Acrylic Acid Research Articles

Syntheses and properties of associative acrylamide copolymers containing short hydrophobic chains used in a friction reducer for slick-water fracturing

Two allyldimethylalkyl quaternary ammonium salt (AQAS) monomers, N,N-dimethylallylphenylpropylammonium bromide (AQAS1) and N,N-dimethylallylnonylammonium bromide (AQAS2), were synthesized and used to prepare modified polyacrylamide materials. Two new drag reducers were synthesized from acrylamide (AM), sodium acrylate (NaAA) and a cationic modified monomer (AQAS1 or AQAS2) via aqueous solution polymerization, and the copolymers were named P(AM/NaAA/AQAS1) and P(AM/NaAA/AQAS2), respectively. The structures of the drag reduction agents were confirmed by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopies. The molecular weight (Mw) of P(AM/NaAA/AQAS1) was 1.79 × 106 g/mol. When the copolymer concentration was 1000 mg/L and the flow rate was 45 L/min, in fresh water the highest drag reduction rate was 75.8%, in 10,000 mg/L NaCl solution the drag reduction rate decreased to 72.9%. The molecular weight of P(AM/NaAA/AQAS2) was 3.17 × 106 g/mol. When the copolymer concentration was 500 mg/L and the flow rate was 45 L/min, the drag reduction rate reached 75.2%, and in 10,000 mg/L NaCl solution the drag reduction rate was 73.3%, decreased by approximately 1.9%. The drag reduction rate for partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) was also investigated, and the results showed that the drag reduction rates for 500 and 1000 mg/L HPAM solutions were merely 43.2% and 49.0% in brine, respectively. Compared with HPAM, both of the above copolymers presented better drag reduction capacities.

Mesoporous K-doped MoVTeNbOx Catalyze the Direct Oxidation of Propane to Acrylic Acid

Mesoporous K-doped MoVTeNbOx Catalyze the Direct Oxidation of Propane to Acrylic Acid

Synthesis, characterization and supra-molecular analysis for (E)-3-(pyridin-4-yl)acrylic acid.

The title compound, C8H7NO2, crystallizes as prismatic colourless crystals in space group P , with one mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. The pyridine ring is fused to acrylic acid, forming an almost planar structure with an E-configuration about the double bond with a torsion angle of -6.1 (2)°. In the crystal, strong O-H⋯N inter-actions link the mol-ecules, forming chains along the [101] direction. Weak C-H⋯O inter-actions link adjacent chains along the [100] direction, generating an R 2 2(14) homosynthon. Finally, π-π stacking inter-actions lead to the formation of the three-dimensional structure. The supra-molecular analysis was supported by Hirshfeld surface and two-dimensional fingerprint plot analysis, indicating that the most abundant contacts are associated with H⋯H, O⋯H/H⋯O, N⋯H/H⋯N and C⋯H/H⋯C inter-actions.

3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid halts redox imbalance and modulate purinergic enzyme activity in iron-induced testicular injury

Abstract Various derivatives of cinnamic acid have been reported to possess significant activities such as antioxidant and hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Interestingly, testicular toxicity has been linked to several causes, with oxidative damage being one of the pathophysiological mechanisms. 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (1), a derivative of cinnamic acid, was synthesized and then investigated for its effects on iron-induced testicular injury and oxidative stress via ex vivo and in silico studies, respectively. Evaluations were done on KAD-1’s FRAP, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and iron chelating potential. Through the ex vivo incubation of tissue supernatant and 0.1 mM FeSO4 for 30 min at 37 °C with different concentration of 1, oxidative testicular damage treatments were induced. The scavenging property of 1 increases significantly (p < 0.05) as the concentration increases when compared with the standard quercetin. The MDA, CAT, ATPase, and ENTPDase activities were reduced when testicular damage was induced (p < 0.05). The group treated with 30 mg/mL had the highest level of MDA. A significant rise in GSH level and activity of SOD were observed. The result obtained indicated that 1 has the potential to prevent oxidative testicular toxicity, as evidenced by its capacity to control nucleotide hydrolysis and reduce oxidative stress. Overall, the results of this experimental study point to some possible uses of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (1) in the prevention of oxidative testicular dysfunction. Therefore, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (1) would be a good product in developing a medication to alleviate male infertility.

