Activity Of Plant Extracts Research Articles

Unravelling the antianxiety activity of various fractions of aerial parts of Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. Ex Benth., by in vivo implicated through computational studies

There has been increasing interest in biologically active plant extracts. Studies continue to discover novel components, especially those with anti-anxiety activities. The present study investigates the anxiolytic activity of Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth. aerial parts through both in vivo and in silico studies. Aerial parts of the experimental plant were extracted using a hydroalcoholic solvent and fractionated with various organic solvents of differing polarities, including hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The chemical compositions were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In vivo anti-anxiety activity was tested on various Swiss albino mice models. Results indicate that all fractions of S. moorcroftiana exhibited significant anxiolytic effects, with the butanol fraction displaying the highest efficacy. Molecular docking analysis suggested that some of the compounds could target anxiety disorder proteins. ADME/T calculations were performed to examine the effects of S. moorcroftiana extracts on human metabolism. Therefore, the present study establishes the significant anti-anxiety activity of S. moorcroftiana aerial parts, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for various anxiety disorders.

Synergistic Activity of Antibiotics and Bio Active Plant Extract: Astudy Against Mdr Gram Negative Bacteria in Kirkuk City

Increasing multidrug resistance (MDR) is becoming a problematic issue worldwide. Finding alternatives to cope with this rising problem is becoming crucial for community healthcare. The present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activityCopper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) synthesised using hawthorn fruit extract against different MDR gram-negative bacteria isolates. CuoNPs were synthesized from Fresh hawthorn fruits (Crataegus). The biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles were Characterization of the synthesised nanoparticles was performed using UV-visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm CuONP production and assess their properties. Antibacterial activity was determined by disc diffusion and the healthy diffusion method. The considerable inhibitory action of hawthorn fruit extract was observed in gram-negative bacteria isolates. Also, the green synthesised CuoNPs demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity against two human pathogenic bacteria when combined with commercially available antibiotics. The current study suggested that CuoNPs have become an essential approach for nanobiotechnology applications in the development of antibacterial treatments for different bacterial infections, particularly for non-treatable antibiotic resistance pathogen.

Can Plant Extracts Help Prevent Hair Loss or Promote Hair Growth? A Review Comparing Their Therapeutic Efficacies, Phytochemical Components, and Modulatory Targets

This narrative review aims to examine the therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of plant extracts in preventing and treating alopecia (baldness). We searched and selected research papers on plant extracts related to hair loss, hair growth, or hair regrowth, and comprehensively compared the therapeutic efficacies, phytochemical components, and modulatory targets of plant extracts. These studies showed that various plant extracts increased the survival and proliferation of dermal papilla cells in vitro, enhanced cell proliferation and hair growth in hair follicles ex vivo, and promoted hair growth or regrowth in animal models in vivo. The hair growth-promoting efficacy of several plant extracts was verified in clinical trials. Some phenolic compounds, terpenes and terpenoids, sulfur-containing compounds, and fatty acids were identified as active compounds contained in plant extracts. The pharmacological effects of plant extracts and their active compounds were associated with the promotion of cell survival, cell proliferation, or cell cycle progression, and the upregulation of several growth factors, such as IGF-1, VEGF, HGF, and KGF (FGF-7), leading to the induction and extension of the anagen phase in the hair cycle. Those effects were also associated with the alleviation of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, cellular senescence, or apoptosis, and the downregulation of male hormones and their receptors, preventing the entry into the telogen phase in the hair cycle. Several active plant extracts and phytochemicals stimulated the signaling pathways mediated by protein kinase B (PKB, also called AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), Wingless and Int-1 (WNT), or sonic hedgehog (SHH), while suppressing other cell signaling pathways mediated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). Thus, well-selected plant extracts and their active compounds can have beneficial effects on hair health. It is proposed that the discovery of phytochemicals targeting the aforementioned cellular events and cell signaling pathways will facilitate the development of new targeted therapies for alopecia.

