Acrylic Plate Research Articles

Ectopic Eruption of the Maxillary Permanent First Molar: A Brief Review and Clinical Case Report

The Ectopic Eruption of the Maxillary Permanent First Molar (EEMPFM) is an eruption anomaly, characterized for the maxillary permanent first molar’s impaction in the distal surface of the deciduous second molar. The etiology is related with change of the axial axis of eruption of the permanent first molar associated with missing space in the maxilla. The diagnosis is the combination of clinical and complementary examination. There are two types of Ectopic Eruption: the reversible and the irreversible. The irreversible type requires orthodontics treatment, because it causes root resorption of the deciduous second molar, causing its premature loss. For the treatment, procedures can be used with the aim of promoting distal inclination of the ectopic first molar, using separator elastics, removable or fixed appliances. The aim of this work is to report a clinical case of a patient of 9 years and 6 months old, female gender, who attended the Clinic presenting EEMPFM of the maxillary right permanent first molar. The treatment was a removable appliance composed with an acrylic base plate with clasps and a finger spring activated against a resin button bonded on the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary right permanent first molar. The correction of this anomaly was obtained with 35 days of treatment. Therefore, the sequence of procedures from diagnosis to the indication of an adequate treatment method is fundamental to obtain satisfactory results.

Solution of 25% and 45% strawberry extract as stain extrinsic cleaning material on heat polymerised acrylic resin plates

Strawberries can be used as a stain remover because they contain ellagic acid which has the potential to make teeth white and eli-minate bad breath. This study examines the effectiveness of strawberry extract as an alternative cleaning agent for stains caused by extrinsic discolouration on heat polymerised acrylic resin (HPAR) plates. Using a pretest and posttest with control group de-sign, 24 RAPP samples were soaked in coffee solution for 7 days. On the 8th day, the colour change was observed using a spec-trophotometer on the HPAR plates. The samples were divided into four groups, namely soaking groups using 25%, 45% straw-berry extract, sodium hypochlorite, and distilled water for 14 days. On the 15th day, the colour change was observed. Data were processed with SPSS using paired t-test and one-way Anova test which showed significant differences in each treat-ment (p<0.05), except for the distilled water group. It was concluded that 25% and 45% strawberry (Fragaria x annanassea) extract solution is effective as an alternative cleaning agent for stains due to extrinsic discolouration on HPAR plates.

Performance Evaluation of Bar Load Cell Sensing System for Soil Moisture Measurement

The open-source microcontroller Arduino is simple to program, erase, and reprogram at any moment. It is an open-source computing platform for creating and programming electronic devices based on basic microcontroller boards. In agriculture, soil moisture content must be monitored soil monitoring continuously to understand the relationship between soil moisture content status and plant water use to minimize under and over-irrigation. Current methods have a short lifespan due to possible corrosion on the electrode. In this project, we introduce a new indirect method for monitoring soil moisture, especially for soil in the container or pot, based on a low-cost bar-based load-cell sensor with an acrylic plate. This study’s objectives were to compare the number of bar load cell sensors that affect the soil weight and to formulate a calibration model to predict soil moisture content using soil weight. A model design of 10kg and 5kg bar-based load cell sensors will be used to compare the number of bar load cell sensors affecting the soil weight. The measurement result of each method was very similar and constant for the various positions on the design. There is no significant difference in average soil weight for any technique, and there is no difference in average soil weight for each sample. R2 values and the calibration equation were tabulated in Table 2.

Effect of nanoparticle addition on antimicrobial properties for acrylic removable orthodontic appliance

Removable orthodontic appliances have acrylic resin-based plate components that often result in plaque retention and bacterial build-up, leading to dental and periodontal problems. Several studies have tried adding nanoparticles to acrylic resins to over-come these problems. This review discusses the effect of nanoparticle addition on the antimicrobial properties of orthodontic removable acrylic resin. A literature review was conducted on 10 articles obtained from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar by determining inclusion, exclusion and keyword criteria. Literature search using boolean search based on inclusion criteria obtained data that the addition of various nanoparticle materials such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide produces good antimicrobial properties, especially in the process of inhibiting microbial adhesion. It is concluded that the addi-tion of nanoparticles to acrylic resin orthodontic appliances provides effective antimicrobial properties so that it can be applied clinically to prevent diseases in the oral cavity such as gingivitis and dental caries.

