Polymerization Of Acrylic Esters Research Articles

Highly Efficient Broadband Millimeter‐Wave–Absorbing Ultrathin Films

Millimeter waves (30–300 GHz) hold promise as carrier waves for car radars, next‐generation wireless communications, and beyond fifth‐generation technology standards for broadband cellular networks (Beyond 5G). Millimeter‐wave absorbers suppress noise and crosstalk between devices. Herein, a high‐efficiency broadband millimeter‐wave absorber based on a composite of aggregated tetratitanium heptoxide nanocrystals covered by Ga–Ti–Co–substituted ε‐iron oxide nanomagnets (Ti4O7@GTC‐ε‐Fe2O3) is reported. This composite exhibits both high permeability (high‐μ) and high dielectric constant (high‐ε) in the millimeter‐wave range. In addition, millimeter‐wave–absorbing ultrathin films are designed and prepared. The 183‐μm absorber suppresses 99.1% (−20.3 dB) of the reflections at 78 GHz with a broadband absorption of 14.3 GHz. Because it is composed of only inorganic materials, this absorber is weather‐resistant and suitable for outdoor use. Furthermore, a 216‐μm flexible ultrathin film was prepared by mixing Ti4O7@GTC‐ε‐Fe2O3 with an acrylic acid ester polymer. The flexible film is extremely lightweight, only 41 mg cm−2, and strongly suppresses 99.8% (−27.2 dB) of the reflections at 80 GHz with an ultrawide absorption of 16.2 GHz. Such ultrathin and lightweight films exhibiting high efficiency for car radar frequencies are not reported so far and should be useful as absorbers for transportation vehicles.

Chemically and Physically Modified Flame-Retardant Silicone-Acrylic Emulsion Adhesive for Electrostatic Flocking

The acrylic adhesives with the flame-retardant property are necessary to meet the safety requirement in electrostatic flocking. In this study, acrylic emulsion chemically modified with phosphorus and silicone, PSE, with core–shell structure, was synthesized by introducing the vinyl silicone oil and phosphor-containing monomer (PAM-100) onto the molecular chain of acrylic ester polymer in the core and shell layer, respectively. Subsequently, the silicone-acrylic adhesive with flame retardation (FR-SA) was prepared by mixing PSE with inorganic flame-retardant, Al(OH)3. The acrylic adhesive obtains the excellent flame retardation under a low addition of Al(OH)3 when the ratio of PAM-100 is 5%, while the commercial adhesive needs a high addition of the inorganic flame retardant to realize the satisfactory performance. FR-SA in this work has a great potential application as intrinsically flame-retardant electrostatic flocking adhesive.

Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics studies of Cd sorption onto a dithizone-impregnated Amberchrom CG-300m polymer resin

Amberchrom CG-300m, a styrene acrylic ester polymer resin, was studied for the first time as sorbent for metal ion sorption in a solid-phase extraction system. The polymer sorbent was modified via impregnation with dithizone to improve its efficiency. Efficiency of the modified sorbent improved by more than 47%. The loading capacity of the resin is 3.2 mg dithizone per gram of sorbent. The mechanisms of Cd(II) sorption from aqueous solutions are presented. Capacity of the modified resin for Cd(II) was investigated in batch experiments as a function of pH, initial metal ion concentration, temperature and time. Maximum capacity of 0.551 mg Cd(II) per gram of sorbent was achieved. The dimensionless separation factor, 0 < RL < 1, associated with the Langmuir isotherm (at T = 294 K) signifies sorption of Cd(II) was favorable, as do negative values of free energy of sorption (ΔG) at temperatures exceeding 293 K. Sorption was endothermic (ΔH > 0) while ΔS > 0 reflects the affinity of the sorbent towards Cd(II). The pseudo-second order model proved to be the best fit model for Cd(II) sorption kinetics data. Particle-diffusion models suggest sorption follows film as well as pore diffusion mechanisms.

