Acrylic Yarns Research Articles

Acrylic yarns pre-treated with different mordants and their dyeing potential with annatto dye

The study aimed to identify the best conditions for dyeing acrylic fiber with natural annatto dye, considering the presence of metallic mordants such as alum and ferrous sulfate, and evaluating the influence of soy milk or the absence of a mordant. Exhaust dyeing tests were conducted with the extract at different pH ranges to understand the behavior of the carotenoids bixin and norbixin in annatto seeds. Color intensity was measured by spectrophotometry, while colorfastness tests were performed to assess color transfer. The alum mordant showed less colorfastness than dyeing without a mordant, suggesting interference in dye fixation despite high color intensity values. On the other hand, the ferrous sulfate mordant exhibited limited leveling but high colorfastness. The natural pH range of the extract with soy milk mordant demonstrated good colorfastness and moderate intensity, resulting in a light-yellow shade. These findings underscore the complexity of interactions between natural dyes, synthetic fibers, and different mordants, emphasizing the importance of considering various factors to optimize desired outcomes in acrylic fiber dyeing.

Development of non-combustible weaveable yarn through oxidative control of a textile acrylic fibre

Acrylic fibre is considered to be artificial wool in the textile industry, but in contrast with natural wool, it vigorously burns producing black smoke and toxic gases. This not only has hindered its technical applications, but also poses safety risks to the end-users of acrylic-based products. This research aims at enhancing the fire-retardancy of acrylic yarns using a facile thermal stabilisation process which is based on controlling the oxidation temperature and residence period. To this end, acrylic yarns are thermally processed according to six different time and temperature profiles ranging from 220 to 280 °C, with residence periods ranging from 22 to 28 min. The oxidised yarns were characterised using FTIR, DSC, and TGA techniques and the effects of the oxidative thermal treatment on physical characterises, and surface morphology of yarns and fibres were discussed. The results showed that the acrylic yarn undergone the oxidation process based on 240–255–270–280 °C heating profile for 28 min at each step had a sufficiently high degree of cyclisation with an excellent fire retardancy. Furthermore, the stabilised acrylic yarn was strong enough to be woven into a plain weave fabric using a laboratory scale loom while displaying non-combustible behaviour during cyclic exposure to flame. These results present a novel pathway for the development of a low cost, non-combustible fabric ideally suited for applications in extreme environments.

Preparation and formation mechanism of colorful photonic crystals on rough yarns

The environmentally friendly dyeing of textiles combining regular photonic crystals (PCs) has shown remarkable promise for application. However, the surface is rough and undulating and contains many harnesses due to full-curved structure of yarns. All these factors increase the difficulty of assembling colloidal microspheres into regular PCs on yarns. Therefore, relevant studies on the preparation methods and fundamental theories for constructing bionic structural colors on conventional flexible yarns are few. This study contains two main parts: first, regular PC-based yarns were produced by the dip coating method with poly (styrene–butyl acrylate–methacrylate) (P(St–BA–MAA)) as building block. Specifically, the softness and surface flatness of acrylic yarns were improved using silicone-modified polymer solution and cationic acrylate solution. The results indicated that assembling of PC with vivid structural color was easier when the base color of yarns was black and the concentration of P(St–BA–MAA) colloidal microspheres was about 60 wt%. Second, the self-assembling mechanism of microspheres on acrylic yarns was further studied by untwisting and slicing. The results showed that colloidal microspheres would fill the surfaces and voids of the outer fibers of acrylic yarns to form regular PCs, and they would also enter the inner fibers of yarns by capillary forces. However, the structure of yarns was tight inside and loose outside due to twisting and other reasons. Therefore, the colloidal microspheres had more difficulty entering the fibers on the inner side of the yarn to form an ordered PC structure when the fibers were closer to the yarn axis. The PC-based colored yarn also remained bright after the rubbing test. The color phase of the structured colored yarns based on PC could be adjusted as well by regulating the particle size and the observation angle. The prepared structured colored yarns were woven into fabrics, which were named yarn-structure colored fabrics. This research provides theoretical support and technical guidance for the preparation and practical application of flexible structured colored yarns based on PC.

