Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Composites Research Articles

Surface modification of Cu-coated carbon fiber for improved mechanical performance of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene composites using 3-Aminopropyl triethoxy silane

This study investigates the use of 3-Aminopropyl triethoxy silane as a surface modifier for Cu-coated Carbon Fibers. The modified fibers were subsequently incorporated into Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene matrix composites through melt blending and high-temperature compression molding. The research evaluates the effect of 3-Aminopropyl triethoxy silane on the interfacial structure and mechanical performance of these composites. Results demonstrate a substantial enhancement in the wettability and surface energy of Cu-coated Carbon Fibers, with the static contact angle reduced from 111.2° to 84.5° and surface energy increased from 44.67 mN·m−1 to 56.66 mN·m−1. These surface modifications contributed to an 82.7 % increase in tensile strength and a 76.4 % improvement in tensile modulus of the resultant composites.

Correlation between the electrical and thermal conductivity of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites with carbonaceous fillers with different dimensionality

Correlation between the electrical and thermal conductivity of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites with carbonaceous fillers with different dimensionality

Electrophysical Characteristics of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Composites Filled with Magnetite and Carbon Fiber Fillers.

With the rapid development of wireless communication technologies and the miniaturization trend in the electronics industry, the reduction of electromagnetic interference has become an important issue. To solve this problem, a lot of attention has been focused on polymer composites with combined functional fillers. In this paper, we report a method for creating an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic composite with a low amount of conductive carbon and magnetic fillers preparation. Also, we investigate the mechanical, thermophysical, and electrodynamic characteristics of the resulting composites. Increasing the combined filler amount in the ABS composite from 1 to 5 wt % leads to a composite conductivity growth of almost 50 times. It is necessary to underline the temperature decrease of 5 wt % mass loss and, accordingly, the composite heat resistance reduction with an increase in the combined filler from 1 to 5 wt %, while the thermal conductivity remains almost constant. It was established that electrodynamic and physical-mechanical characteristics depend on the agglomeration of fillers. This work is expected to reveal the potential of combining commercially available fillers to construct effective materials with good electromagnetic interference (EMI) protection using mass production methods (extrusion and injection molding).

Study of using cork powder as an adjuvant bio-flame retardant in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene flame retardant formulations

By having a challenging prospect of developing more environmentally friendly flame-retardant (FR) acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) formulations, an initial study related to the effect of combining ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with cork powder (C), a bio-waste of the cork industry on ABS-FR thermal stability and fire performance is proposed and discussed in the present work. ABS composites with a global filler weight content of 30 wt.% were prepared by using a melt-compounding process. Two different types of thermal decomposition behavior, assessed by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were observed for ABS/C/APP composites. For formulations with C/APP weight ratio < 1, the thermal decomposition of APP polyphosphate network was shifted to lower temperature. On the other hand, when C/APP ratio was ≥ 1, a new thermal decomposition (TD) step related to an earlier thermal decomposition of cork components was registered between 320 °C and 370 °C. Moreover, by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the pyrolysis gasses, a broader temperature range of ammonia and water release was noticed when APP and C were simultaneously incorporated in ABS. In addition, a micro-scale combustion calorimeter (MCC) analysis revealed that replacing APP by cork led to a decrease of the heat release capacity (HRC) and an increase of the residue formation compared to when only APP was present in ABS composite. Furthermore, forced flaming fire characterization of ABS formulations, studied by means of cone calorimetry (CC), revealed that replacing 20 wt.% of APP by cork (ABS/20C/10APP) led to a similar fire performance to the ABS formulation with 30 wt.% of APP (ABS/30APP). A similar trend under horizontal UL-94 was observed, nevertheless, for the composite with cork in its composition no dripping was noticed. Additionally, by only replacing a 3 wt.% of APP (ABS/3C/27APP) by cork an optimum improvement in fire retardancy was achieved, with the highest efficiency in reducing the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of 21 % regarding ABS/30APP. These results have been related to the chemical interaction between APP and cork components in the condensed phase confirmed by the observance of a more intense P-O-C absorbance peak of the CC residue of ABS/3C/27APP, analyzed by means of FTIR. This composite also showed a more cohesive and expanded char layer, observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which acted as a more efficient protective barrier, reducing heat and mass transfer phenomena during combustion which also led to the highest reduction in linear burning rate (LBR) under horizontal UL-94.