Rhizosphere frame system enables nondestructive live-imaging of legume-rhizobium interactions in the soil.

Most plants interact with various soil microorganisms as they grow through the soil. Root nodule symbiosis by legumes and rhizobia is a well-known phenomenon of plant-microbe interactions in the soil. Although microscopic observations are useful for understanding the infection processes of rhizobia, nondestructive observation methods have not been established for monitoring interactions between rhizobia and soil-grown roots. In this study, we constructed Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens strains that constitutively express different fluorescent proteins, which allows identification of tagged rhizobia by the type of fluorophores. In addition, we constructed a plant cultivation device, Rhizosphere Frame (RhizoFrame), which is a soil-filled container made of transparent acrylic plates that allows observation of roots growing along the acrylic plates. Combining fluorescent rhizobia with RhizoFrame, we established a live imaging system, RhizoFrame system, that enabled us to track the nodulation processes with fluorescence stereomicroscope while retaining spatial information about roots, rhizobia, and soil. Mixed inoculation with different fluorescent rhizobia using RhizoFrame enabled the visualization of mixed infection of a single nodule with two strains. In addition, observation of transgenic Lotus japonicus expressing auxin-responsive reporter genes indicated that RhizoFrame system could be used for a real-time and nondestructive reporter assay. Thus, the use of RhizoFrame system is expected to enhance the study of the spatiotemporal dynamics of plant-microbe interactions in the soil.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa Paradisiaca L) Terhadap Candida albicans dan Streptococcus mutans Sebagai Pembersih Basis Akrilik Gigi Tiruan Lepasan

Background: Banana peels are always thrown away because they are considered items that cannot be eaten or reused, but recent study prove that it contains effective ingredients that can be used as antibacterial and antifungal agent. Kepok banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L) can kill and inhibit certain types of bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of banana peel extract (Musa paradisiaca L) as a denture cleanser on the removable denture acrylic plate. Methods: This is an experimental laboratory using 48 denture acrylic plates, size 10x10x2 mm. Kepok banana peels were extracted by maceration technique to concentration of 25%, 50% and 75% and used aquadest as control group. Moreover, 24 acrylic plates in each group that cultured by Candida albicans ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 10231 dan dan Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 were soaked into four solutions (6 plates in each treatment), then total colony was counted by the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The data was analyzed by computerized by one-way Annova with posttest only-control group design. Results: Reducing the amount of Candida albicans was most effective at a concentration of 75% with an average of 62.33 ± 25.91 (p=0.000), meanwhile the 50% concentration was the most effective on Streptococcus mutans with an average of 0.43 ± 0.41 (p=0.035). Conclusion: Kepok banana peel extract had an good effect on reducing the number of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans colonies on the removable denture acrylic plates.

Optimal utilization of hydrokinetic energy resources through performance improvement of the darrieus turbine using concave and flat blocking plates

Energy extraction from renewable sources like hydrokinetic energy from the flowing water of rivers and canals is one of the affordable and clean energy generation technique. The current work is carried out towards performance enhancement of the Darrieus hydrokinetic turbine for open water channel utilization application. The investigation has been done using the flat and concave shape of blocking plate. Both blocking plates have been analyzed for different sizes as well as location at the upstream side of the turbine. The obtained results are reported after considering appropriate velocity correction. The blocking plates with projected width of 76 mm, 89 mm, 101 mm, 127 mm, 152 mm, and 203 mm are selected for the investigation. It is observed that 101 mm (Width Ratio, WR=0.36) with concave blocking plate provides maximum Cp of 0.245 at 0.99 TSR. Also, the optimum region is found between 0.143 and 0.286 Distance Ratio (DR) from the top corner of the acrylic plate. The concave blocking plate enhance the performance more compared to flat blocking plate. The conclusion is made that, the performance with flat blocking plate with optimized width and location improve the power coefficient by 10.92% and that of concave blocking plate by 18.45%.

