Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Samples Research Articles

Efficient recycling of surface-plated metals from ABS plastic waste via ammonium persulfate system

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plated plastic consists of a plastic substrate and surface-plated metals (Cu, Ni, and Cr), which has abundant reuse value. However, waste ABS plated plastic is essential to be de-plated before reuse. Therefore, an effective process for the de-plating of waste ABS plated plastic was proposed in this research. Ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8, APS) was used as the main active substance in the de-plating system. ABS samples can be de-plated with SO4•− radicals generated by thermal activation. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface method (RSM) was used for the optimization of the de-plating parameters. The experimental results demonstrated that under optimal conditions, namely APS concentration of 0.6 mol/L, NaCl concentration of 0.35 mol/L, a duration of 40 min, a temperature of 64.5 °C, and a liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of 5 mL/g, the de-plating efficiency of ABS plated plastic reaches 99.23%. In addition, Cr, Cu, and Ni can be selectively recovered by filtration, electrochemical and low-temperature crystallization methods, respectively. The recovery rates of Cu and Ni can reach 98.35% and 92.57% under the optimal conditions. This research offers indispensable support for the green reuse and recycling process of waste ABS plated plastics.

An experimental examination on surface finish of FDM 3D printed parts

Three-Dimensional (3D) printing, also known as Additive Manufacturing (AM) and Rapid Prototyping (RP), is a technology that takes information from a computer-aided design and prints it on a 3D printer, which creates a solid object by building up successive layers of material. This technique allows customizations and helps to develop tools that perfectly adapt to the required workspace. The material being added can be in the form of solid, liquid, or powder. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a method of AM where layers of materials are fused in a pattern to create an object. The material is usually melted and then extruded in a pattern next to or on top of previous extrusions, creating an object layer by layer. This process is used for modeling and prototyping functional and non-functional parts which are further used for various industrial applications. The major drawback associated with this technique is poor surface finish and dimensional inaccuracy of prototypes. In the present research work, the effect of various process parameters on the surface roughness of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) samples produced from the FDM process is studied. Also, the samples are subjected to vapor smoothing to improve the surface roughness. The results of the present studies highlight that layer height and wall thickness are dominant factors affecting surface roughness. When ABS samples were subjected to acetone vapor smoothing, there was a noticeable improvement in the surface finish of the samples.

A comparative study on the characteristics of nanosecond laser ablation zinc and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene targets

In this study, the influence of laser energy and pressure on propulsion performance of zinc and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is investigated by impulse measurement, fast exposure images, spectral diagnostics and target ablation. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with the wavelength of 1064 nm and pulse width of 6 ns is employed. The impulse and coupling coefficient generated by laser ablation ABS are greater than that of Zn, and they exhibit a similar variation trend with pressure. However, at higher pressure levels, the change in impulse versus laser energy is not completely coincident between Zn and ABS samples. The target property plays a significant role in the generation and propagation of plume related to the plasma parameters such as electron density and temperature. The temporal evolution images indicate that the plasma plume of laser-induced Zn presents a faster decay in comparison with that of ABS, which is ascribed to the fact that the gas temperature of ABS is higher than the electron temperature of Zn plasma in the local thermodynamical equilibrium. Also, the electron density is lower for Zn due to the rapid heat diffusion and higher ablation threshold of metal. It is found that the surface absorption is dominant for metal because the ablated crater of Zn performs larger diameter and shallower depth. On the contrary, the shrinkage in diameter but enhancement in depth of crater is observed from ABS surface, and the ablation mass is larger, suggesting the obvious volume absorption for polymer. The results reveal that the target property can engender an important effect on the energy conversion between laser, target and plasma.