Portable Instruments Based on NIR Sensors and Multivariate Statistical Methods for a Semiautomatic Quality Control of Textiles

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a widely used technique for determining the composition of textile fibers. This paper analyzes the possibility of using low-cost portable NIR sensors based on InGaAs PIN photodiode array detectors to acquire the NIR spectra of textile samples. The NIR spectra are then processed by applying a sequential application of multivariate statistical methods (principal component analysis, canonical variate analysis, and the k-nearest neighbor classifier) to classify the textile samples based on their composition. This paper tries to solve a real problem faced by a knitwear manufacturer, which arose because different pieces of the same garment were made with “identical” acrylic yarns from two suppliers. The sweaters had a composition of 50% acrylic, 45% wool, and 5% viscose. The problem occurred after the garments were dyed, where different shades were observed due to the different origins of the acrylic yarns. This is a challenging real-world problem for two reasons. First, there is the need to differentiate between acrylic yarns of different origins, which experts say cannot be visually distinguished before garments are dyed. Second, measurements are made in the field using portable NIR sensors rather than in a controlled laboratory using sophisticated and expensive benchtop NIR spectrometers. The experimental results obtained with the portable sensors achieved a classification accuracy of 95%, slightly lower than the 100% obtained with the high-performance laboratory benchtop NIR spectrometer. The results presented in this paper show that portable NIR sensors combined with appropriate multivariate statistical classification methods can be effectively used for on-site textile quality control.

The Effect of the Ring Spinning Machine Top Drafting Roller Hardness and the Fiber Blend Ratio on the Quality of Yarn

The ring spinning machine, in which the fibers are converted from the roving form to yarn, applies higher draft than the roving frame and roving frame. The rate and control of this draft has a great importance on yarn quality. During this controlled shooting, the hardness of the upper drafting rollers and the size of the clips placed on the aprons are of great importance. The cot stiffness and the clip type determine the dimensions of the fiber clamping surface between the rollers. The hardness of the upper roller used, the pressure applied to the top rollers, the type of clips that adjust the distance between the top and bottom rollers are the parameters that control the controlled drawing in this context. The aim of this study is to improve the yarn quality by changing the cot stiffness. For this, two different experimental factors were chosen to investigate the effect of cot stiffness and fiber type on yarn quality. The first factor is the upper roller hardness at three different lower levels, 70, 76 and 83 shore. The second factor is the fiber type, and the fiber type has two different sub-levels. In this context, the yarns consisting of different fibers planned to be produced are 20/1 Ne 50/50 cotton/acrylic and 20/1 Ne 100% acrylic yarns. Unevenness, thin/thick place, neps, hairiness and strength tests were carried out on the produced yarns. The results obtained were analyzed statistically and the effect of cot stiffness and fiber type on yarn quality was revealed.

Evaluation of yarn and fabric properties of environmentally friendly and sustainable chiengora fibers from Pomeranian dog breed for textile applications

ABSTRACT This study envisages prospective usage of chiengora fibers from pomeranian dog breed for textile applications. The pomeranian dog hair which is otherwise thrown as waste is made into knitted fabrics of 2 × 2 rib structure. The chiengora fibers are blended with polyester and acrylic in seven different blend proportions and yarns are produced using rotor spinning machine. The yarn and fabric properties are evaluated, compared with previous studies and the results are presented. The fiber loss in carding is higher at 5.83% for 100% chiengora yarns. The yarn properties depreciate with higher content of chiengora in the yarn. However, yarn quality index is better for 50/50 chiengora polyester content yarns at 6.77 similar to 6.78 of 25/75 chiengora acrylic yarns. The fabric properties dwindle with more chiengora content but better thermal insulation property with a clo value of 0.524 is observed for 100% pomeranian fabric. It is 29% higher than 100% woolen fabrics. One way ANOVA confirms significant difference in all the yarn and fabric properties between different blend proportions of each group. Specific end uses are provided for all the produced fabrics thereby leading to effective utilization of a sustainable fiber.

Preparation of Acrylic Yarns with Durable Structural Colors Based on Stable Photonic Crystals.