SELULOSA NANOSERAT TANDAN SAWIT SEBAGAI MATRIKS FILM INDIKATOR ALAMI KESEGARAN PANGAN

The food freshness is one trending topic that currently studied to reduce the number of food waste. The development of food freshness film indicator is one technique that can be utilized to resolve the high number of food waste. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of cellulose nanofiber film that had been integrated with anthocyanine as the food freshness film indicator. Cellulose nanofiber was obtained from empty fruit bunch of palm oil that had been dried, cut, and milled into fine powder. The initial step of this preparation was bleaching process using NaOCl/NH3 and H2O2/NH3. After bleaching process, cellulose fiber was oxidized using TEMPO/NaOCl/NaBr at pH 10 for 6 h. The TEMPO-oxidized cellulose fiber was then transferred into high pressure-homogenizer for 6-cycles at 800 bar of pressure. The cellulose nanofiber was obtained as hydrated fiber (gel-like) and then combined with anthocyanine obtaining from red cabbage extract, the film was casted on the acrylic plate. The film indicator of cellulose nanofiber was analyzed to determine the characteristic of film, i.e., color stability depending on pH, morphology, mechanical properties, and color response of film on the food freshness. The film of cellulose nanofiber that integrated with anthocyanin extract has the good sensitiveness to test the food freshness at 4oC. The color change produced by this indicator film is quite significant and has a different color at each pH value.

THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS VALUE ALTERATION OF ACRYLIC RESIN IMMERSED IN 10% CINNAMON EXTRACT AS A DISINFECTING MATERIAL

The surface roughness of acrylic denture bases can be a reservoir for food debris and microorganisms. Surface roughness can result from disinfection procedures. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) is a spice-producing tree which has aroma and taste and contains active substances that most act as antimicrobials, namely cinnamaldehyde and eugenol, which can be used as disinfectants. The purpose of this study was to determine the change in the value of the surface roughness of acrylic resin after being immersed in 10% cinnamon extract and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant. The research was experimental. The samples were heat-polymerized acrylic resin plates immersed in 10% cinnamon extract, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and distilled water. The results showed a significant difference in the degree of roughness of the acrylic plate immersed in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution compared to 10% cinnamon extract. The acrylic plate immersed in cinnamon extract had a minor level of roughness (0,37 µm) compared to the plate immersed in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (0,20 µm). A cinnamon extract of 10% did not affect the roughness of the acrylic plate.

Development of a grain-size determination method based on digital images of muddy sediments in coastal areas

The grain-size distribution is a fundamental parameter for assessment of coastal environments. In coastal areas, grain-size analysis of sediments is hampered by arduous collection of sediments from the seafloor at each sampling site and long analysis time. Although rapid determination methods using digital imaging have been developed over the last two decades, these methods cannot be applied to muddy sediments in coastal areas. In the present study, a digital image analysis method applicable to muddy sediments was developed based on sediment color analysis combined with an autocorrelation algorithm introduced by Rubin (2004). For digital image collection in the laboratory, a waterproof digital camera (16 megapixels) was used; it was placed 9 cm from the sediment surface. The imaging equipment consisted of the digital camera, an acrylic plate, and a housing filled with tap water, which was used to avoid effects of suspended sediment in the seawater. Model sediments were prepared and images of the sediment surfaces were taken. The mud and coarse fraction of the sediment were successfully estimated through binarization of the image based on brightness values and the grain-size distribution of the coarse fraction was determined using the autocorrelation algorithm introduced by Rubin (2004). In the field, the imaging apparatus consisting of a stainless-steel cage, lighting equipment, a housing filled with tap water, and a wide acrylic plate attached to the bottom of the housing provided a sturdy structure for obtaining clear digital images from uneven field sediments with suspended particles in the bottom water. The ship was moved several hundred meters at a time; the imaging apparatus was allowed to settle on the sediments and images were then taken continuously at set intervals. From these images, grain-size distributions of sediments containing >15% mud were successfully estimated. Thus, the digital image analysis method developed here will be suitable for measuring the fraction of surface area covered by mud and the size of the visible coarse fraction, and will be useful for monitoring of various sediment types, including muddy coastal sediments, demonstrating great promise for elucidating benthic ecosystem structures and functions in coastal areas.