Study on the Inter-Laminar Shear Strength and Contact Angle of Glass Fiber/ABS and Glass Fiber/Carbon Fiber/ABS Hybrid Composites

In recent days, the uses of 3D printing have been successfully implemented in various applications due to their advantages. Besides, the need for sustainable choice has created a demand for the augmented use of thermoplastic composites. Thus, additive manufacturing techniques have become the essence of composite fabrication to achieve an automated and flexible fabrication technique. The present study used fused deposition modelling (FDM) and hot press moulding technique to produce composite samples. The composite laminates were fabricated by using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as polymer and woven glass fiber (GF) and woven carbon fiber (CF) used as reinforcements. Further, the laminates were subjected to inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) and contact angle. The inter-laminar shear strength and the contact angle of hybrid samples were compared with virgin ABS and pure glass fiber-reinforced composites. The study reported a maximum ILSS of 198.5MPa achieved by GF/CF/ABS hybrid composites, which was higher by 17% and 217% compared with GF/ABS and ABS samples, respectively. The contact angle results showed an increase due to the incorporation of fibers with ABS by 5% and 13% in GF/ABS and GF/CF/ABS, respectively, contributing to the adhesion. The contact angle values achieved were 100.5°, 105.15°, and 113.39° by ABS, GF/ABS and GF/CF/ABS making them hydrophobic in nature. These developed reinforced materials, such as carbon fiber, glass fiber and ABS matrix composites, could be used in automotive, aerospace and wind energy applications.

Predicting Material Properties of Additively Manufactured Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene via a Multiscale Analysis Process.

Additive manufacturing (AM) has inherent mechanical strength inconsistencies when the build orientation changes. To address this issue, theoretical models, including analytical and numerical models, can be developed to predict the material properties of additively manufactured materials. This study develops a systematic finite element (FE)-based multiscale numerical model and simulation process for the polymer acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). ABS samples are fabricated using fused deposition modelling (FDM) to determine the material properties and mechanical behaviours. For macroscale analysis, good agreement between the numerical and experimental tensile strength of transverse samples proved that the FE model is applicable for applying a reverse engineering method in simulating the uniaxial tension of samples. The FE modelling method shows its capability to consider infill density effects. For mesoscale analysis, two methods are developed. The first method is a representative volume element (RVE)-based numerical model for all longitudinal samples. The second method is analytical and based on the rule of mixtures (ROM). Modified rule of mixtures (MROM) models are also developed, which demonstrate an improvement compared to the original ROM models. The research outcomes of this study can facilitate the AM process of parts in various engineering fields.

Investigation of the Impact Resistance Behavior of Customized Hair Clipper Comb Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling

This study consists of the development of a hair clipper comb finite element (FE) model, impact test analysis on the FE model, fabrication of the product using commercially available materials, followed by physical impact testing of the comb. Moreover, microscopic examination of the combs was performed to analyze the quality of the product and correlate the defects with the failure mechanism. The 3D model of comb for a Philips hair clipper was developed using ONSHAPE software, followed by a design study to understand the impact resistance of the product. The design study was performed using finite element analysis (FEA) explicit dynamic module, where two hair clipper comb designs, one with a solid body and the other with a shell were subjected to drop test simulation in two orientations: leg and head drop. Two readily available 3D printable plastic materials, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polylactic acid (PLA) were selected for the FEA simulation while the comb was subjected to free fall from a height of 5 ft (1.67 m). The comb was dropped in two orientations: the head drop configuration and the leg drop configuration. For all combinations, the maximum stresses generated as a result of impact were noted and experiments performed to validate the simulation results. The four models were fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique and were manually dropped from the same height. In line with the simulated results, models prepared from PLA material failed upon the impact while ABS samples having a comparatively better impact resistance sustained the impact without failure. Finally, fracture surface morphologies of the failed PLA component and the surface of ABS in as-printed condition were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Based on the obtained results, the shell model made of ABS material turns out to be the most suitable choice out of all the designs considered.

An investigation of the influence of 3d printing defects on the tensile performance of ABS material

Recently, the popularity of 3d printing for industrial and consumer use has spread across many different sectors. For this reason, quality assurance of 3d printed parts is becoming increasingly important. The extrusion and layer-by-layer deposition of a polymer filament on the print bed can introduce defects such as pores and voids into the internal structure of 3d printed parts. The relation between 3d printing defects and tensile performance of 3d printed samples is studied in this paper. The study considers tensile specimens of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) that were 3d printed by varying the infill strategy and percentage to simulate different levels of strength for the part. Before the tensile tests, the ABS samples were inspected by X-ray tomography to identify the presence of internal voids generated by the 3d printing process. For each sample, data and statistics about the internal defects were used for determining a relation with the tensile test results. The local deformation of the sample and the position of the final fracture were observed using a digital camera and digital image correlation (DIC). In most cases, the experimental results confirmed the matching between the presence of internal voids and the areas of high deformation. However, the position of the specimen fracture did not always coincide with the largest defects. Nevertheless, this study highlights the importance of non-destructive inspection in quality assurance of 3d printed parts when in-situ monitoring of the 3d printing process is not applied.