Short-Term Rat Inhalation Study With Aerosols of Acrylic Ester-Based Polymer Dispersions Containing a Fraction of Nanoparticles

Aqueous polymer dispersions are important raw materials used in a variety of industrial processes. They may contain particles with diameters ranging from 10 to 1500 nm. Polymer exposure alone may cause pulmonary lesions after inhalation exposure. Polymer dispersions with increased proportions of nano-sized particles are being developed for improved material characteristics, and this may pose even increased pulmonary hazards upon potential inhalation exposure. In a 5-day screening study, male rats were nose-only exposed to aerosols generated from 2 dispersions of acrylic ester polymers with identical chemical composition but different nano-sized particle proportions at particle concentrations of 3 and 10 mg/m³. Immediately and 19 days after the end of inhalation, necropsies were conducted with major emphasis on respiratory tract histopathology. Three and 23 days after the end of inhalation, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed to screen for early pulmonary injury and inflammation. In contrast to the adverse effects known for other materials in short-term inhalation studies, none of the tested preparations of acrylic ester polymers elicited any adverse effect at the end of the inhalation or postinhalation periods. No shift in toxicity could be observed by the increased proportion of nano-sized polymer particles. Under the conditions of this study, the no observable adverse effect levels for both preparations were >10 mg/m³, that is 2- to 3-fold beyond current nuisance dust threshold limit values.

スチレンジビニルベンゼン共重合体樹脂を用いた天然水中における疎水性と親水性の溶存有機物の分画

To characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural waters, a procedure called dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fractionation analysis is useful, in which DOM is fractionated into hydrophobic-hydrophilic fractions using XAD-8 resin of an acrylic ester polymer, and into acid-neutral-base fractions using ion exchange resins. However, the difficulties in XAD-8 purification and handling have limited the use of the fractionation procedure to a few research groups; thus, we have developed a new fractionation procedure using PS-2 cartridges packed with purified styrene divinylbenzene copolymer resins, instead of XAD-8. Recovery studies of model compounds such as humic and fulvic acids were conducted to compare the fractionation properties of PS-2 with those of XAD-8. The added hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds were found at recoveries of 81∼103 % in the hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions, respectively. The results of the recovery tests showed that PS-2 and XAD-8 have the same fractionation properties for hydrophobic DOM and hydrophilic DOM. By using a similar conditioning of PS-2 cartridges in the solid-phase extraction of the water samples, the blank DOC level in this procedure was easily reduced to 0.4∼0.5 mgC · l-1, corresponding to the levels obtained using purified XAD-8. For the repeatability of the fractionated DOC measurement, the relative standard deviation was ca. 10% when the measured DOC level was higher than threefold of the blank DOC; it was ca. 30% when the measured DOC level was between two- and threefold of the blank DOC. It was found from the data for the application to river and lake waters that the obtained composition data of hydrophobic DOM and hydrophilic DOM agreed with the reported composition data obtained using XAD-8. This procedure using PS-2 can be used for the hydrophobic-hydrophilic fractionation of DOM in natural water samples as an alternative to the conventional procedure using XAD-8.

New Tetraalkylborate Initiators for Remote Polymerization

The polymerization of acrylic esters without direct use of light and/or heat is an important goal. We have investigated a system where the activating component is delivered in a flow of a carrier gas which has unrestricted access to a surface covered with to-be-polymerized monomers. The active ingredient (H2O2 vapor) reacts with coating components (tetraalkylborates) to generate free radicals and initiate polymerization in the surface layer. Differences in reactivity are explained by differing oxidation potentials and alkyl substituents on the boron atom. Radical trapping experiments support the mechanism proposed.

