Action In Australia Research Articles

Between Resistance and Revolution: Cultural Politics and Social Protest

Peasants India hugging trees to protest logging, Brazilian feminists marching to impeach a president, Okinawan television comedians joke-starting ethnic activity. All are instances of social protest that exist the charged territory the cataclysmic upheaval of revolutionary war and the everyday acts of private resistance. Yet these movements in between resistance and revolution have remained invisible to scholars of politics, culture, and society. Leading scholars anthropology, political science, history, sociology, and ethnomusicology examine dissent and direct action Australia, Brazil, Germany, Colombia, India, Korea, Peru, and the United States and demonstrate the importance of looking beyond these poles of protest to the midways of mobilization. The contributors are Nancy Abelmann, Sonia Alvarez, Arturo Escobar, Richard Fox, Faye Ginsburg, Ramachandra Guha, Ingrid Monson, Yoshinobu Ota, Orin Starn, and Nathan Stoltzfus.

Patterns in the policies: affirmative action in Australia

Although affirmative action is often referred to as though it was an homogeneous entity, the reality is that affirmative action policies can take many different forms. To date, the variety of affirmative action policies that have been implemented in Australia has not been well‐documented. In this paper, a framework is developed to describe the variety of affirmative action policies being implemented in Australia in the 1990s. The most frequently reported policies by Australian organisations concern reviewing employment policies for discriminatory practices. The next most commonly reported policies relate to companies’ efforts to assist employees to balance the competing roles of work and family. Policies that seek to challenge traditional patterns of employment, and policies that seek to “fix” women are less commonly reported by organisations. The breaking down of affirmative action into various types of policies provides scope for more fully exploring the question of the effectiveness of affirmative action policies.

Affirmative Action in Australia: A Consensus-Based Dialogic Approach

This paper reviews Australia's affirmative action legislation and shows howprocesses of consensus building, strategic alliances, and dialog have been used to encourage organizations to look more critically at their work practices, and introduce policies and procedures that provide as many opportunities for women as have been traditionally provided for men. The legislation is unusual in that it operates independently of antidiscrimination legislation and mandates affirmative action programs for all large workplaces while explicitly upholding the principle of merit. The assumption of early advocates of the legislation was that once organizations underwent the mandatory eight steps of critical self-analysis and appraisal, workplace culture and values would change, and in this process, movement to gender-fair constructions of merit would be inevitable. While some organizations have shown both capacity and willingness to rethink work practices, many have escaped the net of social change. Those that have been influenced substantively through their compliance with the legislation share the following qualities: commitment to a fair go for women, linking of EEO with good management practice, openness to ideas outside the organization, and the active participation of women within the organization.

The prostitute and the client

Abstract Certain ways of knowing the prostitute and the client predominate. He is understood through the discourse of sexology, she is understood through the discourses of psychology, psychoanalysis, economics, and feminism. However, while the prostitute and the client appear to be known through unrelated and diverse discourses, such ways of knowing are organised through the dualisms of sex and gender, victim and agent, mind and body. Moreover, these ways of knowing are directly related to popular discourse, policy, and legislation on the topic. This paper examines the relationship between ways of knowing the prostitute and the client, and political action in Australia. It argues that inadequate theoretical conceptualisations are often at the heart of poorly conceived praxis—in this case Australian policy and legislation. This paper will demonstrate that rethinking the theory can lead to new ways of acting.

Managing diversity: beyond affirmative action in Australia

The term managing diversity is increasingly being used by Australian managers. It is a process which involves more than compliance with affirmative action legislation. This article identifies the major philosophical principles underpinning diversity management, the major ways in which it differs from affirmative action and the arguments for a diversity management approach. The process of building a culture which explicitly values differences between inidividuals operates at three levels: the strategic level, the managerial level and the operational level. The last section of the article examines some of the techniques which can be used at these three levels to effectively manage diversity. Examples from Australian organisations are used to illustrate these techniques.

The Derivative Action in Australia and New Zealand: Will the Statutory Provisions Improve Shareholders’ Enforcement Rights?

extract] A derivative action is an action brought by a shareholder or director of a company in the name and on behalf of that company. Such an action is ‘derivative’ in the sense that the right to sue belongs not to the party actually bringing the action, but is ‘derived’ from that of the company. Its purpose is to achieve relief in situations where a wrong has been done to the company, rather than to its shareholders personally. Normally, the decision to take action on the company’s behalf lies with the directors, as they generally have the responsibility of managing the company. However, in some cases it is necessary that the shareholders be given the right to commence action on the company’s behalf, usually because some or all of the board are themselves responsible for the wrong that has been committed. This article discusses both the common law derivative action and the new statutory provision, including the application of sec 165 in the first cases to be brought since it was enacted. It seeks to answer the question: Has the New Zealand provision conferred any significant advantage on minority shareholders, in terms of their access to the courts and the remedies available to them, compared to the previous situation at common law and under existing statutory remedies, and should Australia follow New Zealand’s lead and enact its own statutory derivative as is proposed?