Comparative Efficacy of Bio Active Plant Extracts and Insecticides against Cereal Leaf Beetle (Oulema melanopus L.) Infesting Oats in North Kashmir, India

Experiment was carried out at farmers field near the Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, Kashmir, India during 2021-22 to evaluate efficacy of various insecticides and botanicals against cereal leaf beetle Oulema melanopus (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) infesting Rabi Oats (Avena sativa L.) in North Kashmir. Among plant extracts and insecticides evaluated against O. melanopus, Abamectin proved to be most effective in causing huge mortality to grub population with decreasing number of grub were recorded as (24, 21.3, 8.3, 1.6 and 1 %) after 2,4,6,8 and 10 days of spray, respectively during 2021 followed by Thiamethoxam (32.6, 15.3, 8, 0.3%) after 2, 4, 6, 8 ad 10 days of spray. Same trend of results was observed in 2022 and the pooled data. Among tested botanicals viz. neem and Artimesia; Artimesia was effective in declining the grub population with (44, 42, 41, 39 and 37%) after 2, 4, 6,8 and 10 days after spray. Severe infestation has been observed at maturity of crop and keeping in view the use as fodder to cattle it is necessary to inculcate the use of locally available botanicals for better health of cattle during the dearth period of fodder in Kashmir valley. Overall, the marginal farmers might be saved from any untoward by utilization of the bioactive plant extracts in management of this notorious pest.

Anthelmintic screening of Bangladeshi medicinal plants and related phytochemicals using in vitro and in silico methods: An ethnobotanical perspective

Ethnopharmacological relevanceInfections caused by parasitic worms or helminth continue to pose a great burden on human and animal health, particularly in underdeveloped tropical and subtropical countries where they are endemic. Current anthelmintic drugs present serious limitations and the emergence of drug resistance has made it increasingly challenging to combat such infections (helminthiases). In Bangladesh, medicinal plants are often used by indigenous communities for the treatment of helminthiases. Knowledge on such plants along with screening for their anthelmintic activity has the potential to lead to the discovery of phytochemicals that could serve as novel molecular scaffolds for the development of new anthelminthic drugs. Aim of the studyThe purpose of this study was i) to conduct an ethnobotanical survey to gather data on Bangladeshi medicinal plants used in the treatment of helminthiases, ii) to test plants with the highest use values for their in vitro anthelmintic activity, and iii) to carry out in silico screening on phytochemicals present in the most active plant extract to investigate their ability to disrupt β-tubulin function in helminths. MethodsThe ethnobotanical survey was conducted across three sub-districts of Bangladesh, namely Mathbaria, Phultala and Khan Jahan Ali. The in vitro screening for anthelmintic activity was performed in a motility test using adult Haemonchus contortus worms. Virtual screening using PyRx was performed on the phytochemicals reported from the most active plant, exploring their interactions with the colchicine binding site of the β-tubulin protein target (PDB ID: 1SA0). ResultsThe survey respondents reported a total of 32 plants for treating helminthiases. Based on their use values, the most popular choices were Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Carica papaya L., Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr., Curcuma longa L., Momordica charantia L., Nigella sativa L. and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. In vitro anthelmintic testing revealed that A. indica leaves and bark had the highest activity with LC50 values of 16 mg/mL in both cases. Other plant extracts also exhibited good anthelmintic activity with LC50 values ranging from 16 to 52 mg/mL, while the value for albendazole (positive control) was 8.39 mg/mL. The limonoids nimbolide and 28-deoxonimbolide showed a binding affinity of −8.9 kcal/mol, and satisfied all drug-likeness parameters. The control ligand N-deacetyl-N-(2-mercaptoacetyl)colchicine had a binding affinity of −6.9 kcal/mol. ConclusionFurther in silico and in vitro studies are warranted on the identified limonoids to confirm the potential of these derivatives as novel drug templates for helminthiases. The current study supports the need for an ethnobotanical survey-based approach to discover novel drug templates for helminthiases.