Fabrication of fairy-circle-like nano-micelles with different optical properties based on the aminoanthraquinone-typed organic nanoparticles polymerization and their synergistically induced supramolecular-assembly

Bottom-up nanoparticles (NPs) polymerization to fabricate large-nanoscale materials for excellent optical performance has become an emerging research hotspot. However, excessive aggregation effect in the process of NPs polymerization, which leads to degradation of the photophysical properties, hinders the further application of organic conjugated molecules (OCMs) in supramolecular assembled nano-optical materials. A novel construction strategy based on the self-aggregation of aminoanthraquinone-typed organic dots (ODs) as a supramolecular assembly driving force has been proposed in this work. In the assembly system of THF-H2O and Diox-H2O, the polymerizations of the ODs occur exclusively within nano-micelles formed by polystyrene-b-poly (acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA). In addition, PS-b-PAA nano-micelles can interact with aminoanthraquinone-type ODs, which provides a synergistic effect to induce the assembly of ODs. The utilization of the NPs polymerization-induced self-assembly method can effectively prevent uncontrolled growth caused by excessive aggregation of OCMs-type NPs, allowing for better control over their degree of aggregation. In both of these assembly systems, aminoanthraquinone-type ODs can form different aggregates and disperse uniformly within fairy ring-shaped nano-micelles. Due to the different aggregation states of the ODs, the supramolecular nanomaterials exhibit distinct optical properties in different assembly systems. These unique optical properties have been utilized to construct quenching-type and colorimetric-type optical probes for hydrazopyridine and its derivatives. The novel approach of simultaneous polymerization and assembly for OCMs-type NPs offers a new strategy for the fabrication of high-performance optical nanostructured materials.

Self-adhesive, freeze-tolerant, and strong hydrogel electrolyte containing xanthan gum enables the high-performance of zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors

Hydrogel electrolyte is an ideal candidate material for flexible energy storage devices due to its excellent softness and conductivity properties. However, challenges such as the inherent mechanical weakness, the susceptibility to be frozen in low-temperature environments, and the insufficiency of hydrogel-electrode contact persist. Herein, a “Multi in One” strategy is employed to effectively conquer these difficulties by endowing hydrogels with high strength, freeze-resistance, and self-adhesive ability. Multiple hydrogen bond networks and ion crosslinking networks are constructed within the hydrogel electrolyte (PVA/PAAc/XG) containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), acrylic acid (AAc), and xanthan gum (XG), promoting the enhanced mechanical property, and the adhesion to electrode materials is also improved through abundant active groups. The introduction of zinc ions provides the material with superior frost resistance while also promoting electrical conductivity. Leveraging its multifunction of superior mechanical strength, anti-freeze property, and self-adhesive characteristic, the PVA/PAAc/XG hydrogel electrolyte is employed to fabricate zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHS). Remarkably, ZHS exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance and cycle stability. A remarkable capacity retention rate of 83.86 % after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles can be achieved at high current densities, even when the operational temperature decreases to −60 °C, showing great potential in the field of flexible energy storage devices.

Novel Binder with Cross-Linking Reconfiguration Functionality for Silicon Anodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Silicon is expected to be used as a high theoretical capacity anode material in lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. However, the huge volume change incurred when silicon de-embeds lithium ions, leading to destruction of the electrode structure and a rapid reduction in battery capacity. Although binders play a key role in maintaining the stability of the electrode structure, commonly used binders cannot withstand the large volume expansion of the silicon. To alleviate this problem, we propose a PGC cross-linking reconfiguration binder based on poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), gelatin (GN), and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Within PGC, PAA supports the main chain and provides a large number of carboxyl groups (-COOH), GN provides rich carboxyl and amide groups that can form a cross-linking network with PAA, and β-CD offers rich hydroxyl groups and a cone-shaped hollow ring structure that can alleviate stress accumulation in the polymer chain by forming a new dynamic cross-linking coordination conformation during stretching. In the half cell, the silicon negative prepared by the PGC binder exhibited a high specific capacity and capacity maintenance ratio, and the specific capacity of the silicon negative electrode prepared by the PGC binder is still 1809 mAh g-1 and the capacity maintenance ratio is 73.76% following 200 cycles at 2 A g-1 current density, indicating that PGC sufficiently maintains the silicon negative structure during the battery cycle. The PGC binder has a simple preparation method and good capacity retention ability, making it a potential reference for the further development of silicon negative electrodes.

