.

Prospects for use of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

The paper reviews the data available in the literature on the mechanisms of action of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and the experience of its use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It defines the place of PRP in the systemic and local therapy of RA. The chemical composition of PRP and the structure of the platelet organelles included in it are described. An estimate is made for procedures to prepare platelet-rich plasma containing different concentrations of key growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor α (TGFα), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). The variants of PRP classifications, which take into account differences in the composition and levels of the growth factors, are considered. The experience with intra-articular injections of autologous plasma products in patients with RA and synovitis is analyzed. These findings lead to the conclusion that PRP therapy can be an effective tool to relieve inflammation and to stimulate local reparative processes in damaged joint tissues in patients with RA. Further study of the possibilities of using this method of therapy and the formation of a PRPtherapy protocol for patients with rheumatoid arthritis will provide effective personalized care to these patients.

Histological study of the possible protective action of platelet rich plasma on the injurious effect induced by aluminum chloride on albino male rat cerebellar cortex

Background: Aluminum compounds are commonly used in many human activities. They are used in pesticides, detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food additives. Many studies revealed a link between human exposure to aluminum and many neurodegenerative conditions in which there is platelet dysfunction.Aim of the study: The aim of this research was to study the potential protective effect of platelet rich plasma on the deleterious histological effect of aluminum chloride on male rat cerebellar cortex.Materials and methods: In this study, three equal groups of adult male albino rats were used; each consisted of 10 rats: group I a and I b (control group), group II (daily intraperitoneal injection of aluminum chloride dissolved in saline for 60 consecutive days in a dose of 10mg/kg) and group III were given PRP (subcutaneous injection in a dose of 0.5 ml/kg twice weekly) in addition to aluminum chloride in the same previous dose and duration. Cerebellum sections were processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining, GFAB staining and electron microscopic examination.Results: Aluminum chloride administration resulted in many histological alterations. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells were significantly present in the cerebellum of aluminum chloride-treated animals relative to control animals. Purkinje cells with darkly stained ill-defined nuclei with dark vacuolated cytoplasm with dilated RER cisterns, swollen mitochondria with destroyed crista were observed in an ultrastructural study for the cerebellar cortex of the aluminum chloride-treated group. It also showed degenerated granule cells with the disappearance of the nuclear membrane and vacuolation of the cytoplasm. Some of the myelinated nerve fibers showed degenerative changes. Concomitant administration of PRP decreased these effects.Conclusion: PRP partially minimized the severity of aluminum chloride-induced cerebellar cortex injurious histological effects in male albino rats. Further research is needed to extend these findings to clinical practice.

Platelet-rich plasma has beneficial effects in mice with osteonecrosis of the femoral head by promoting angiogenesis.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is autologous and multifunctional. Platelet concentrate from blood contains highly concentrated platelets and various types of cells, including growth factors. PRP promotes the recovery of cell proliferation and differentiation. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a disease caused by femoral head damage or an insufficient blood supply, which leads to the death of bone cells and abnormal bone marrow composition. The subsequent repair of bone cells may result in changes to the structure of femoral head, femoral head collapse and joint dysfunction. PRP may promote the repair of injured articular cartilage in patients with joint diseases through the removal of harmful inflammatory factors. In the present study, the therapeutic effects and primary mechanism of PRP action were investigated using a glucocorticoid-induced femoral head osteonecrosis mouse model. Dexamethasone (DEX) and phosphate-buffered saline were used as controls. The therapeutic efficacy of PRP to treat osteonecrosis in murine femoral heads was evaluated by assessing clinical arthritis scores. The present study indicated that mice with osteonecrosis of the femoral head treated with PRP exhibited downregulated expression of interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand, IL-6 and interferon-γ in the inflammatory tissue. In addition, the levels of hepatocyte growth factor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, osteopontin, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1 and transforming growth factor-β were increased following treatment with PRP. Joint tissue histological staining demonstrated that PRP alleviated osteonecrosis of the femoral head and reduced humoral and cellular immune responses that promoted beneficial effects on the histological parameters. Furthermore, the concentration of glucocorticoids were significantly decreased in the serum of PRP-treated mice with osteonecrosis compared with the DEX group (P<0.01). Notably, PRP promoted beneficial effects in mice with osteonecrosis of the femoral head by stimulating angiogenesis. Therefore, the present study indicated that treatment with PRP promotes beneficial effects by preventing joint inflammation, cartilage destruction and bone damage, and stimulating the repair of joint tissue in mice with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. These preclinical data suggest that PRP may be developed as a novel method of treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head.