Nanoemulsion and nanoencapsulation of a hydroethanolic extract of Nettle (Urtica dioica) and Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium): comparison of antibacterial and anticancer activity.

Introduction: Nanoemulsion and nanoencapsulation are attractive novel methods that can be used for incorporating active plant extracts in food preparations and pharmaceutical formulations. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the anticancer and antibacterial effects of hydroethanolic extracts of Nettle (NE), Wormwood (WE), and the combination of the two plants (CNWE), as well as their nanoemulsion forms (NN, NW, CNNW) and nanoencapsulation forms (CN, CW, and CCNW). Methods: The morphology and structure of the nanoemulsion and nanoencapsulation preparations were assessed utilizing dynamic light scattering (DLS) along with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antibacterial activity of the prepared formulations were assessed by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), zone of inhibition diameter, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), along with biofilm growth inhibition against Salmonaella typhimurium and Klebsiella. pneumoniae. The anticancer activity was evaluated via a MTT assay in the colon cancer cell line (HCT116). Results: The nanoemulsion and nanoencapsulation particle size varied between 10 and 50nm and 60 and 110nm, respectively. The MIC values were between 11.25 and 95µg/mL along with MBC values between 11.25 and 190µg/mL. The highest inhibition of biofilm formation was observed with CCNW against K. pneumoniae (∼78.5%) and S. typhimurium (∼73%). In descending order, the inhibition of biofilm formation was CCNW > CW > CN > CNNW > NN > NW > CNWE > NE > WE against the tested bacteria. The IC50 values for NE, WE, CNWE, NN, NW, CNNW, CN, CW, and CCNW were determined as 250, 170, 560, 380, 312, 370, 250, 420, and 700µg/mL, respectively. Exposure to a high concentration of NW resulted in a significantly lower HCT116 viability compared to other groups. Taken together, CNNW, and CCNW showed the highest antibacterial and anticancer activitiy. Discussion: Nanoemulsion and nanoencapsulation were effective ways to increase the antibacterial and anticancer activity of the extracts and could be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Biologically active substances of new marjoram varieties and prospects for their use

Biologically active substances, essential oils, and plant extracts were studied obtained from new high-yield varieties of Origanum vulgare L. (Raduga, Belaya Ptitsa, Krymchanka) and Origanum tyttanthum Contsch. (Alcina) of the GSBSI “NBG – NSC RAS” breeding. It was found that the O. vulgare variety Belaya Ptitsa was distinguished by the content of essential oil, the main component of which was carvacrol. The maximum total content of phenolic substances and flavonoids was distinguished by an alcoholic extract from the O. tyttanthum variety. Neochlorogenic and rosemary acids, apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside, carvacrol, and thymol were identified in extracts of all the studied marjoram varieties. It is shown that the vegetable raw material O. vulgare cv “Belaya Ptica” is promising for the production of essential oil with a high content of carvacrol, and O. tyttanthum cv “ can serve as a raw source of rosemary acid.

In-vitro Cytotoxicity Investigations for Phytoconstituents of Saudi Medicinal Plants With Putative Ocular Effects.

Metastatic secondary ocular tumors spread from systemic malignancies, including breast cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of extracts from 5 medicinal plants native to Saudi Arabia. For preliminary activity screening, cytotoxicity using the MTT assay and selectivity index determinations were made for medicinal plant extracts against various cancer cell-lines. The most promising extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis to determine the phytochemical composition. Clonogenic assays were performed using the most promising extract to confirm the initial results. Finally, western blot analysis was used to determine the modulation in expression of survivin and P27 suppressor genes in the human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) cell-line to understand the potential mechanistic properties of the active plant extract. The 5 plant extracts showed various cytotoxic activity levels using IC50. The most active extract was found to be the leaves of Capparis spinosa L. (BEP-07 extract) against the MCF7 breast cancer cell-line (IC50 = 3.61 ± 0.99 μg/ml) and selectivity index of 1.17 compared to the normal human fetal lung fibroblast (MRC5) cells. BEP-07 extract showed a dose dependent clonogenic effect against the MCF7 colonies which was comparable with the effect of doxorubicin. BEP-07 extract caused a significant decrease of survivin and increase in P27 expression compared to control GAPDH at its highest dose (14 µg/ml). The GC-MS chromatogram of Capparis spinosa L. (BEP-07 extract) revealed the existence of 145 compounds, belonging to the diverse classes of phytoconstituents. Fatty acids and their derivatives represent 15.4%, whilst octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester was the principal component (7.9%) detected. Leaves of Capparis spinosa L. (BEP-07 extract) exhibited a significant cytotoxic effect particularly against breast cancer cells. It exhibited this effect through survivin inhibition and via P27 upregulation. The detected phytoconstituents in the plant extract might be involved in tested cytotoxic activity, while further investigations are required to complete the drug candidate profile.

Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection with Rubus multibreatus Le’Vl Leaf Extract

Background: Rubus multibreatus Le’vl is a wild-type shrub of the Rosacea family, commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is claimed to invigorate the kidney and liver and reduce inflammation. From other literature, the Rubus genus has been defined by the presence of diterpene glycosides, with or without the presence of triterpene glycosides, and classifying its phyto-chemical activity owing to a number of oleanane ursane glucosides.
 Research objectives: To determine whether or not the plant had medicinal properties; To determine the structure of the metabolite(s) responsible for its medicinal properties; To determine the in-vivo activity of the active plant extract and medicinal significance.
 Study design: Solvent extraction using different solvents with different polarities was used to test for antibacterial activity. The choice solvent extract was tested for metabolites via chemical tests and HPLC. The pure compound(s) identified from HPLC results were tested for antibacterial activity to determine the compound(s) responsible for antibacterial activity. The extent of bacterial inhibition was determined by MBC (minimum bacterial concentration), bacterial growth curve, SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), and qPCR (quantitative polymer chain reaction) amplification of viral RNA. The histopathological changes of the liver and kidney, inflammatory cytokines, and IgG were used to explain relief from, or lack thereof, upon treatment with choice plant extract(s).
 Methodology: Antibacterial activity was determined using both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; MSSA S. aureus ATCC25923, E. coli serotype 078, and S. typhi ATCC14028. Different solvent extracts were used to test for its antibacterial activity in vitro. The powdered leaf sample was first macerated in ethanol (90%) and concentrated using different organic solvents with different polarities; ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-butanol. The ethyl acetate leaf extract of the plant, which was rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, resins, and saponins, was preferred as the crude extraction method, to the other organic solvents; dichloromethane and n-butanol, whose extracts showed no antibacterial activity towards the gram-positive MSSA S. aureus ATCC25923, E. coli serotype 078 and S. typhi ATCC14028. Only the ethyl acetate extract showed antibacterial activity towards methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Further experiments were done using the methicillin-resistant S. aureus TCH1516 (ATCCBAA-1717) (USA300), which poses a greater threat to the modern-day treatment of bacterial infections. A murine model approach using specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice was used to investigate whether the extract could inhibit S. aureus in-vivo, as it did in-vitro, to determine the bacterial concentration that could cause infection and mortality, and the significance of the plant extract as treatment, during the infection period, both at the beginning of infection and post-infection.
 Results: The histopathological analyses of the liver and kidney, expression of inflammatory cytokines; IFN-?, TNF-R1, IL-1?, 1L 6, and IgG, showed the significance of the leaf extract in the treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection. HPLC analyses of the ethyl acetate extract confirmed the presence of 6 compounds; kaempferol, quercetin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid, and the absence of rutin. The most active compound of the 6, against S. aureus, was identified to be gallic acid, at a minimum bacterial concentration value (MBC) of 0.1111µg/µL while ellagic acid and ferulic acid followed next at 0.6666µg/µL and 1.7776µg/µL respectively. This, however, is not to say that another compound was not present, that could have inhibited the bacteria. Mass spectroscopic analysis may identify other unknown compounds that could significantly have useful medicinal properties.
 Conclusion: Rubus multibreatus Le’vl certainly has antibiotic properties against Staphylococcus aureus and gallic, ellagic, and ferulic acids can be attributed to the anti-staphylococcal activity, however, only three bacterial species were used; S. aureus, E. coli and S. typhi, and it was not determined whether the plant or the pure compound metabolites; kaempferol, quercetin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid, had other antimicrobial activities; anti-anthelmintic, anti-fungal or anti-viral properties. The histopathological analyses of the liver and kidney, expression of inflammatory cytokines; IFN-?, TNF-R1, IL-1?, 1L 6, and IgG, showed the significance of the leaf extract in the treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection. Rubus multibreatus Le’vl plant extract improved survival, reduced inflammation in the anal glands, and cleared kidney abscesses. Both IL-6 and IFN-? expression was reduced upon administration of the plant extract, however, IL-6 expression was not reduced when treatment was administered post-infection. IFN-? was significantly reduced in the post-infection group, compared to the positive control group, which expressed 3-4 times as much. R. multibreatus Le’vl was also effective in reducing neutrophilia and necrosis, and overall preventing the formation of bacterial-like cells as seen in the liver of the positive control group.