Synthesis and Characterization of B4C-Based Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Applications

Nanoparticles composed of inorganic boron-containing compounds represent a promising candidate as 10B carriers for BNCT. This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and assessment of the biological activity of composite nanomaterials based on boron carbide (B4C). Boron carbide is a compelling alternative to borated molecules due to its high volumetric B content, prolonged retention in biological systems, and low toxicity. These attributes lead to a substantial accumulation of B in tissues, eliminating the need for isotopically enriched compounds. In our approach, B4C nanoparticles were included in composite nanostructures with ultrasmall superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs), coated with poly (acrylic acid), and further functionalized with the fluorophore DiI. The successful internalization of these nanoparticles in HeLa cells was confirmed, and a significant uptake of 10B was observed. Micro-distribution studies were conducted using intracellular neutron autoradiography, providing valuable insights into the spatial distribution of the nanoparticles within cells. These findings strongly indicate that the developed nanomaterials hold significant promise as effective carriers for 10B in BNCT, showcasing their potential for advancing cancer treatment methodologies.

Evaluating physiochemical characteristics of tragacanth gum-gelatin network hydrogels designed through graft copolymerization technique

The present work deals with the evaluation of the physiochemical and biomedical properties of hydrogels derived from copolymerization of tragacanth gum (TG) and gelatin for use in drug delivery (DD) applications. Copolymers were characterized by field emission-scanning electron micrographs (FE-SEM), electron dispersion X-ray analysis (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. FE-SEM revealed heterogeneous morphology and XRD analysis demonstrated an amorphous nature with short range pattern of polymer chains within the copolymers. The release of the drug ofloxacin occurred through a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism and the release profile was best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. The hydrogels exhibited blood compatibility and demonstrated a thrombogenicity value of 75.63 ± 1.98 % during polymer-blood interactions. Polymers revealed mucoadhesive character during polymer-mucous membrane interactions and required 119 ± 8.54 mN detachment forces to detach from the biological membrane. The copolymers illustrated the antioxidant properties as evidenced by 2, 2′-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay which demonstrated a 65.71 ± 3.68 % free radical inhibition. Swelling properties analysis demonstrated that by change in monomer and cross linker content during the reaction increased the crosslinking of the network. These results suggest that the pore size of network hydrogels could be controlled as per the requirement of DD systems. The copolymers were prepared at optimized reaction conditions using 14.54 × 10−1 molL−1 of acrylic acid monomer and 25.0 × 10−3 molL−1 of crosslinker NNMBA. The optimized hydrogels exhibited a crosslink density of 2.227 × 10−4 molcm−3 and a mesh size of 7.966 nm. Additionally, the molecular weight between two neighboring crosslinks in the hydrogels was determined to be 5332.209 gmol−1.The results indicated that the combination of protein-polysaccharide has led to the development of hydrogels suitable for potential applications in sustained drug delivery.