Printability and mechanical properties of solution impregnated continuous jute yarn reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites fabricated by fused deposition modeling

AbstractThis work aimed to check the influence of solution impregnated (SIP) jute yarn on printability and mechanical properties of 3D printed continuous jute yarn reinforced biocomposites. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) was employed as the matrix and the biocomposites were fabricated by in‐nozzle melt impregnation fused deposition modeling (FDM). The thermoplasic polyurethane (TPU), polystyrene (PS) and ABS solutions with the concentration of 2 and 10 wt% were prepared for making the SIP jute yarn. The best tensile strength and pull‐out results were obtained for the single strand composed of ABS and jute in which the yarn was impregnated with the solution containing 2 wt% TPU (TPU2%) before processing. The three printing parameters of layer height, print speed and nozzle diameter were changed to compare the process window of the composite specimens fabricated using the solution unimpregnated (SUIP) and SIP jute yarn with TPU2%. The results indicated that the print speed could be higher for the SIP one than that of its counterpart. The tensile and short beam shear tests of the non‐dried (ABS/NDJ) and dried ABS/Jute (ABS/DJ) composites revealed that the influence of drying was more obvious on the tensile properties results than those of on the short beam shear test. In addition, the yield stress, elastic modulus and tensile strength of ABS/DJ were 24, 17 and 12% higher than for ABS/NDJ, respectively. However, the highest tensile properties and short beam shear test results were acquired for the composites fabricated by jute yarn SIP with TPU2%.Highlights Printability of ABS/impregnated continuous jute yarn composites was studied by FDM TPU, PS and ABS of 2 and 10 wt% solutions were used to impregnate the jute yarn Three printing parameters were altered to find the process window for FDM process Best mechanical properties was obtained for ABS/Jute filament impregnated by TPU2% Process window was wider for the impregnated than that for unimpregnated composite

Unveiling the physico‐mechanical properties of kenaf yarn fiber‐reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites: Effect of quasi‐isotropic lay‐up sequences

AbstractThe rapid advancement of polymer composites, particularly those reinforced with hybrid kenaf, has positioned them as viable structural materials across diverse industries such as automotive, defense, aerospace, marine, construction, and naval. Despite their growing popularity, recent advances in kenaf yarn‐reinforced thermoplastic acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) composites for structural applications need more comprehensive coverage in the literature. This article addresses this gap by critically examining the influence of quasi‐isotropic stacking orientation on water absorption, flexural strength, and impact properties in kenaf yarn fiber‐reinforced ABS composites. Prepared using hand layup and compression molding techniques, the composites featured varying stacking orientations, including 0°/0°/0°/0°, 0°/90°/0°/90°, −45°/90°/0°/45°, 90°/−45°/0°/45°, 90°/0°/45°/−45°, and 0°/45°/−45°/90° for kenaf yarn reinforced ABS. The findings reveal that the 0°/45°/−45°/90° configuration offers the best overall mechanical properties and water penetration resistance among quasi‐isotropic stacking sequences, exhibiting low water uptake and higher tensile and flexural strengths of 35.3 and 85.4 MPa, respectively, compared to other sequences. This suggests that incorporating ±45° plies contributes to a balanced distribution of mechanical strength and modulus across different directions, making the 0°/45°/−45°/90° configuration ideal for high‐strength structural applications in kenaf yarn/ABS composites.Highlights Fiber stacking orientation is the key factor affecting the mechanical performance of kenaf‐based composites. Using the hand layup technique, six stacking orientations (0°/0°/0°/0°, 0°/90°/0°/90°, −45°/90°/0°/45°, 90°/−45°/0°/45°, 90°/0°/45°/−45°, and 0°/45°/−45°/90°) were employed to create kenaf fiber‐reinforced ABS composites. A quasi‐isotropic sequence of 0°/45°/−45°/90° allows the least water penetration due to the strategic placement of ±45° plies in the middle layers of composites. 0°/45°/−45°/90° configuration offers the best flexural and tensile properties due to better force distribution within the ±45° plies in the middle layers. Under surface morphological analysis, the optimal fiber stacking sequence contributes to fewer voids and fiber pull‐outs.