Functionalization of structural materials through electro-blown spinning of ultrathin and transparent silk fibroin ionotronic nanofiber skin

Direct functionalization of structural materials can provide an elegant balance between their structure, performance, and function. However, effective direct functionalization techniques are very limited. This work reports a technique to functionalize structural materials in a non-destructive manner, wherein the surface of the materials is selectively etched without compromising their internal structure. In this technique, an ultrathin and transparent silk fibroin ionotronic nanofiber skin (SFINS) is spun on the surface of structural materials through electro-blown spinning, endowing them with electric conductivity and environmental responsiveness. This process is characterized by outstanding scalability, low cost, and high efficiency. In addition, the SFINS can be firmly bonded to the surface of different structural materials, such as glass, metals, polymers, and wood. More importantly, the electro-blown spinning process and the formed SFINS do not alter the structure, properties, and sustainability of the substrate materials. For instance, the transparency of glass and acrylic plates, the texture of wood, the color of plastics, the text of papers, the elasticity of elastomers, as well as their strength are all retained. Consequently, structural materials functionalized under the proposed process can be directly integrated into functional devices that require both structural stability and functional diversity in practice use. In this work, two prototypes are developed to demonstrate the applications of SFINS-functionalized structural materials as tactile receptors for an intelligent sorting manipulator and as a self-powered IntelliSensor for geological hazard early warning. Both examples reveal the advantages of the proposed technique in terms of the balance between the structure, performance, and function of the developed device systems.

An Ultrasonic Target Identification System Based on Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers

In this paper, an ultrasonic target identification system based on Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (PMUTs) is proposed to improve the productivity efficiency of industrial production. The proposed system can accurately identify targets of different shapes. Two pieces of 3 × 3 PMUTs arrays with a resonant frequency of 115 kHz are used as the transmitter and receiver of the PMUTs-based ultrasonic sensor. The sensor is small in size and has high instability. In addition, the PMUTs based ultrasonic sensors have lower environmental requirements than vision sensors and are less expensive than laser sensors. Therefore, the sensors are suitable for large-scale use in industry. The characteristics of the proposed system are investigated in the shape experiments on the square, circle, frame, and ring targets. The four kinds of targets are acrylic plates with a thickness of 5mm. The experimental results show that the system can accurately identify the shapes of the four targets through the grid-based scheme. Besides, the identification process is automatically completed by the 3D mobile platform. The proposed system has demonstrated a cost-effective method to identify targets of different shapes, which can more efficiently guide the robotic manipulator’s grasping and other behaviors.

Dosimetric Study to Estimate Deviations in Delivered Radiation Dose due to Occluded Air Spaces in Vaginal Vault Brachytherapy Applications.

To develop a dosimetric tool to estimate the dose delivered in the presence of air pockets with EBT3 film while simulating the conditions of vaginal vault brachytherapy (VVBT) with 3.0 diameter cylindrical applicator at a prescription dose distance of 5mm from the surface of it. Six acrylic plates (10 cm x 10 cm, 0.5 cm thick) with four different types of slots were designed and produced locally. They can hold a cylindrical vaginal brachytherapy applicator in the centre, air equivalent material from the applicator's surface [(sizes 4.5 mm (A), 3.0 mm (B), and 2.0 mm (C)], EBT3 film at the prescribed dose distance, and holder rods. Plates were layered together with acrylic rods and assembled in a holding box in a water phantom. Three treatment plans done in TPS with prescription doses of 2 Gy, 3 Gy, and 4 Gy at 5.0 mm with a treatment length of 6 cm, and were executed in Co-60-based HDR brachytherapy unit (M/s SagiNova, Germany) with & without the placement of air equivalent material, and the dose received at slot locations A, B, & C were noted. The mean percentage deviation of measured dose without and with presence of air pocket at A, B and C was 13.9%, 11.0% and 6.4% respectively for all dose prescriptions. As the air pocket size expanded radially from 2.0 mm to 4.5 mm, the increase in dosage ranged from 6.4% to 13.9% which was due to the fact that the film was held at dosage prescription distance and the lack of attenuation of photons radially through air pocket. The present study can be carried out with a 3D printed phantom that simulates VVBT application having air pockets of different dimensions at different locations and also can be analyzed with Monte Carlo simulations.