Structural coloration of photonic crystals (PCs) is considered an ecological and environmental way to achieve colorful textiles. However, constructing PCs with obvious structural colors on traditional flexible yarns is still a great challenge. As a secondary structure that forms textiles, compared with fibers and fabrics, the yarns are rougher, hindering the construction of regular PCs. In this work, the flexible acrylic yarns with vivid structural colors, named PC-based structural color yarns, were prepared by constructing regular PCs via assembling poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-methacrylate) (P(St-BA-MAA)) colloidal microspheres on yarns. Specifically, the properties of P(St-BA-MAA) colloidal microspheres were investigated. The PCs with better structural stability and obvious structural colors were prepared by presetting the acrylic adhesive layer on yarns. Moreover, the color durability and color regulation methods of prepared PC-based structural color yarns were evaluated and discussed. The results showed that the P(St-BA-MAA) colloidal microspheres exhibited even particle sizes, excellent monodispersity, and a typical hard core-soft shell structure. And the glass-transition temperature (T g) of the microspheres was tested to be about 65.6 °C. The cationic acrylate regarded as a pretreatment agent could not only improve the combination between the PC layers and the yarns by acting as a "bridge" but also enhance the structural color effect by smoothing the yarn surface. The results showed that when the mass fraction of cationic acrylate was 3 wt %, the microspheres were beneficial to access regular PCs with obvious structural colors. The PCs with bright structural colors could be constructed on black acrylic yarns, and the colors of yarns were still bright after rubbing and washing tests, indicating that the prepared PC-based structural color yarns have good color fastness. Moreover, the color hue of PC-based structural color yarns could be regulated by adjusting the particle sizes and viewing angles. This study provides strategic support for the structural coloration of flexible materials.

Comparative Studies on Thermal Comfort Properties of Eri Silk, Wool/Eri Silk, Cotton, and Micro-denier Acrylic Double-layered Knitted Fabrics

ABSTRACT In this study, 100% Eri Silk, 85:15% Wool/Eri silk, Cotton, and Micro-denier Acrylic yarns have been used to develop double-layered knitted fabrics. The thermal comfort properties such as air permeability, thermal resistance, thermal conductivity, and water vapor transmission have been evaluated. In this study, it is found that 100% eri silk double-layered knitted fabrics have better air permeability properties when compared with the other fabrics (85:15% Wool/Eri silk and 100% micro-denier acrylic fabrics) due to their thin and porous structure. As far as thermal conductivity is concerned, 100% Eri silk double-layered knitted fabrics have better thermal conductivity, whereas 85:15% wool/Eri silk double-layered knitted fabrics show poor thermal conductivity. In the case of thermal resistance, 85:15% wool/Eri silk double-layered knitted fabrics have maximum thermal resistance and 100% Eri silk shows poor thermal resistance when compared to other samples. A total of 100% Eri silk double-layered knitted fabrics have better water vapor transmission and 85:15% wool/Eri silk double-layered knitted fabrics have poor water vapor transmission when compared to other samples.

A Study of Dimensional Properties of Carding Fabrics Knitted from Wool and Acrylic Yarns Part I. Full Cardigan.(Dept.T)

A Study of Dimensional Properties of Carding Fabrics Knitted from Wool and Acrylic Yarns Part I. Full Cardigan.(Dept.T)

Factors Influencing The Air Resistance of Acrylic Single Jersey Fabrics.(Dept.T)

In this paper the measured air resistance of single jersey fabrics made from acrylic yarns is investigated. A mathematical approach on a geometrical model is attempted to relate the fabric porosity to yarn diameter and wale and course spacing. An empirical equation is fitted to the measured air resistance data using multiple regression analysis. The regression equation relates the air resistance to the fabric parameters of tightness factor, porosity and bulk density. This empirical relationship is shown to predict the air resistance accurately.

Discarded clothing acrylic yarns: Low-cost raw materials for deformable c nanofibers applied to flexible sodium-ion batteries

Acrylic and discarded acrylic fabrics are appealing for use as raw materials to prepare low-cost carbon nanofibers (CNFs), which can solve the problem of high spinning raw material cost in the industrialization of CNFs. However, the extremely poor thermal properties caused by the high content of comonomers make it difficult to prepare CNFs with good mechanical properties. Here, we successfully used clothing acrylic yarn to prepare deformable CNFs (Zn-CAY-CNF), which is accomplished by using trace amounts of zinc acetate (Zn(Ac)2) in the spinning solution and stepwise carbonization. As-obtained materials exhibit excellent cycle stability (101.6 mAh g−1, 2 A g−1, 2000th) and rate-capacity retention (51 mAh g−1, 10 A g−1), with good flexibility. A soft pack battery can light a LED under bending state. The excellent flexibility can be attributed to the role of Zn(Ac)2 in initiating chemical pre-cyclization, promoting thermal cyclization and aromatization, which are contributed to cyclization and carbonization of PAN chain segments in acrylic molecular chains and improves the carbon yield of CNFs. More importantly, discarded acrylic fabric is also used to successfully prepare flexible CNFs via the same preparation process, indicating that the preparation strategy is universal and feasible.Acrylic and discarded acrylic fabrics are appealing for use as raw materials to prepare low-cost carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as high spinning raw material costs are a key factor limiting the industrialization of CNFs. However, their extremely poor thermal properties caused by high-content co-monomers make it difficult to prepare CNFs with good mechanical properties. Here, clothing acrylic yarn is successfully used to prepare deformable CNFs (Zn-CAY-CNF), which is accomplished by modifying a standard CNF preparation process using trace amounts of zinc acetate (Zn(Ac)2) in the spinning solution. The roles that Zn(Ac)2 plays in initiating a pre-chemical cyclization, promoting thermal cyclization and aromatization are revealed, which are contributed to cyclization and carbonization of PAN chain segments in acrylic molecular chains. As-obtained Zn-CAY-CNF was successfully used in free-standing sodium ion battery anodes with excellent cycle stability and rate-capacity retention. A soft pack battery consisting of a Zn-CAY-CNF anode and Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode was assembled, which can light a LED under bending state. More importantly, discarded acrylic fabric is also used to successfully prepare flexible CNFs via the same preparation process, indicating that this preparation strategy is practicable and that low-cost CNFs with good mechanical properties derived from discarded acrylics are feasible for practical use.