Synthesis of Silver Nano-particle with Poly-herbal Plant Extracts for Anti-fungal and Anti-microbial Activity on Candida Albicans and E. Coli

In this study, we have developed a method to synthesize silver nanoparticles by mixing the silver solution with the leaf extract of Pisum sativum without using any surfactant or external energy. In this method, physiologically steady, bio-compatible Ag nanoparticles were set up. These functionalized POLY HERBAL Ag-NPs could be used for targeted drug delivery with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and minimal side effects. Extracellular synthesis of metal nanoparticles using extracts of plants like Pisum sativum (Pea), Zingiber officinale (Ginger) Curcuma longa (turmeric) has been successfully carried out. In this article, Ag-NPs formation using Pisum sativum (Pea), Zingiber officinale (Ginger) and Curcuma longa (turmeric) has been thoroughly discussed. It is well recognized that on treating the metallic salt solution with some plant extracts, a rapid reduction take place leading to the origination of highly stable metal nanoparticles. With this method quick synthesis of nanoparticles was noticed to occur; i.e., reaction time was 1–2 h as contrasted to 2–4 days required by microorganisms. These nanoparticles were examined by various characterization techniques to disclose their morphology, chemical composition, and antimicrobial activity. TEM image of these NPs shows the evolution of spherical, non-uniform, poly-dispersed nanoparticles. A comprehensive study of the anti-microbial activity of nanoparticles was performed.

Antibacterial Activity of Thesium chinense Turcz Extract Against Bacteria Associated with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections.

The drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae has become more and more serious, and it is urgent to seek new antibacterial drugs. In this study, Thesium chinense Turcz. extracts were tested for its potential antibacterial activities. T. chinense powder was extracted with 5 solvents of different polarity (ethyl alcohol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol and double distilled water), and their antibacterial activities were tested. The Broth dilution method was used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of highly active plant extracts with a concentration of 1g/mL. The inhibitory activity of this extract on biofilm formation was investigated. Afterwards, we investigated its effect on the transcriptome of S. aureus. The ethanol extract coded as BRY, only inhibited S. aureus, whereas the ethyl acetate extract coded as BY2 showed inhibitory effect on all the tested bacteria. The MIC of BRY on S. aureus was 128 mg/mL, and the MBC was 512 mg/mL. The MIC of BY2 against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and H. influenzae were 8 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, and 4 mg/mL, respectively. The MBC of BY2 for these four bacteria ranged from 4 to 256 mg/mL. Mechanism studies have shown that BRY and BY2 have an impact on anti-formation of biofilms at MIC concentrations. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that 531 genes were up-regulated and 340 genes showed down-regulated expression in S. aureus after BY2 treatment. BY2 has a broader antibacterial spectrum than BRY. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effect of BY2 on S. aureus is better than BRY. The mechanism of BY2 against S. aureus may relate to its inhibition of ribosome synthesis, restriction of key enzymes of citric acid cycle, decrease of pathogenicity and influence on biofilm formation. The results confirmed that BY2 was the main antibacterial part of T. chinense, which can be used as a source of antibacterial agents.