A laser absorption spectroscopy chamber system based on closed dynamic chamber method for multi-point synchronous monitoring ammonia emissions

This study reports on the field testing of a newly and originally designed laser absorption spectroscopy chamber (LASC) system based on closed dynamic chamber method, which is well suited for multi-point synchronous measurement of ammonia emissions in field multiple plot experiment. Main design feature of the LASC system is individual multi-reflection cells for each chamber, achieving the synchronous in-situ monitoring ammonia emissions of all the chambers. Two movable covers for automated opening and closing of the chamber, and the highly transparent chamber walls made of acrylic plate minimize the disturbance of the chamber deployment on the ammonia transport process in the chamber. Controlled field assessment experiment was conducted to evaluate the applicability and reliability of the LASC system. The results indicated that the optimum time length of chamber closure for monitoring ammonia emission is 3 min, and the appropriate time length of chamber ventilation is 17 to 37 min. The LASC system has higher accuracy for measuring ammonia emission rate and reliability for comparatively measuring ammonia emissions from different treatments than the traditional chamber methods.

Anticandidal Efficacy of Erythrosine with Nano-TiO2 and Blue LED-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy against Candida albicans Biofilms on Acrylic Resin: A Preliminary Study.

Incorporating an enhancer such as nano-titanium dioxide into antimicrobial photodynamic therapy can improve treatment outcome.This study aimed to compare the anticandidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy by erythrosine with nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) stimulated by a blue light emitting diode with three standard dental antifungal agents. Candida albicans biofilms on acrylic resin plates were treated for 15 minutes with either nystatin, fluconazole, Polident, 220µM erythrosine + 1% (w/w) nano-TiO2 + 15 J/cm2 blue light photodynamic therapy (Ery PDT), or distilled water. For the Ery PDT group, blue light was applied for 1 minute after incubation. After 1, 3, and 6 hours, the colony forming units in log10 (log10CFU/mL) were compared. The ultrastructure of C. albicans on the acrylic resin plates treated with erythrosine + nano-TiO2 + blue light was examined using transmission electron microscopy at magnification of 30,000x. After 1 hour, nystatin, Polident, and Ery PDT indifferently inhibited C. albicans. At 6 hours, Ery PDT reduced the number of viable C. albicans in biofilms by 0.28log10 CFU/mL, which was equal to the effect of fluconazole and Polident. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that Ery PDT altered the C. albicans cell morphology by inducing cell wall/membrane rupture. Photodynamic therapy with erythrosine + nano-TiO2 + blue light at low light power density (15 J/cm2) was as effective at inhibiting C. albicans biofilm on acrylic resin as fluconazole and Polident.

An Inhibition effect of immersion in effervescent garlic ethanol extract (Allium sativum L.) against Staphylococcus aureus growth on heat cured acrylic

Denture stomatitis is an infection of the mucosa caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) accumulating on the denture. Garlic (Allium sativum) contains antibacterial compounds that can be used as an alternative denture cleanser. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibition effect of immersion in effervescent garlic ethanol extract (Allium sativum) against Staphylococcus aureus growth on heat cured acrylic dental plate. This research was a laboratory experiment in vitro using 40%, 50%, and 60% effervescent garlic ethanol extract. The samples were 12 pieces (n = 12) of heat cured acrylic plates which were divided into 3 treatment groups then incubated in S. aureus suspension for 24 hours and then immersed in an effervescent garlic ethanol extract for 6 hours. Bacterial colonies were counted using a colony counter and the data were analyzed using the One-way ANOVA and LSD Post hoc tests. The statistical analysis showed that the number of S. aureus colonies decreased along with an increased concentration of garlic ethanol extract. The results of the analysis showed that the 60% effervescent garlic ethanol extract had a significantly lower mean number of colonies compared to the 40% and 50% effervescent garlic ethanol extracts (p ≤ 0.05). This research concluded that effervescent garlic ethanol extract prevented the growth of S. aureus on the heat cured acrylic dental plate.