Pulpit Socialist or Empire Wrecker?


 Once more let me say, for I have been criticised uphill and down for my attitude towards the strike, I cannot agree that the Church should stand aloof from such questions as those which concern us to-night.
 
 These words express the heart of Farnham Edward Maynard's commitment to British seamen striking while in Australian ports during August to November 1925. Two principal issues arose to precipitate this strike. Uppermost was the poor level of pay provided by the shipping companies, and associated distress for the seamen's families when their principal ‘bread-winner’ was overseas. Their wages had been reduced from £10 per month to £9 by a board on which they believed they had inadequate representation. Such low wages were not, they maintained, adequate recompense for their work, particularly when coupled with the second issue: the living conditions aboard ship. Still angered by the waterside workers' industrial action at the end of 1924 and the following riots in Sydney during January 1925, local industry had little sympathy with the demands of overseas militants, however; nor had the Australian government, which made it clear that British seamen responsible for causing strike action in Australia would be deported. Not even the Waterside Workers' Federation, blamed for many of the recent troubles, supported the British seamen; declaring that the action proved the futility of a minority opposing the great majority', and provided ‘sufficient proof that no section of a union can accomplish success when attempting to achieve an objective against its executive, combined with majority rule’. The seamen were advised ‘to take their disputes to where they belong and rectify them there’.

Affirmative action in Australia – employment statistics can′t tell the whole story

The Affirmative Action (Equal Employment Opportunity for Women) Act 1986, requires all private sector employers in Australia with more than 100 employees to report annually on programmes they have developed to improve women′s employment opportunities. A criterion sampling approach was used to identify organizations whose public reports to the Affirmative Action Agency in 1992, contained at least some evidence of affirmative action programme development. There were 288 organizations identified in this way. The employment profiles of these 288 organizations for the period 1991‐1993 are compared with a random sample of another 288 organizations reporting to the agency over the same period. There are no clear conclusions which can be drawn from the employment profiles. What does emerge from the analysis is that simple quantitative measures of the effects of affirmative action are clearly inadequate to capture women′s employment experiences.

Surviving the belt shop blues: Women miners and critical acts

As concept, policy and practice, affirmative action in Australia has continued to be the subject of political dissension. Currently, Liberal Party policy promises to dismantle the Affirmative Action Agency, while the Labor Government has recently added contract compliance guidelines to the 1986 Act Effective analysis of this institution requires that the political contingencies of policy‐framing and implementation be related to the micropolitics of the workplace. This article begins such an analysis. I argue that the current shape of the legislation enforces its projection as a top‐down ‘policy of persuasion’, a move which reflects and enhances the rhetoric and practices that serve relative advantages to men. Nevertheless, my critique of a ‘best practice’ organisation suggests something more: a dissonance between their expectations and their hostile reception in the workplace can prompt women to mobilise against the imposition of that advantage.

Equity in Staff Selection: Managerial Attitudes and Practices

A survey of 486 managers was designed to examine how well employment equity is being implemented in Australian public and private sector organizations. Respondents were asked to report on the procedures they themselves used in their most recent staff selection. The findings on the incidence of the various selection techniques generally confirmed those of previous studies, specifically that the interview is the single most common technique. Although the large majority of managers professed pro‐equity attitudes, most also displayed a belief in gender stereotypes and almost half misunderstood the requirements of affirmative action in Australia. Most selection decisions appear to have been based on merit‐related factors, but a surprisingly high proportion of managers admitted to potentially discriminatory practices. Factors such as age, good looks and the absence of physical disability were rated as having been important in more than a third of selection decisions. Also, factors such as gender, marital status, race and colour influenced some managers in job selection. However, such discriminatory factors appear to have been less important in the public sector and in larger organizations which would have had more exposure to equity and affirmative action programs.