Production, Purification and Characterization of Nitrilase from Bacillus subtilis-AGAB-2 and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Acrylic Acid from Acrylonitrile

Production, Purification and Characterization of Nitrilase from Bacillus subtilis-AGAB-2 and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Acrylic Acid from Acrylonitrile

Progress through Temporal Analysis of Products and Steady‐state Isotopic Transient Kinetic Analysis to Elucidate Oxidation, CO2 Hydrogenation and Lower Olefins Production Reactions

A prerequisite for the development or optimization of heterogenous catalysts is a comprehensive understanding of the reaction mechanism and kinetics at the level as elementary as possible. In comparison with steady‐state catalytic tests typically used for this purpose, non‐steady‐state (transient) studies provide deeper insights due to higher time resolution. For several decades, temporal analysis of products (TAP) and steady‐state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) have been successfully applied to the analysis of various heterogenous reactions. In this review, we highlight the contributions made by TAP and SSITKA studies between 2017 and 2023 to the understanding of reaction mechanisms and to the derivation of microkinetics. The versatility of these methods is illustrated by the examples of oxidative coupling of methane, CO/CO2 hydrogenation to hydrocarbons or methanol, metathesis of ethylene with 2‐butenes to propene, acrolein oxidation to acrylic acid, methanol conversion to olefins and non‐oxidative propane dehydrogenation to propene. We also provide our personal views on possible developments in this area.

Monolayer of microgel particles based on poly(acrylic acid) modified with dopamine for electrochemical pH sensing

A novel electroactive and pH-responsive microgel was successfully synthesized. The obtained microgel was based on acrylic acid, dopamine methacrylamide and N,N′-bis(acryloyl)cystamine as the crosslinker. Using the distillation precipitation polymerization method, spherical, smooth-surface microgel particles of ca. 400 nm in diameter were obtained. The presence of dopamine groups in the polymer network was confirmed with cyclic voltammetry and NMR spectroscopy. The dependence of microgel hydrodynamic diameter on pH was investigated using the DLS technique. The presence of -S–S- groups in the microgel particle was used to modify the Au electrode surface by chemisorption. The attachment was monitored with the QCM-D technique. The obtained microgel was successfully anchored to the Au regular- and microelectrode surfaces. The electrochemical properties of the modified electrodes were promising. It was found that modified electrodes exhibited potentially useful pH-sensing properties. Modification of Au microelectrode surface with the environmentally sensitive and electroactive microgel monolayer is a novel, innovative approach.

Cellulose-reinforced highly stretchable and adhesive eutectogels as efficient sensors

A cellulose-reinforced eutectogel was constructed by deep eutectic solvent (DES) and cotton linter cellulose. Cellulose was dispersed in the ternary DES consisting of acrylic acid, choline chloride and AlCl3·6H2O. The photoinitiator was then introduced into the system to in situ polymerize acrylic acid monomer to form transparent and ionic conductive eutectogels while keeping all the DES. The crosslinks formed by Al3+ induced ionic bonds and reversible links formed by hydrogen bonds give the eutectogels high stretchability (3200 ± 200 % tensile strain), self-adhesive (52.1 kPa to glass), self-healing and good mechanical strength (670 kPa). The eutectogels were assembled into sensors and epidermal patch electrodes that demonstrated high quality human motion sensing and physiological signal detection (electrocardiogram and electromyography). This work provides a facile way to design flexible electronics for sensing.

The Effects of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via Intratracheal Instillation of Water-Soluble Acrylic Acid Polymer on the Lungs of Rats.

Polyacrylic acid (PAA), an organic chemical, has been used as an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. It has been suggested recently that PAA has a high pulmonary inflammatory and fibrotic potential. Although endoplasmic reticulum stress is induced by various external and intracellular stimuli, there have been no reports examining the relationship between PAA-induced lung injury and endoplasmic reticulum stress. F344 rats were intratracheally instilled with dispersed PAA (molecular weight: 269,000) at low (0.5 mg/mL) and high (2.5 mg/mL) doses, and they were sacrificed at 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after exposure. PAA caused extensive inflammation and fibrotic changes in the lungs' histopathology over a month following instillation. Compared to the control group, the mRNA levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers Bip and Chop in BALF were significantly increased in the exposure group. In fluorescent immunostaining, both Bip and Chop exhibited co-localization with macrophages. Intratracheal instillation of PAA induced neutrophil inflammation and fibrosis in the rat lung, suggesting that PAA with molecular weight 269,000 may lead to pulmonary disorder. Furthermore, the presence of endoplasmic reticulum stress in macrophages was suggested to be involved in PAA-induced lung injury.