The effect of immersing the heat-cured acrylic resin plates into kitchen vinegar and star fruit (averrhoa bilimbi linn) solution to surface roughness base

Objective: To discover the effect of kitchen vinegar and star fruit to surface roughness base.
 Material and Methods: This study was an experimental laboratory experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. This study used 18 samples of heat-cured acrylic resin plates with size (30mm x 10mm x 2mm). They were divided into three groups; 1 control group (Group A) and 2 treatment group (Group B and C). Each group consists of 6 samples. Control group A soaked into aquades solution while treatment group B soaked into kitchen vinegar, and treatment Group C soaked into Star fruit. Each sample soaked for 24 hours. This study used Surface roughness Tester (SRT). Data analysis was done with one-way ANOVA and post hoc test analysis with 0,05 significant.
 Results: On one-way Anova showed p=0,676 (p>0,05), which means kitchen vinegar and star fruit has no significant effect on the surface roughness base of heat-cured acrylic resin. 
 Conclusion: Based on SPSS ANOVA data, kitchen vinegar, and star fruit solution have no significant effect on surface roughness (Ra), but if seen descriptively, the longer the heat-cured acrylic resin plates immersed in acidic solution, the higher the roughness of the denture surface (Ra).

PROCESSING REMOVABLE ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCE FOR SINGLE TOOTH ANTERIOR CROSSBITE USING EXPANSION SCREW

Background: Anterior crossbite is a case that when upper anterior are positioned palatally than lower anterior teeth in centric occlusion. Orthodontic appliances using expansion screw could be solution for tooth anterior crossbite treatment. Purpose: To figure out the optimal fabrication process of orthodontic appliances in single tooth anterior crossbite case using expansion screw. Case analysis: Dental laboratory provided the maxillary dental appliance with single tooth anterior crossbite on teeth 21. Dental technician also received orthodontic appliance using expansion screw. Result: Orthodontic appliance design was Adams claps on teeth 16, 26, labial bow on teeth 13, 12, 11, 21, 22, 23. Additional posterior bite plane, also expansion screw was located on maxillary left first incisor, palatal section. Conclusion: Design and making orthodontic appliances using expansion screw begins with drawing design, positioning Adams clasps and labial bow sectional screw mini mounting, then acrylic packing. Final step was finishing polishing acrylic plate.

FABRICATION OF SIMPLE SPACE REGAINER FOR SPACE LOSS CASE

Background: Anterior crossbite is a case that when upper anterior are positioned palatally than lower anterior teeth in centric occlusion. Orthodontic appliances using expansion screw could be solution for tooth anterior crossbite treatment. Purpose: To figure out the optimal fabrication process of orthodontic appliances in single tooth anterior crossbite case using expansion screw. Case analysis: Dental laboratory provided the maxillary dental appliance with single tooth anterior crossbite on teeth 21. Dental technician also received orthodontic appliance using expansion screw. Result: Orthodontic appliance design was Adams claps on teeth 16, 26, labial bow on teeth 13, 12, 11, 21, 22, 23. Additional posterior bite plane, also expansion screw was located on maxillary left first incisor, palatal section. Conclusion: Design and making orthodontic appliances using expansion screw begins with drawing design, positioning Adams clasps and labia bow sectional screw mini mounting, then acrylic packing. Final step was finishing polishing acrylic plate.

Flow patterns of a resin repair material in a vertical wellbore microannulus

We studied the repair of a simulated wellbore microannulus between cement and steel using a resin repair material. The experimental configuration consisted of a rough cement surface and a transparent acrylic plate on top of it to serve as a surrogate for steel as it has similar wetting characteristics for the fluids of interest in this study. The microannulus was repaired in a vertical configuration, so the buoyant, capillary, hydrostatic and viscous forces affected the repair. The interaction among those forces determined the flow patterns that developed as the resin was injected into the microannulus and the efficiency of the repair. The microannulus was first saturated with water, and then resin repair material without hardener was injected at the bottom of the microannulus until it arrived at the top of the microannulus (“breakthrough”). The injection of the repair material was conditionally stable since the resin was less dense than water, but more viscous. If the injection velocity was great enough, the resin would effectively displace the water; if not, buoyant forces dominate, and flow became unstable. In addition, the aperture distribution of the microannulus added the complexity of varying capillary forces. The experiments revealed a wide range of behaviors as a function of injection velocity, from pulse flow with apparent saturation of resin at breakthrough of only 4.4% at low velocities to a much more compact displacement at higher velocities, achieving a 67.8% apparent saturation at breakthrough.