Development of multi-layered weft-knitted fabrics for thermal insulation

The main goal of the presented study was to develop new multi-layered weft-knitted structure for thermal insulation and to investigate the dynamic of the heat transfer through this fabric. For knitting of outer and inner layers of this structure, different raw materials of yarns were used, i.e. wool, cotton, polyester and acrylic yarns. All the newly developed multi-layered weft-knitted fabrics show thermal insulation as, after 1 h of observation, temperature on the outer layer of all tested fabrics does not reach 40℃, i.e. the temperature of a heated plate. The results of this research showed that the nature of the yarns has a significant influence on the air permeability and dynamic of the heat exchange through the multi-layered structure, as it influences porosity of the knitted fabric. The results showed that the best fabric was the one where the outer layers are knitted from woollen yarns and the inner layer from polyester filament yarns.

Effect of Some Process Parameters on Acrylic Yarns and Knitted Fabrics Made of

Effect of Some Process Parameters on Acrylic Yarns and Knitted Fabrics Made of

Mind’s Eye and Embodied Weaving: Simultaneous Contrasts of Hue in Isluga Textiles, Northern Chile

This article examines the use of hue in textiles woven during the twentieth century in Isluga, a bilingual Aymara/Spanish-speaking community of herders of llamas, alpacas and sheep in the highlands of northern Chile. It pays tribute to the weaving skills of Natividad Castro Challapa and other weavers of her generation, born early in the twentieth century. Aniline dyes were already known to them but, in the course of their lives, they witnessed increasing amounts of industrially manufactured, pre-dyed acrylic yarns arriving in the community. The article explores how weavers incorporated these brightly hued yarns in their textiles to form accents of colour alongside undyed yarns spun from alpaca and llama fibre. Taking into account the environmental context of ambient lightness and darkness, it addresses the forms of contrast the weavers used, based on principles of extension, saturation, complementarity and simultaneity. This study of Natividad Castro Challapa’s weaving career provides a rare opportunity to demonstrate how local concepts concerning the use of hues have undergone historical change with the arrival of global resources in an ethnographic context that otherwise provides the researcher with little documentary evidence.

Effect of 1×1, 2×1, 2×2, 3×1 and 3×3 Knit Structure on Different Properties of Rib Knitted Fabric

This study investigates the effect of different knit structure on various properties of rib knitted fabric. The acrylic yarns were used to make 1×1, 2×1, 2×2, 3×1 and 3×3 rib structured fabrics using manual V-bed knitting machine in this research work. The effects of knit structure were measured concerning drape co-efficient percentage, bending length, flexural rigidity and tightness factor. The results disclosed that the fabric properties are greatly influenced by knit structures. 1×1 rib knit fabric showed the lowest value for all tested properties and 3×3 rib knit fabric showed the highest value except drape co-efficient. The bending length and flexural rigidity was investigated in both wale and course direction. At the same time, surface and back sides bending length were also calculated. It has been identified from the test results that the effect of knit structure on flexural rigidity in both wale and course direction were influenced in a same chronological way.