Efficient Removal of Aromatic Sulfonates from Wastewater by a Recyclable Polymer: 2-Naphthalene Sulfonate as a Representative Pollutant

As a family of hydrophobic ionizable organic compounds, aromatic sulfonates can be present at high levels in industrial wastewaters. They tend to exist as anions over a wide range of pH and cannot be effectively trapped by conventional adsorbents. In the current study, a recyclable acrylic ester polymer (NDA-801) was synthesized for effective removal of aromatic sulfonates from wastewater of high acidity (e.g., pH < 1) and inorganic salts (e.g., approximately 5-10% Na2SO4 in mass), for which sodium 2-naphthalene sulfonate (2-NS) was chosen as a representative target contaminant 2-NS uptake onto NDA-801 increased with the increasing acidity of the solution. The zeta potential of NDA-801 measured at different pH levels as well as batch 2-NS adsorption from methanol/water binary systems demonstrated the favorable roles of electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction in 2-NS adsorption. As compared to a granular activated carbon GAC-1, NDA-801 exhibited much higher removal efficiency and capacity of 2-NS in fixed-bed adsorption. Moreover, the exhausted NDA-801 beads by 2-NS can be completely regenerated by water wash for repeated use, which is more economically desirable than by other regenerants, such as NaOH solution. Continuous column adsorption-regeneration cycles indicated negligible capacity loss of NDA-801 during operation and further validated its feasibility for potential application in associated wastewater treatment.

Adsorptive removal of phenol from aqueous phase by using a porous acrylic ester polymer

The removal of phenol from aqueous solution was examined by using a porous acrylic ester polymer (Amberlite XAD-7) as an adsorbent. Favorable phenol adsorption was observed at acidic solution pH and further increase of solution pH results in a marked decrease of adsorption capacity, and the coexisting inorganic salt NaCl exerts positive effect on the adsorption process. Adsorption isotherms of phenol were linearly correlated and found to be well represented by either the Langmuir or Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic parameters such as changes in the enthalpy (Δ H), entropy (Δ S) and free energy (Δ G) indicate that phenol adsorption onto XAD-7 is an exothermic and spontaneous process in nature, and lower ambient temperature results in more favorable adsorption. Kinetic experiments at different initial solute concentrations were investigated and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was successfully represented the kinetic data. Additionally, the column adsorption result showed that a complete removal of phenol from aqueous phase can be achieved by XAD-7 beads and the exhausted adsorbent was amenable to an entire regeneration by using ethanol as the regenerant. More interestingly, relatively more volume of hot water in place of ethanol can also achieve a similar result for repeated use of the adsorbent.

Toughening of Polycarbonate with Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials

Polycarbonate (PC) was modified with organic-inorganic nanostructured acrylate polymer and its tensile and impact properties were studied. The PC alloys exhibited higher flexibility than pure PC and the tensile strength hardly decreased with the addition of the modifiers. The SEM results indicated that the inorganic particles and the acrylic ester polymer were all dispersed in the PC matrix forming a co-continuous phase.

Adsorption of 5-sodiosulfoisophthalic acids from aqueous solutions onto acrylic ester polymer YWB-7 resin

A new acrylic ester polymer YWB-7 resin was prepared and systematically characterized. The adsorption properties of YWB-7 resin were compared with those of the commercial Amberlite XAD-7, Diaion HP2MG and hypercrosslinked polymer NDA-150 resins. Both surface area and micropore area of YWB-7 resin are larger than those of XAD-7 and HP2MG resins. The Freundlich isotherm equation was successfully employed to describe the adsorption phenomena. The adsorption experiments showed that the NDA-150 resin has the largest adsorption capacity to 5-sodiosulfoisophthalic acid sodium salt (SIPA) from aqueous solutions without methanol, but the adsorption capacity decreases significantly in SIPA solutions with methanol (5%). In contrast, methanol in SIPA solution has little effect on the adsorption capacity of acrylic ester resins. The adsorption capacities of SIPA on YWB-7 resin in the tested range are always larger than those on XAD-7 and HP2MG resins. Hydrogen bonding is believed to be the predominant interaction between acrylic ester resin and SIPA in the adsorption process and the increasing acid concentration impels the formation of hydrogen bonding to some extent.