Screening Amazon rainforest plant extracts for antimicrobial activity: a 15-year commitment to the Brazilian biodiversity

IntroductionThe need for new tools to treat infections is constantly growing due to the possibilities of emerging diseases related to environmental changes, climatic catastrophes, microorganism resistance, and human and animal aging, leading to an evident unbalance in the planet’s health. Brazil contains the most significant portion of world biodiversity, a potential source of new antimicrobial natural products. Nonetheless, its environment, particularly its forests, and rainforests, is under threat, meaning that rapidly conducted, comprehensive research into the potential of antimicrobial activity to address this threat is urgently needed.MethodsIn this study, plants from the Amazon rainforest and the Atlantic forests were collected and tested against several pathogenic microbes relevant to humans, animals, and the environment, and subjected to large-scale susceptibility assays, bioautography, and Artemia salina toxicity assays. From the plants, 2,280 organic and aqueous extracts were obtained from different organs, namely leaves, barks, flowers, fruits, and seeds, and subjected to a large-scale susceptibility screening assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Malassezia pachydermatis, Malassezia furfur, and Listeria monocytogenes. Results and discussionThe selected extracts were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests to determine their inhibition zone diameters and minimum bactericidal concentrations, to bioautography, and to an Artemia salina toxicity assay, which resulted in 154 active extracts. Moreover, 111 out of 154 extracts were ranked based on scores established by the p-values and the mean rank differences in each set of test results. The final ranking identified which extracts should be studied in further phytochemical research using thin-layer chromatography techniques as a priority. The extracts obtained from plants belonging to Combretaceae, Connaraceae, Convolvulaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Moraceae, Piperaceae, Polygonaceae, and Salicaceae were selected as the most promising ones and used to support the identification of plant-based antimicrobial active compounds from the immense biodiversity of Brazilian forests.

In vitro, evaluation of anti-mycobacterial active plant extracts against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using BACTEC mycobacteria growth indicator tube 960 automated system

In vitro, evaluation of anti-mycobacterial active plant extracts against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using BACTEC mycobacteria growth indicator tube 960 automated system

Endophytes and Plant Extracts as Potential Antimicrobial Agents against Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus, Causal Agent of Huanglongbing.

Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is an insidious disease in citrus and has become a threat to the sustainability of the citrus industry worldwide. In the U.S., Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is the pathogen that is associated with HLB, an unculturable, phloem-limited bacteria, vectored by the Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP, Diaphorina citri). There is no known cure nor treatment to effectively control HLB, and current control methods are primarily based on the use of insecticides and antibiotics, where effectiveness is limited and may have negative impacts on beneficial and non-target organisms. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of effective and sustainable treatment options to reduce or eliminate CLas from infected trees. In the present study, we screened citrus-derived endophytes, their cell-free culture supernatants (CFCS), and crude plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against two culturable surrogates of CLas, Sinorhizobium meliloti and Liberibacter crescens. Candidates considered high-potential antimicrobial agents were assessed directly against CLas in vitro, using a propidium monoazide-based assay. As compared to the negative controls, statistically significant reductions of viable CLas cells were observed for each of the five bacterial CFCS. Subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that each of the five bacterial isolates were most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, a species dominating the market of biological control products. As such, the aboveground endosphere of asymptomatic survivor citrus trees, grown in an organic orchard, were found to host bacterial endophytes capable of effectively disrupting CLas cell membranes. These results concur with the theory that native members of the citrus microbiome play a role in the development of HLB. Here, we identify five strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens demonstrating notable potential to be used as sources of novel antimicrobials for the sustainable management of HLB.