Processing and modeling of 3D-printed mill scale strengthened acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites

Processing and modeling of 3D-printed mill scale strengthened acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites

Mechanical and dynamic mechanical behavior of 3D printed waste slate particles filled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites

This study analyses the feasibility of utilizing waste slate particles as a strengthening component in affordable 3D-printed composite materials to address environmental issues associated with waste management. Composite filaments were created by incorporating waste slate particles (5 %, 10 %, and 15 % by weight) into an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) matrix and subsequently evaluated for mechanical properties. A twin-screw extruder obtained the composite filaments, while test samples were produced using a 3D printer by fused deposition modelling. The developed composites have a gradual variation in evaluated properties, about an 8 % increment in hardness, and a 40 % increment in flexural and tensile modulus was noted on the inclusion of 15 wt% of waste slate particles in the ABS matrix. The composites filled with 10 wt% and 5 wt% waste slate particles exhibited the maximum flexural strength (65.24 MPa) and tensile strength (42.11 MPa), respectively. These values were 5 % and 8 % higher than those of unfilled ABS. Furthermore, it was shown that the ABS matrix saw a decrease in elongation and impact strength as the dosage of slate particles increased. The fractured surface morphology indicated that filament breaking, filler pullout, and the creation of voids between neighbouring layers were the primary causes of material failure. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results show the reinforcing effect of slate particles by an increase of storage modulus with 13 % at 35 °C for the composite with 10 wt% slate particles and 20 % for that with 15 wt% slate particles. DMA results analyzed the composite's adhesion factor, degree of entanglement, reinforcement efficiency factor, and effectiveness factor to clarify the reinforcing mechanism of slate particles. The study determines that the most effective utilization of waste slate particles in an ABS matrix is achieved by including 10 wt%. The results of this study enhance the concept of recycling waste slate powder and reveal the potential for their utilization in several industries, including the aerospace, automotive, healthcare, and architectural sectors of 3D printing.

Development of Halogen‐Free Flame Retardant Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Based Composite Materials

AbstractNatural flammability properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) seriously limit the use of ABS polymers in industries. Improving the flammability performance of ABS by using halogenated additives has been a very common method in the past. However, with increasing environmental awareness, the use of halogen‐containing additives has been severely limited over time. Therefore, we aimed to use halogen‐free flame‐retardant additives in our study to improve the flame‐retardant properties of ABS. ABS‐based composites containing 20, 25, 30 % aluminum diethyl‐phosphinate (AlPi) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) halogen‐free flame‐retardant additives by weight, were prepared using a twin‐screw extruder. V0 rating according to UL 94 standard for the thickness of 1.5 mm, limiting oxygen index (LOI) value higher than 28 %, and glow wire flammability index of 960 °C were aimed in this study. To improve the LOI values of flame‐retardant ABS composites, pentaerythritol (PER), zinc borate (ZB), and magnesium hydroxide were used. The highest LOI value was obtained to be 28.1 % by using 12.5 wt.% AlPi, 12.5 wt.% APP, 5 wt.% PER and 3 wt.% ZB. The effect of flame retardants on mechanical properties (flexural and tensile properties), impact properties (Izod and Charpy‐notched impact strength), thermal properties, melt flow index, and morphology (scanning electron microscopy) of ABS were also examined.

Insights into the friction stir processing of fused filament fabricated polymers with multiple reinforcements

ABSTRACT Friction stir processing (FSP) is a most widely used severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique used for enhancement of mechanical properties and refinement of microstructure in metals, alloys and also in surface alteration, surface composites, and metal matrix composites. This work deals with the integration of FSP with fused filament fabrication (FFF), a popular additive manufacturing (AM) method. The research work comprises of four parts, first being 3d printing of poly lactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts through FFF, then multiple reinforcements like multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) are filled into the grooves, then in the third step FSP is performed on the 3D specimens with variations in rotational and travel speed of the tool with threaded pin profile. Finally, tensile strength is examined and the effect of different reinforcements is studied. The results indicate that MWCNTs reinforced PLA is found to have the highest strength (37.41 MPa) which is 72.6% more than the lowest strength (21.67 MPa) obtained for SiO2 reinforced PLA. However, in the case of other polymer, SiO2 reinforced ABS exhibited maximum strength (14.71 MPa) amongst other reinforcements for ABS. The ductility is decreased for all the FFF specimens after FSP and PLA composites exhibited improved surface profiling parameters as compared with ABS composites after FSP. Also, fractography is performed to understand the failure modes of specimens filled with different reinforcements.