Effect of Styrene Acrylic Ester Polymer on Mortar Render Properties

This paper summarizes some the important findings from a research project designed to study the effect of inclusion of styrene acrylic ester (SAE) polymer as an additive, on the properties of mortar render. Properties studied included shrinkage, compressive, tensile and adhesive strengths, water absorption, workability and durability. From test specimens cast using polymer/cement content (PCC) from 0 to 0.44 under laboratory conditions, an increase in adhesive strength from 0.3 to 2.6MPa, a decrease in shrinkage from 0.09% to 0.05% and a decrease in water absorption from 15% to 7% were observed. Among the six PCC tested in this study, it was found that mortar specimens prepared with 0.06 PCC obtained using 8% of SAE latex concentration has the most consistent performance and durability for rendering purposes. The results reflect the importance of having a proper mix design especially when mortar render is exposed to direct harsh weathering. This report resulted with recommendations for mix design of mortar render in the achievement of good physical performance when using mortar render.

Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology

VOLUME 1. Acetylenic Polymers, Substituted. Acrylamide Polymers. Acrylic (and Methacrylic) Acid Polymers. Acrylic Ester Polymers. Acrylonitrile and Acrylonitrile Polymers. Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers. Additives. Adhesion. Adhesive Compounds. Aging, Physical. Alkyd Resins. Am,ino Resins and Plastics. Antifoaming Agents. Atomic Force Microscopy. Biotechnology Applications. Bloack Copolymers. Bloack Copolymers, Ternary Triblock. Blow Molding. Chitin and Chitosan. Chromatography, Affinity. Chromatography, HPLC. Chromatography, Size Exclusion. Coating Methods, Survey. Coatings. VOLUME 2 Coextrusion. Colorants. Coloring Processes. Composites, Fabrication. Conformation and Configuration. Critical Phase Polymerizations. Cyclohexanedimethanol Polyesters. Dendronized Polymers. Dental Applications. Diacethylene and Triacethylene Polymers. Elasticity, Rubber-Like. Electronic Packaging. Electrooptical Applications. Engineering, Thermoplastics, Overview. Enzymatic Polymerization. Ethylene Polymers, Chlorosulfonated. Ethylene Polymers, HDPE. Ethylene Polymers, LDPE. Ehtylene Polymers, LLDPE. Ethylene-Acrylic Elastomers. Ethylene-Norbornene Copolymers. Extrusion. Films, Orientation. Fluorocarbon Elastomers. Fractography. Fracture. Glass Transition. Hardness. Hydrogels. Hyperbranched Polymers. VOLUME 3 Injection Molding. Inorganic Polymers. Laser Light Scattering. Light-Emiting Diodes. Lignin. Liquid Crystalline Polymers, Main-Chain. Liquid Crystalline Thermosets. Mass Spectrometry. Membrane Technology. Methacrylic Ester Polymers. Micromechanical Properties. Modeling of Polymer Processing and Properties. Nanocomposites, Polymer-Clay. Packaging, Flexible. Perfluorinated Polymers, Perfluorinated Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers. Perfluorinated Polymers Polytetrafluoroethylene. Perfluorinated Polymers Tetrafluoroethylene-Ethylene Copolymers. Perfluorinated Polymers, Tetrafluoroethylene-Perfluorinated Copolymers. Perfluorinated Polymers. Tetrafluoroethylene-Perfluorovinyl Ether Copolymers. Phosgene. Phosphorus-Containing Polymers and Oligomers. Piezoelectric Polymers. Plasticizers. Poly(3-Hydroxyalkanoates). Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate). Polyamides, Atomatic. Polyamides, Fibers. Polyamides, Plastics. Polycyanoacrylates. Polyesters, Fibers. Polyketones. Polynucleotides. Polysulfides. VOLUME 4 Polysulfones. Polyurethanes. Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive. Reinforcement. Release Agents. Shape-Memory Polymers. Single-Site Catalysis. Stabilization. Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR). Styrene Polymers. Sulfur-Containing Polymers. Surface Properties. Syndiotactic Polystyrene. Vinyl Fluoride Polymers (PVF). Vinylidene Chloride Polymers. Vinylidene Fluoride Polymers. Viscoelasticity. Weathering.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Solution Properties of Acrylic Ester Polymers