Effect of a Powder Mould in the Post-Process Thermal Treatment of ABS Parts Manufactured with FDM Technology.

The post-process thermal treatment of thermoplastics improves their mechanical properties, but causes deformations in parts, making them unusable. This work proposes a powder mould to prevent dimensional part deformation and studies the influence of line building direction in part deformations in a post-process thermal treatment of 3D printed polymers. Two sets of ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) test samples manufactured by fused deposition modelling (FDM) in six different raster directions have been treated and evaluated. One set has been packed with a ceramic powder mould during thermal treatment to evaluate deformations and mould effectiveness. Thermogravimetric tests have been carried out on ABS samples, concluding that the thermal treatment of the samples does not cause degradations in the polymeric material. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to study internal building geometry and mould influence on part deformation after the thermal treatment. It can be concluded that powder mould considerably reduces dimensional deformations during the thermal treatment process, with length being the most affected dimension for deformation. Attending to the length, mould effectiveness is greater than 80% in comparison to non-usage of moulding, reaching 90% when the building lines are in the same direction as the main part.

Composition Analysis of Grafted ABS and its Blend Copolymers Using a Combination of 1H NMR Spectroscopy and Nitrogen Element Analysis

The composition analysis of the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) copolymer was performed using a method combining elemental analysis and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The physicochemical properties of ABS are determined by the relative contents of the constituent monomers. However, because ABS undergoes a complicated microstructural change during the polymerization process, it is difficult to accurately analyze the relative contents using only a typical method. In this study, a combination of nitrogen elemental analysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy was proposed as an analytical method that can consider the effects of changes in the microstructures. This approach confirmed whether the ABS samples were close to meeting the specifications. In addition, the composition analyses of polylactic acid/ABS blends, polycarbonate/ABS blends, and a polyamide 6/ABS mixture sample indicate that the obtained results were consistent with the expected values, thereby demonstrating that this combined analytical approach can be applied to various types of ABS copolymer systems.

Friction Behavior of 3D-printed Polymeric Materials Used in Sliding Systems

Recently, 3D-printed polymeric materials have been successfully replacing the usual ones especially used in sliding systems like couplings. Among the polymeric materials, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) can be the competitive materials in such application after 3D-printing. In this study, 3D printing was used to produce samples from ABS and PLA via fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology. Then friction behavior of 3D-printed samples was investigated depending on printing orientation of the samples. Ultra High Molecular Polyethylene Weight (UHMWPE), as a well-known industrial polymer, was also used for comparing the friction behavior of 3D-printed ABS and PLA polymers. Friction tests were conducted using a pin-on-plate type tribometer according to ASTM G133 under different applied loads and sliding speeds at room temperature. It was found that printing orientation of all ABS and PLA samples has a considerable effect on their friction behavior. Transverse direction (T.D) of the 3D-printed samples shows higher coefficient of friction (COF) values than the longitudinal direction under all applied loads and sliding speeds. On the other hand, COF values obtained in both 3D-printed samples increase as the load and speed increase regardless of the printing direction. When both 3D-printed materials are compared, PLA samples exhibit lower COF values than ABS samples in both printing directions and under all loads and speeds. However, the UHMWPE sample produced with traditional method shows much lower COF values and stable change in friction behavior under all conditions compared to 3D-printed PLA and ABS samples.

Recycling of Chrome Plated ABS Parts Pickled with Nitric Acid Free Solution

One of the barriers to the recycling of chrome plated acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) is the degradation caused by the solution containing nitric acid used in the pickling of the metal layer. In this study, defective chrome plated ABS parts were pickled in a solution composed of lactic and sulfuric acids and hydrogen peroxide, and recycled by injection molding with different proportions of virgin ABS. The influence of pickled ABS on the chemical composition, thermal and mechanical properties of the samples was evaluated. The samples were chrome plated and characterized by visual inspection and adhesion tests. A slight yellowing of the virgin ABS/pickled ABS samples was observed due to the degradation of butadiene component. The thermal and mechanical properties were similar to those of virgin ABS. After the new chrome plating, all samples were approved in the adhesion tests, demonstrating that pickled ABS can be recycled by injection molding and chrome plating.