Using superabsorbent polymer to mitigate the fast setting and high autogenous shrinkage of carbide slag and sodium silicate activated ultrafine GGBS based composites

Alkali-activated GGBS based composite is a low carbon engineering material, but limited by some unavoidable disadvantages, such as fast setting and high autogenous shrinkage. In present work, superabsorbent polymer (SAP), which was synthesized by copolymerizing acrylic acid and acrylamide, was used to control the setting time and autogenous shrinkage of carbide slag and sodium silicate activated ultrafine GGBS based composites (CSGC). Results indicated that the fast setting of CSGC was effectively controlled by the addition of SAP. The initial and final setting time were delayed by more than 30 min and 60 min respectively, which provides the possibility to ensure the on-site construction operation. Although SAP mitigated the fast setting of CSGC, it had a negligible effect on the heat release during hydration. Autogenous shrinkage was reduced by 27% when only 0.1% SAP was added, and the compensation of autogenous shrinkage became more pronounced with the increased SAP dosage. The amount of large capillary pores above 100 nm was significantly increased in CSGC incorporating high SAP dosage, which leads to a decline in compressive strength. However, the compressive strength of CSGC with low SAP dosage can match that of reference group at 28 d, due to the internal curing effect of released water from SAP.

Acrylic acid -co- sodium acrylate copolymers synthetized in supercritical carbon dioxide: Is it possible to pre-neutralize polymers at high pressure?

This study focuses on the polymerization of acrylic acid together with sodium acrylate, commonly performed in traditional solvents, using supercritical carbon dioxide. This compressed polymerization solvent offers benefits like producing pure, dry polymers by a simple depressurization process. Thermally initiated free-radical polymerizations in supercritical CO2 were carried out, aiming to obtain a pre-neutralized polymer at the end of the reaction. The impact of sodium acrylate content on polymer physicochemical properties was analyzed. Conversions ranged from 86.9% to 96.7%, and sodium acrylate incorporation was verified using various analytical methods. The polymerizations displayed characteristic molar mass distributions, indicating continuous and dispersed phase polymerizations. Additionally, rheological measurements of polymer aqueous solutions revealed that viscosity increased with higher average molar mass and was responsive to pH and the presence of monovalent and divalent ions. This CO2-based approach presents a promising method for clean and safe polymer production.

Mussel-inspired resilient hydrogels with strong skin adhesion and high-sensitivity for wearable device

Stretchable and self-adhesive conductive hydrogels hold significant importance across a wide spectrum of applications, including human–machine interfaces, wearable devices, and soft robotics. However, integrating multiple properties, such as high stretchability, strong interfacial adhesion, self-healing capability, and sensitivity, into a single material poses significant technical challenges. Herein, we present a multifunctional conductive hydrogel based on poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), dopamine-functionalized pectin (PT-DA), polydopamine-coated reduction graphene oxide (rGO-PDA), and Fe3+ as an ionic cross-linker. This hydrogel exhibits a combination of high stretchability (2000%), rapid self-healing (~ 94% recovery in 5 s), and robust self-adhesion to various substrates. Notably, the hydrogel demonstrates a remarkable skin adhesion strength of 85 kPa, surpassing previous skin adhesive hydrogels. Furthermore, incorporating rGO within the hydrogel network creates electric pathways, ensuring excellent conductivity (0.56 S m–1). Consequently, these conductive hydrogels exhibit strain-sensing properties with a significant increase in gauge factor (GF) of 14.6, covering an extensive detection range of ~ 1000%, fast response (198 ms) and exceptional cycle stability. These multifunctional hydrogels can be seamlessly integrated into motion detection sensors capable of distinguishing between various strong or subtle movements of the human body.

Photonic Interpenetrating Polymer Network Fibers Comprising Intertwined Solid-State Cholesteric Liquid Crystal and Polyelectrolyte Networks for Sensor Applications.