Free radical solution polymerization has been employed to synthesize homopolymers of vinyl acetate (VAc), cyclohexyl acrylate (CA), benzyl acrylate (BA), and other various acrylates. The method was also used to synthesize copolymers of vinyl acetate with these various acrylates at 50:50 (v/v) feed ratio. To compute reactivity ratios of monomers in P(VAc-CA) and P(VAc-BA), a series of copolymers in the feed ratio of 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, and 20:80 (v/v) of VAc and either CA or BA were also synthesized. Fineman-Ross and Kelen-Tudos methods were used to compute reactivity ratios from 1 H-NMR spectroscopic data. The homopolymers and copolymers were characterized by FTIR, 1 H- and 13 C-NMR, TGA, GPC, and viscosity measurements. The activation energy of decomposition (E a ) of the polymers was calculated from TGA analysis using the Broido method. M n , M w , and MWD of the polymers were evaluated from GPC data. The intrinsic viscosities of polymer, in non-theta and in theta (θ) solvents were evaluated using a capillary viscometer. Using intrinsic viscosity and GPC data, the voluminosity (V E ), shape factor ( x ), activation parameters of viscous flow, root-mean-square end-to-end distance ( d R 2 ¢ 1/2 ), radius of diffusing particle (r'), and diffusion coefficient (D o ) were also computed at various temperatures.

Influence of polymer addition on biogenic sulfuric acid attack of concrete

A simple and reproducible microbiological simulation procedure in combination with a chemical procedure was used to test concrete for its potential resistance towards biogenic sulfuric acid. Concerning fundamental aspects of the corrosion reaction, it was shown that particularly the penetration of H 2S inside the concrete crevices accelerated the corrosion process. The influence of different polymer types and silica fume additions on the resistance of the concrete samples was determined. The addition of the styrene acrylic ester polymer resulted in an increased resistance while the addition of the acrylic polymer or silica fume caused less resistant concrete. For the vinylcopolymer and the styrene butadiene polymer, no significant effect was observed on the resistance of the concrete samples. The results of the two different test methods confirmed the difference between corrosion due to purely chemical sulfuric acid and corrosion due to microbiologically produced sulfuric acid.

Chemical and microbiological tests to simulate sulfuric acid corrosion of polymer-modified concrete

In certain industrial activities sulfuric acid is used during the production process, which may cause degradation of concrete structures. Another important phenomenon where sulfuric acid is responsible for concrete corrosion is biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion, which occurs often in sewer systems. Because previous investigations have already pointed out the difference between purely chemical sulfuric acid corrosion and biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion two different tests were performed: a chemical test and a microbiological test. Five different concrete compositions were used in the tests, including a reference mixture with high sulfate resistant portland cement and four different polymer cement concrete with a styrene–acrylic ester polymer, an acrylic polymer, a styrene butadiene polymer and a vinylcopolymer, respectively. The concrete composition with the styrene–acrylic ester polymer showed in both tests a higher resistance than the reference mixture while the compositions with the acrylic polymer and the styrene butadiene polymer had a lower resistance than the reference mixture. The concrete composition with the vinylcopolymer did not induce the same results in both tests. The results of the chemical test indicated a slight increase in resistance compared with the reference mixture while the opposite was noticed for the microbiological test.