Effect of UV/ozone treatment on the wettability and adhesion of polymeric systems

ABSTRACT The impact of UV/ozone treatment on the wettability and adhesion of ethylene propylene diene methylene (EPDM) rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) was investigated using contact angle measurements, OWRK surface free energy model, standardized adhesion tests, and spectroscopic and microscopic observations. It is found that UV/ozone treatment enhances the wettability of the examined polymers. Also, it considerably improved the adhesion strength of PVC and ABS samples, and shifted their failure modes from adhesive to cohesive. FTIR-ATR characterization showed insignificant changes in the chemical structures of the studied materials. However, SEM observation showed newly-created wrinkles and micro-holes on treated PVC surfaces, and micropores on ABS surfaces. These UV-induced morphological changes on PVC and ABS surfaces increased the surface area which can promote the mechanical interlocking with the adhesive. This explains the improvement of their adhesion strength. Implications of the current study for the processing of strongly bonded polymeric joints are discussed.

Impact behaviour of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene after temperature and humidity load

This study deals with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) which was subjected the drop-weight test before and after temperature and humidity load. ABS is an engineering plastic and also an important engineering terpolymer, which has butadiene part uniformly distributed through the acrylonitrile-styrene matrix and is commonly used in production of automotive interior components. The injection moulded ABS samples were subjected the penetration test at fall height 100 J before and after temperature and humidity load and the results were subsequently evaluated and discussed. It was found out that ABS after temperature and humidity load has lower impact resistance.

A simple method for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene metallization

The metallization of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) has been achieved using a new direct plating process that consisted of a previous treatment by polypyrrole (PPy) to transform the plastic conductor followed by direct copper electroplating. The deposition of PPy on ABS samples is reached chemically in a solution of pyrrole and iron(III) chloride as oxidant. The PPy synthesized is adherent to the plastic surfaces. Adherent copper layers with different thicknesses have been obtained on PPy/ABS at different electrolysis time. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that copper is deposited on PPy/ABS surface. SEM analysis shows that increasing the electrolysis time increases the copper coating thickness.

Quantitative image analysis of polymer blends

Quantitative image analysis is important in understanding the role of microstructure in polymer blend properties, as revealed by the TEM. This paper presents an example of the application of the image analysis method to the study of structure/property relationship of an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer.ABS is a rubber-toughened two-phase polymer blend. As shown in Figure 1, the microstructure of ABSconsists of small rubber particles embedded in a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) matrix. The morphologies of these blends, which depend on the polymerization conditions, play a key role to the overall physical and mechanical properties of the blends. The quantitative characterization of the rubber phase involves measuring its volume fraction as well as the particle size distribution.Four ABS samples, available commercially, with different levels of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR),were used in this study. The samples were block stained, using osmium tctroxide (OsO4) solution, and thin sectioned in an ultramicrotome.The thin sections were examined in a JEM-100CX II TEM, operated at 60KV. The representative images were acquired on a SEMICAPS Imaging System using a GATAN CCD TV rate camera.

The effects of light and heat on the rubber content and impact strength of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene

AbstractDSC analysis of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) samples either weathered outdoors for up to 10 years or aged at 71°C has shown that these plastics deteriorate most readily through the polybutadiene (BD) component. Oxidation of the BD in ABS leads to an increasing and broadening Tgas well as a decrease in ΔCp at Tg. The latter quantity can be used to quantitatively assay the amount of unoxidized rubber in a photo‐ or thermal‐oxidized sample. The loss of impact strength of these resins with chemical aging can be correlated with the oxidation of the polybutadiene phase. Studies of rubber content as a function of sample thickness have revealed that an embrittled layer containing oxidized BD develops at the surface of an aged, 100 mil. ABS plaque (natural) and grows to a thickness of about 10 mils after 3 years exposure to sunlight. ABS containing carbon black is effectively screened from this photo induced degradation and consequently has much better retention of its initial impact strength values. In addition, carbon black was observed to retard thermal oxidation in some ABS samples. Lastly, it appears possible to do accelerated aging studies at elevated temperatures to evaluate the relative stabilities of various ABS formulations.