Investigation of fused deposition modeling parameters on mechanical properties and characterization of ABS/carbon fiber composites

The effect of parameters of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites reinforced with carbon fabricated by fused deposition modeling was studied in this work. Parameters like infill density, raster angle, layer thickness, and printing parameters are varied and their influence on mechanical properties was analyzed experimentally. Experiments were planned by the design of experiments technique and mathematical equations were generated to analyze the impact of these parameters. ANOVA is involved to ensure the validity of the mathematical equations. The mechanism of the fractured samples was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The tensile strength of ABS/carbon fiber composites ranges from 21.74 to 28.09 N/mm2, while the flexural strength ranges from 2.62 to 3.14 N/mm2 and the impact strength ranges from 3.66 to 5.19 kJ/m2. The fracture of composites is characterized by cavities, infill gaps, bonding, dimples, tearing debonding of fiber, crack, delamination, shearing, crack, and fiber protrusion. The nature of failure varied from ductile to brittle depending upon the change in process parameters.

Mechanical Properties and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding of Carbon Composites with Polycarbonate and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Resins.

As environmental pollution becomes a serious concern, considerable effort has been undertaken to develop power devices with minimal production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and exhaust gases. Owing to this effort, interest in technologies related to hybrid and electric products that use fuel cells has been increasing. The risk of human injuries owing to electromagnetic waves generated by electrical and electronic devices has been also rising, prompting the development of mitigating technologies. In addition, antistatic devices for protecting operators from static electricity have also been considered. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the development of thermoplastic carbon composites containing carbon fibers (CFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Ultimately, materials with improved mechanical properties (e.g., flexural, impact, and tensile strength properties of about +61.09%, +21.44%, +63.56%, respectively), electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding (+70.73 dB), and surface resistivity (nearly zero) can be developed by impregnating CFs and CNTs with polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resins, respectively. The total average mechanical properties of PC and ABS composites increased by 24.35% compared with that of ABS composites, while that of PC composites increased by 32.86% with that of PC and ABS composites. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop carbon composites, to take advantage of these thermoplastic resins.

Thermal post‐processing effects on the polycarbonate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites manufactured by fused filament fabrication

AbstractThe mechanical properties of components manufactured by fused filament fabrication lack sufficient levels for industrial applications. The need for post‐processing is, therefore, necessary to enhance the interlayer strength and mechanical characteristics. In the present study, experimental analysis of the effects of annealing on polycarbonate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene manufactured by fused filament fabrication is explored. Annealing temperatures are selected in the range from 90 to 210°C based on differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The ultimate tensile strength improved by 20.39% from 32.39 to 38.99 MPa after the heat treatment at 180°C for 1‐h duration. Flexural strength showed a remarkable enhancement of 53.21% after annealing at 180°C for 2 h. The interlayer diffusion and bonding are boosted following heat treatment and microstructural imaging proved the same although the surface had flakes due to the high heat exposure. X‐ray diffraction testing of annealed models demonstrated a maximum crystallinity index of 32.56% when compared with nonannealed samples with 6.58%. The addition of polycarbonate to acrylonitrile butadiene styrene improves the stiffness and impact loading capacity with high heat resistance. The heat treatment process is capable of magnifying the mechanical characteristics of the end functional components, thereby opening up the scope for more engineering applications.

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene-Based Composites with Permalloy with Tailored Magnetic Response.

This work reports on tailoring the magnetic properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)-based composites for their application in magnetoactive systems, such as magnetic sensors and actuators. The magnetic properties of the composites are provided by the inclusion of varying permalloy (Py-Ni75Fe20Mo5) nanoparticle content within the ABS matrix. Composites with Py nanoparticle content up to 80 wt% were prepared and their morphological, mechanical, thermal, dielectric and magnetic properties were evaluated. It was found that ABS shows the capability to include high loads of the filler without negatively influencing its thermal and mechanical properties. In fact, the thermal properties of the ABS matrix are basically unaltered with the inclusion of the Py nanoparticles, with the glass transition temperatures of pristine ABS and its composites remaining around 105 °C. The mechanical properties of the composites depend on filler content, with the Young's modulus ranging from 1.16 GPa for the pristine ABS up to 1.98 GPa for the sample with 60 wt% filler content. Regarding the magnetic properties, the saturation magnetization of the composites increased linearly with increasing Py content up to a value of 50.9 emu/g for the samples with 80 wt% of Py content. A numerical model has been developed to support the findings about the magnetic behavior of the NP within the ABS. Overall, the slight improvement in the mechanical properties and the magnetic properties provides the ABS composites new possibilities for applications in magnetoactive systems, including magnetic sensors, actuators and magnetic field shielding.

Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Chemically Functionalized Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Composites by Palsule Process

ABSTRACT Bamboo fibers (BBF) and reinforced chemically functionalized acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (CF-ABS) composites (BBF/CF-ABS) have been processed up to 190ºC, extending Palsule process to higher processing temperatures. The composites show higher tensile and flexural properties than CF-ABS. BBF act as stress concentrators, reduce deformation and thus impact strength of the composites relative to the matrix. Esterification reaction and hydrogen bonds are formed between BBF and CF-ABS at higher processing temperatures also, and these bonds impart adhesion between them in the composites. Thermal stability of the BBF/CF-ABS composites is between those of BBF and CF-ABS, and their degradation starts above 270ºC. The composites show better mechanical properties than the same composite by the fiber treatment, the compatibilizer and their combined processes.

Tribological Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Composites at Elevated Temperature

Tribological Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Composites at Elevated Temperature

Lightweight broadband microwave absorbing metamaterial with CB-ABS composites fabricated by 3D printing

The self-similarity, high geometric symmetry and spatial utilization properties of fractal structures provide new methods for the development of absorbing metamaterials. In this paper, the microwave absorption properties of the gradient dendritic fractal metamaterial structure (GDFMs) based on carbon black and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene composites were investigated. The optimal metamaterial structure has an effective absorption in the frequency range of 4.5–40 GHz. The rotational-symmetry GDFMs leads to the polarization independence, and the GDFMs exhibits a wide-angle absorption performance for both TE and TM waves. It is expected that the proposed GDFMs has good application prospects in electromagnetic wave absorption.

Investigation of tensile and flexural properties of kenaf fiber-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites fabricated by fused deposition modeling

Employment of natural fiber for the filament of fused deposition modeling (FDM) can be found in numerous studies from different areas. However, the presence of fiber such as kenaf in polymer filament could cause mechanical properties degradation with regard to the fiber loading owing to low compatibility between natural fiber and polymer matrix. Therefore, this study aims to study the mechanical properties of three-dimensional (3D)-printed structures of composites specimens with varying volume percentages of kenaf fiber. From the tensile and flexural testings, the findings revealed decrements in the tensile strength and modulus of kenaf fiber-reinforced ABS (KRABS) composites from 0 to 5% contents of kenaf fiber which were 23.20 to 11.48 MPa and 328.17 to 184.48 MPa, respectively. The raising amount of kenaf fiber at 5 to 10% raised the tensile strength and modulus from 11.48 to 18.59 MPa and 184.48 to 275.58 MPa, respectively. Flexural strength and modulus of KRABS composites were decreased at to 5% from 40.56 to 26.48 MPa and 113.05 to 60 MPa, respectively. With further kenaf fiber addition from 5 to 10%, the flexural strength and modulus were increased from 26.48 to 32.64 MPa and 60 to 88.46 MPa, respectively. These results were supported by the finding from the morphological analysis, where the presence of porosity and fiber pull out implied the poor interfacial bonding between kenaf fiber and ABS matrix. This study has successfully demonstrated the tensile and flexural performances of different volume percentages of KRABS composites filament for FDM through experimental research.

Processing and characterization of tailorable 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites with hybrid buckypapers

In this work, a hybrid additive manufacturing process was used to incorporate hybrid buckypapers into an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene matrix. The buckypapers were made onsite during manufacturing from a suspension containing carbon nanotubes, short carbon fibres, and polymer binders. The 3D-printed composites were post-processed by vacuum bagging. The composites reinforced with hybrid buckypapers showed a higher tensile strength by 18% and a tensile modulus by 20% than neat ABS. Further improvement in tensile properties (up to 39%) was observed after the modification of hybrid buckypapers with epoxy or thermoplastic polyurethane binders. The porosity was reduced from 4.8% to 0.5% after the post-treatment of ABS. The microstructure of the hybrid buckypapers and the resulting mechanical properties of the composites depended on the weight fraction (1, 5, or 10 wt%) of binders. The composites without binders were the most porous and experienced a 64% reduction in interlaminar shear strength. The thermoplastic polyurethane had a negligible impact on interlaminar shear strength, while the epoxy binder fully recovered it. The results showed that the mechanical properties and morphology of composites containing hybrid reinforcement can be tailored by selecting the type and weight fraction of the polymer binder system.

Mechanical, viscoelastic and sorption behaviour of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene composites with 0D and 1D nanofillers

Mechanical, viscoelastic and sorption behaviour of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene composites with 0D and 1D nanofillers