Uniform-sized photonic interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) fibers comprising intertwined solid-state cholesteric liquid crystal (CLCsolid) and anionic poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or cationic poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) networks (photonic IPNPAA or IPNPDMAEMA fibers) were developed for sensor applications. IPNPAA or IPNPDMAEMA fibers with a perfect photonic structure were fabricated inside Teflon tube templates without any treatments for realizing a planar orientation in those fibers. The dominant wavelength of the photonic color from a photograph taken with a cellular phone was used to measure the photonic color change. Photonic IPNPAA fibers treated with KOH (IPNKOH fibers) were used for sensing humidity and divalent metal ions. The linear ranges for relative humidity and Ca2+ detection were 21-92% and 0.5-3.5 mM, and their limits of detection (LODs) were 7.86% and 0.07 mM, respectively. The photonic IPNPAA (or IPNPDMAEMA) fiber immobilized with urease (IPNPAA-urease) (or glucose oxidase (IPNPDMAEMA-GOx)) was used for urea (or glucose) biosensor application. The photonic IPNPAA-urease (or IPNPDMAEMA-GOx) fiber was red-shifted in response to urea (or glucose) in the linear range of 10-60 mM (or 2-16 mM) with an LOD of 2.54 mM (or 0.76 mM). These photonic IPN fibers are promising because of their easy fabrication and miniaturization, battery-free device, cost-effectiveness, and visual detection without using sophisticated analytical instruments. The developed photonic IPN fibers provide new possibilities for the widespread use of photonic sensors in cutting-edge wearable technology and beyond.

Co2+-adsorbed chitosan-grafted-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel as peroxymonosulfate activator for effective dye degradation

In this work, chitosan-grafted-poly(acrylic acid) (CS-g-PAA) was synthesized for use as a Co2+ adsorbent and circularly utilized as a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator in the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) dye. CS-g-PAA demonstrated 3.7 times higher adsorption capacity toward Co2+ than pristine chitosan. The impact of the adsorption conditions was evaluated. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model best described the adsorption process. Under optimum conditions, the adsorption capacity of CS-g-PAA for Co2+ was 212 mg/g. The Co2+-adsorbed CS-g-PAA hydrogel was further utilized in the RhB degradation process. The effects of catalyst dosage, initial RhB concentration, pH, and the coexistence of anions on the degradation of RhB were studied. The hydrogel catalyst could remove 98 % of RhB within 5 min, at a degradation rate of 0.624 per min. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis and the radical scavenger experiment suggested that SO4•−, HO•, 1O2, and O2•− were involved in the degradation. Furthermore, when tested in various water systems, high degradation efficiencies of 98 % were attained after 20 min. The hydrogel catalyst performed excellent degradation over ten cycles without any chemical recovery processes. Moreover, high degradation efficiencies were observed between 95 % and 98 % when tested with other dyes.

Dielectric elastomers with large actuation strain and high output force

AbstractDielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) is considered as an ideal artificial muscle with soft and light in nature, widespread application in soft robotics and sensors. Dielectric elastomer (DE), the core component of DEA, with high output force and large actuation strain under relatively low driving electric field is critical for high‐performance DEA. However, the widely used VHB series (3M) DE suffered from very large pre‐strain and high driving voltage to get their high actuation performance, limiting their scope of application. In this work, the DEs with good mechanical and dielectric properties were prepared via UV curing method consisting of acrylic acid (AA) with strong polar groups as functional monomer, n‐butyl acrylate (BA) as soft monomer and urethane acrylate as cross‐linker (c‐p(BA‐AA)). The c‐p(BA‐AA) DE films obtained the simultaneous increasing of dielectric constant and breakdown strength with the increasing content of AA, which guaranteed the good actuation performance. The c‐p(BA‐AA) film exhibited excellent actuating performance (44.11% actuation strain at 45 kV/mm) without pre‐strain. Besides, a simple linear actuator based on the c‐p(BA‐AA) film could easily output weight that is tens of times of its own active weight (654.1 mN/g at 30 kV/mm).