Thermal degradation behaviour of acrylic salt polymers and ionomers

The thermal degradation behaviour of polymers and copolymers containing acrylic and methacrylic acid salt units has received much less attention than that devoted to the corresponding ester polymers from these acids. Whether present in a homopolymer or copolymer chain, however, these ionic salt units can have a major effect on thermal behaviour. The mode of thermal breakdown of the parent acid homopolymers is briefly considered. As expected, dehydration to form anhydride structures is the first effect of progressive rise in temperature, followed at higher temperatures by fragmentation of the modified chains. The degradation of the salts from these structures is found to depend both on the acid type (whether acrylic or methacrylic) and the nature of the metal ion involved. The behaviour of salt polymers based on alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, zinc, lead and some transition metals is considered. Some similarities to the behaviour of the acrylic ester polymers can be found, but there are also major differences due to the presence of the salt structure. Among the factors influencing the type and quantity of products formed are the volatility of the salt monomer and the stability of the corresponding metal carbonate. In the cases of the divalent metal salts, some similarities to the classical pyrolysis of low molecular weight carboxylate salts can be seen. The most important commercial ionomers are copolymers of ethylene with small amounts of salt units. The description 'ionomer' can also be broadly applied to other copolymers containing both salt monomers and covalently bonded monomer units. The degradation of such systems is considered for the cases of ionomers of ethylene with sodium and with zinc methacrylate, styrene with zinc acrylate, and methyl methacrylate with alkali metal methacrylates. Patterns of behaviour for these various materials with ionic salt units have now been established and mechanisms are proposed to account for the various products found.

Polymerization of acrylic esters

Polymerization of acrylic esters

Laser generated air contaminants released during laser cutting of fabrics and polymers

Environmental monitoring was conducted at an industrial facility to qualitatively identify the major contaminants generated while cutting fabrics and polymers with a 25 W CO2 continuous beam laser. Carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and particulates were also assessed, and a bulk sample of residue from the laser exhaust duct was analyzed for inorganic acids, pH, and volatile organic compounds. Samples were collected while cutting vinyl, acrylics, woven fabrics, felt, Formica®, and Plexiglass®. The laser parameters were standardized to allow for meaningful comparison of results for each target material. The volatile organic compound samples were collected in multibed sorbent tubes with subsequent analysis via thermal desorption and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Depending on the material being cut, a wide variety of compounds were detected. The highest relative concentrations of volatile compounds were found during laser cutting of felt fabrics. The lowest concentrations and fewest number of compounds were from woven fabrics. The compounds detected included hydrochloric acid, aldehydes, benzene, vinyl chloride, various acrylates, acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, styrene, furans, phenol, and butyl cellosolve. Methyl methacrylate was a significant peak detected during the laser cutting of acrylic ester polymers, Plexiglass, and polyvinyl chloride with adhesive backing. Carbon monoxide was not detected above background (2 ppm) during any of the laser cutting trials. Hydrogen cyanide was detected during the laser cutting of felt (15 ppm) and Formica® (8–10 ppm). Particles ⩾ 0.3 μm in diameter (μmd) generated during the laser cutting exceeded background particle levels by a factor of ten or more. Most compounds detected in the thermal desorption air samples were also detected in the bulk sample, and the residue was acidic (pH = 3). Area samples collected outside the laser enclosure suggested the local exhaust ventilation system sufficiently contained the air contaminants.

Preparation and analytical properties of a chelating resin loaded with thionalide

A sorbent was obtained by immobilization of thionalide (2-mercapto- N-2-naphthylacetamide) on the macroporous resin Bio-Beads SM-7 (acrylic ester polymer). Its properties (amount of the chelating agent deposited per gram of the resin, the mechanism of attaching the reagent to the resin, stability, retention capacity and sorption kinetics) were determined. The retention of 21 elements from HCl solutions, over a wide acidity range, was studied. Possible applications of the sorbent to the separation of a group of elements and individual elements are discussed.

A Review of Group-Transfer Polymerization

Abstract Group-transfer polymerization is a very useful synthetic method for the preparation of acrylic ester polymers. This living polymerization process works well at room temperature and can be used to prepare a wide variety of complex polymer structures. Mechanistic work suggests that GTP is a form of anionic polymerization where propagation occurs via a small concentration of enolate anions which are in equilibrium with dormant silyl ketene acetal chain ends. GTP will find the most use in specialty applications including dispersants, toners, photoresists, and rheology control agents.