Geometry of fiber distribution in Marl yarn using the computational method

In this research, the structure of a type of bi-component composite yarns so called Marl yarn was studied. Fibers packing density factors within the yarn cross section as well as the effect of twisting on the resultant yarn were investigated. Samples of Marl acrylic yarns were provided using different twisting levels. Images of the cross sections of the produced yarn were obtained using the transverse sectioning method. The images were captured using the optical microscopy. The prepared images of the yarn cross section were then analyzed using image processing methods. In the first stage, yarn central coordinates and radiuses were calculated. In order to investigate the uniformity of fibers distribution and packing density within the yarn cross section, the fiber distances from the yarn center within the small radial and polar elements were calculated and the coefficient of variations (CV %) was determined. The maximum value of the fibers packing density was determined. The results showed that the fibers were mostly concentrated within the central region of the yarn; this was followed by the decrease in the fibers packing density while moving into the yarn’s outer layers. It was also concluded that increasing the intensity of the applied twist would result in higher fibers packing as well as the decrease in the yarn radius.

Effects of Fiber Linear Density on Acrylic Carpet Performance

The appearance of cut-pile carpets deteriorates due to foot traffic and long term heavy loadings. This deterioration is generally seen as a fuzzy appearance due to loose fibers and fuzz on the carpet surface or as thickness loss. The fiber fineness has important effects on a number of yarn properties including cohesion, evenness, strength, stiffness and luster. In this study, three acrylic yarns with different fiber finenesses at the same yarn linear density were used to produce cut-pile carpet samples. The effects of fiber linear density on the amount of loose fibers and fuzz on the carpet surface, thickness loss under prolonged heavy static and dynamic loadings and compression recovery after loading-unloading were investigated. The carpet produced with finest fibers yarns had the lowest amount of loose fibers due to higher cohesion. The carpet samples with the finest fibers exhibited the highest resiliency and lowest thickness loss under static loading. However, the carpet samples with the coarsest fibers showed the least thickness loss under dynamic loading and higher compression recovery after loading-unloading.

Physical properties of uas sheep wool and acrylic blended yarns

In order to enhance the optimum utilization and improve the properties of UAS (University of Agricultural Sciences) sheep fleece, it was blended with other synthetic fibres. The scoured and pre-carded UAS sheep fleece was blended with acrylic in the varied proportions viz., 70/30, 60/40 and 50/50 through sandwich/stack blending technique. The blended fibres were subjected to a woolen carding system and spun on a hand charka and friction spinning machine. Pure and blended yarns were subjected to physical properties such as yarn count (Nm), yarn twist (tpi), single yarn strength (kgf) and elongation (%). The results revealed that among the wool/acrylic blends, hand spun 70/30 blend exhibited a higher number of tpi (7.20) and single yarn strength (0.52). Whereas, the friction spun 50/50 blend possessed higher tpi (9.88), greater strength (0.55) and elongation percentage (14.62). In general, friction spun wool/acrylic blended yarns exhibited significantly finer yarn count (5.91–13.08), greater tpi (5.10–9.88) and elongation percentage (13.08–14.62) than the hand spun pure and blended yarns. Among the various blends compositions and spinning methods, the friction spun 50/50 blend possessed higher tpi (9.88), greater strength (0.55) and elongation percentage (14.62). Hence, 50/50 blend at friction spinning may be considered as recommended blend composition. In case of hand spinning, it is not possible to make recommendation as there is no clear trend for yarn properties. The blending of local coarse grade wool with acrylic and other natural and synthetic fibres will certainly meet the need ofthe present local woolen market and sustain the shepherds and local woolen spinners.

Light Fastness Improvement of Dyed Acrylic Fibers Using UVAbsorbers

The use of UV-absorbers in the dyeing of polyester to improve lightfastness is well known. In analogous manner, in this study the effect of ultraviolet (UV) absorbers on light fastness of acrylic yarns dyed in conventional dyeing process has been investigated. Under optimised dyeing conditions, the samples were dyed with a selection of basic dyes. Consequently, the samples were post-treated with five types of UV-absorbers. Regarding the photo-fading, the postdyeing treatment was evaluated from the reflection spectra in terms of the L, a, b, color coordinates and by measuring the difference ΔE between untreated and treated samples. Samples were subjected to Xenotest and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, while the morphological structure of the dyed fibres was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After the treatment, the acrylic fibres did not present any structural modifications and the specimens showed optimal values of light fastness.

Heat transfer properties of bifacial fabrics

Bifacial fabrics were produced on a purpose-built machine, using wool, acrylic and polyester yarns, with the woven structure being plain weave, and the knitted structure being single jersey. In this study, the heat transfer properties of these fabrics were compared with conventional woven and knitted fabrics. The bifacial fabrics had lower air permeability than knitted and woven fabrics, and they were warmer to touch. The thermal resistance of the bifacial fabrics was higher than the knitted and woven fabrics, and the thermal resistance of the two faces of the bifacial fabrics was statistically different.