Antibacterial Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Nine Plants from Chencha, Southern Ethiopia.

The diminishing efficacy of antibiotics currently in use and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria pose a grave threat to public health worldwide. Hence, new classes of antimicrobials are urgently required, and the search is continuing. Nine plants were chosen for the current work, which are collected from the highlands of Chencha, Ethiopia. Plant extracts containing secondary metabolites in various organic solvents were checked for antibacterial activity against type culture bacterial pathogens and MDR clinical isolates. The broth dilution technique was used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of highly active plant extracts, and time-kill kinetic and cytotoxic assays were performed using the most active plant extract. Two plants (C. asiatica and S. marianum) were highly active against ATCC isolates. The EtOAc extract of C. asiatica produced the highest zone of inhibition ranging between 18.2±0.8-20.7±0.7 and 16.1±0.4-19.2±1.4 mm against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. The EtOH extract of S. marianum displayed zones of inhibition in the range of 19.9±1.4-20.5±0.7 mm against the type culture bacteria. The EtOAc extract of C. asiatica effectively curbed the growth of six MDR clinical isolates. The MIC values of C. asiatica against the Gram-negative bacteria tested were 2.5 mg/mL, whereas the corresponding MBC values were 5 mg/mL in each case. The MIC and MBC values were the lowest in the case of Gram-positive bacteria, ie, 0.65 and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. A time-kill assay showed the inhibition of MRSA at 4 × MIC and 8 × MIC within 2 hours of incubation. The 24 h LD50 values of C. asiatica and S. marianum corresponding to Artemia salina were 3.05 and 2.75 mg/mL, respectively. Overall results substantiate the inclusion of C. asiatica and S. marianum as antibacterial agents in traditional medicines.

In vitro Antibacterial Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers for Treating Urinary Tract Infection in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia.

Despite the presence of antibacterial agents for urinary tract infection treatment, most of the uropathogenic bacteria reveal multi-drug resistance. Health and economic loss due to these represent a rising burden worldwide which necessitates serious action at regional, national and global levels. Thus, alternative approaches to overcome this problem by using bioactive compounds from traditional medicinal plants are required. This study was designed to evaluate the in-vitro antibacterial activity of Punica granatum fruit peels, Nigella sativa seeds, and Echinops kebericho used in the traditional treatment of urinary tract infections. An experimental study was employed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of methanol and ethanol crude extract of Punica granatum fruit peels, Nigella sativa seeds, and Echinops kebericho roots of six dilutions (25, 50, 100, 125, 250, and 500) mg/mL. Disc diffusion and macro broth dilution methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity test and minimum inhibitory concentration respectively against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and S. aureus bacterias. Antibacterial activities of ethanol and methanol crude extract of Punica granatum fruit peels against E. coli ATCC25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC27853, S. aureus ATCC25923, K. pneumoniae UK5099 and P. mirabilis UK5999 had highest inhibition zones among tested plants. All tested bacteria were highly sensitive to Punica granatum extract. The second most active plant extract in inhibiting the growth of tested bacteria was Nigella sativa while Echinops kebericho showed the smallest efficacy against tested bacteria. The inhibition zone diameter produced by the methanol extract of each screened plant had higher inhibition zones than ethanol extract. The crude extracts of Punica granatum fruit peels, Nigella sativa seeds, and Echinops kebericho roots have promising antibacterial activity against tested uropathogenic bacteria.

Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Delivery of Herbal Medicine

New types of plant-based formulations such as polymer nanoparticles, nanocapsules, liposomes, phytosomes, animations, microspheres, transposons and ethosomes have been reported using active and vegetative propagation methods. The new formulations are described as having significant advantages over conventional formulations of active ingredients and plant extracts, including improved solubility, bioavailability and protection. antitoxicity, improved pharmacological potency, improved stability, improved distribution of tissue macrophages, prolonged use and protection against toxicity. physical and chemical degradation. Phytosomes are a proprietary technology developed by a leading pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical manufacturer that combines standard plant extracts or water-soluble plant ingredients into phospholipids to form complexes. lipid-compatible molecules. Herbal medicines can be used in a more straightforward course with increased effectiveness by incorporating them into modern dosage forms. This can be done by designing new drug delivery systems for herbal ingredients. This review highlights the current state of development of new herbal formulations and summarizes the type of active ingredient, bioactivity, and application of the new formulations. New drug delivery systems are new approaches to drug delivery that address the limitations of conventional drug delivery systems. Our country has a vast knowledge base of Ayurveda, the potential of which has only been realized in recent years. outdated and thus reduce the effectiveness of the drug. Applied in herbal medicine, new drug delivery techniques can help improve the efficacy and reduce side effects of various herbal and herbal compounds. This is the basic idea behind integrating new drug delivery methods into herbal medicine. Therefore, it is important to integrate new drug delivery systems with Indian Ayurvedic medicines to combat more serious diseases. Herbal medicines have long been discouraged due to lack of scientific evidence and difficulty in treatment. Standardization, extraction and identification of individual drug components in complex diverse systems are not intended to be developed as new formulations. However, modern plant protection research is limited to determining the scientific requirements (pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, site of action, exact dosage required, etc.) plants to introduce new drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, microemulsions. and matrix. . etc) can be resolved. system, solid dispersion, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, etc. This article summarizes the different drug delivery techniques that can be used in plants, along with some examples.

Bioprospection of some plant extracts for antifungal activity against wheat pathogens

Bioprospection of some plant extracts for antifungal activity against wheat pathogens

Large-Scale Screening of the Plant Extracts for Antifungal Activity against the Plant Pathogenic Fungi.

Plants produce chemicals of immense diversity that provide great opportunities for development of new antifungal compounds. In search for environment-friendly alternatives to the fungicide of current use, we screened plant extracts obtained from more than eight hundred plant materials collected in Korea for their antifungal activity against the model plant pathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. This initial screening identified antifungal activities from the eleven plant extract samples, among which nine showed reproducibility in the follow-up screening. These nine samples were able to suppress not only M. oryzae but also other fungal pathogens. Interestingly, the plant extracts obtained from Actinostemma lobatum comprised five out of eight samples, and were the most effective in their antifungal activity. We found that butanol fraction of the A. lobatum extract is the most potent. Identification and characterization of antifungal substances in the A. lobatum extracts would provide the promising lead compounds for new fungicide.

Ultraviolet (UV) light-induced geometrical isomerization of cinnamic acid containing molecules: A plausible, non-enzymatic approach to modify metabolite composition of plant extracts

• UV light can be used to enhance the cinnamic acid containing-metabolite composition of a plant. • LC-MS in combination with multivariate statistics can be used to probe for the presence of photo-induced metabolites in plant extracts. • UV-irradiated plant extracts have a coherent metabolite composition as compared to naturally growing plants. Cinnamic acid containing molecules are widely distributed in plants, and they are known to possess several pharmacological properties. Structurally, these molecules consist of C 6 C 3 skeletal backbone, with an olefin functional group on the C 3 part . Naturally, plants produce a broad spectrum of cinnamic acid derivatives with a trans configuration, however, cis isomers are formed due to excessive UV-light exposure, thereby increasing the already complex metabolomes of plants containing these compounds. In high sunlight intensive areas, the prevalence of the cis isomers of cinnamic acid containing molecules is becoming more prevalent and synonymous with extracts of many plants. It is therefore imperative to develop analytical and data handling strategies to account for the presence of these molecules, which can serve as a template for rational design of pharmacologically active plant extracts or smart photo-switchable drugs. Herein, we show that a combination of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) and principal component analysis (PCA) allows differentiation of plants extracts of which metabolome modification through UV-radiation has been carried out. The results of the current study show that geometrical isomerism is a feasible, non-enzymatic approach to modify metabolite composition of plants. This simple method can be used to create “super” extracts of plants containing structurally diverse metabolites to be evaluated for various pharmacological properties in the future.