The awareness of the risk of elevated cholesterol levels and knowledge about cholesterol‐lowering action in Australia

We report on a survey of the frequency of the assessment of cholesterol levels and blood pressure in the Australian population. Attitudes to risk-factor modification for cardiovascular disease also were evaluated and emphasis was placed on the assessment of knowledge about dietary modification in relation to cardiovascular disease. Respondents in this survey more frequently reported that they had undergone a blood pressure assessment than that they had had their blood cholesterol levels measured (96% and 46% of respondents, respectively). The proportion (5%) of respondents who recalled a cholesterol assessment with elevated cholesterol levels was found to be substantially lower than was that for participants in the 1983 National Heart Foundation Risk Factor Prevalence Study (19% of men and 21% of women had cholesterol levels of more than 6.5 mmol/L). Very few (9%) respondents in this survey nominated that they would reduce their dietary fat intake in order to modify their risk of developing cardiovascular disease. However, a greater number of respondents answered appropriately when asked about their potential modification of specific food items. More than 80% of respondents reported that they would reduce their intake of fried foods, although fewer would minimize their intakes of dairy products and meat. Women and respondents with a higher level of education were found to be more likely to respond appropriately. In addition, of those respondents who recalled ever having had their blood cholesterol level measured, those who reported that they had an elevated cholesterol level were more likely to indicate appropriate dietary modifications compared with those who reported normal cholesterol levels. Cholesterol reduction continues to be an important public-health issue in Australia. The results of this survey indicate that there is a need for both increased identification of individuals with elevated cholesterol levels in the population and further educational programmes about the relationship among cholesterol, diet and cardiovascular disease.

Early Discoveries of the Effects of Ice Action in Australia

AbstractThe effects of past glaciation in what is now Australian territory were first recognized on Macquarie Island, probably by David Ramsay, in 1821. The recognition by Darwin in 1836, and reporting by Milligan in 1848 of ice-transported pebbles and boulders in late Palaeozoic marine rocks in Tasmania, showed on the one hand participation in and on the other familiarity with the controversy in Great Britain at that time on the origin of erratics and drift currents. Reports by Clarke (1852), Daintree in 1859, Selwyn (1860), and Gould (1860) of the effects of land ice on Mount Koscuisko (New South Wales), Bacchus Marsh (Victoria), Inman Valley (South Australia), and the Central Highlands (Tasmania), respectively, reflect the increasing recognition in Great Britain of the erosional and depositional effects of glaciers. Daintree, Selwyn, and Gould were all closely connected with A.C. Ramsay, the main British protagonist of the glacial theory at the time, whereas David Ramsay and Milligan were probably influenced by Robert Jameson of Edinburgh.

Early Discoveries of the Effects of Ice Action in Australia

AbstractThe effects of past glaciation in what is now Australian territory were first recognized on Macquarie Island, probably by David Ramsay, in 1821. The recognition by Darwin in 1836, and reporting by Milligan in 1848 of ice-transported pebbles and boulders in late Palaeozoic marine rocks in Tasmania, showed on the one hand participation in and on the other familiarity with the controversy in Great Britain at that time on the origin of erratics and drift currents. Reports by Clarke (1852), Daintree in 1859, Selwyn (1860), and Gould (1860) of the effects of land ice on Mount Koscuisko (New South Wales), Bacchus Marsh (Victoria), Inman Valley (South Australia), and the Central Highlands (Tasmania), respectively, reflect the increasing recognition in Great Britain of the erosional and depositional effects of glaciers. Daintree, Selwyn, and Gould were all closely connected with A.C. Ramsay, the main British protagonist of the glacial theory at the time, whereas David Ramsay and Milligan were probably influenced by Robert Jameson of Edinburgh.

Theory and the development of historical archaeology in Australia

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Some Greek Sex Roles: Ideals, Expectations and Action in Australia and Greece

Some Greek Sex Roles: Ideals, Expectations and Action in Australia and Greece

Catholic Action in Australia

Catholic Action in Australia

Evidences of Glacial Action in Australia in Permo-Carboniferous Time

The subject of which this paper treats has already been traversed by the author in his Presidential address to the Geological Section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, at its meeting at Brisbane in January 1895. The author hopes, however, that the presentation to this Society of a summary of these previous records,—with the addition of his subsequent field–work in 1895,—will be justified by the opportunity now given of a discussion which will be of immense benefit in furthering an important and interesting branch of geological investigation. The personal observations recorded in this paper are the result of 13 years‚, more or less constant, field-work in Australia. I. Work done by previous observers. The first actual record of evidence of ice–action in Australia is probably that made by Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn in 1859. The statement is as follows :— At one point in the bed of the, Inman I observed a smooth, Striated, and grooved rock–surface, presenting every indication of glacial action. The bank of the creek showed a Section of clay and coarse gravel; or drift, composed of fragments of all sizes irregularly interbedded through the clay. The direction of the grooves and scratches is E. and W. in parallel lines; and though they follow the course of the stream, I do not think they could have been produced by the action of water forcing pebbles and boulders detached from the drift along the bed of the stream. This is the first and only