Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil Research Articles

Tannic acid functionalized UV-curable carbon nanotube: Effective reinforcement of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil coating

In this study, an efficient method of preparing tannic acid functionalized UV-curable carbon nanotube for the reinforcement of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil coating is presented. A photoactive tannic acid (pTA) was prepared by the ring opening reaction of tannic acid (TA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and then used to non-covalently functionalize carbon nanotubes via π-π interactions to obtain a novel kind of tannic acid functionalized UV-curable carbon nanotube (pTA/MWCNTs). The pTA/MWCNTs was fully characterized and subsequently incorporated into acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) covalently via UV curing technology. A series of epoxidized soybean oil acrylate composite with different content of pTA/MWCNTs were prepared and the properties of pTA/MWCNTs/AESO composite materials were investigated. Real-time IR and ATR-FTIR were used to monitor the double bond conversion and deep curing of pTA/MWCNTs/AESO coating. The mechanical properties of UV-cured films were evaluated by tensile testing. The results showed that the introduction of pTA/MWCNTs effectively enhanced the physical and mechanical properties of AESO. And when the loading of pTA/MWCNTs is 0.8 wt%, optimal reinforcing effect for AESO matrix was observed with the tensile strength and modulus of the pTA/MWCNTs/AESO composite improved by 109% and 409%, respectively. In great contrast, the introduction of pristine MWCNTs without modification leads to the incomplete curing of AESO and thus a great decrease in the mechanical performance, demonstrating the important role of modification by pTA.

Photoinitiator Free Resins Composed of Plant-Derived Monomers for the Optical µ-3D Printing of Thermosets.

In this study, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and mixtures of AESO and vanillin dimethacrylate (VDM) or vanillin diacrylate (VDA) were investigated as photosensitive resins for optical 3D printing without any photoinitiator and solvent. The study of photocross-linking kinetics by real-time photorheometry revealed the higher rate of photocross-linking of pure AESO than that of AESO with VDM or VDA. Through the higher yield of the insoluble fraction, better thermal and mechanical properties were obtained for the pure AESO polymer. Here, for the first time, we validate that pure AESO and mixtures of AESO and VDM can be used for 3D microstructuring by employing direct laser writing lithography technique. The smallest achieved spatial features are 1 µm with a throughput in 6900 voxels per second is obtained. The plant-derived resins were laser polymerized using ultrashort pulses by multiphoton absorption and avalanche induced cross-linking without the usage of any photoinitiator. This advances the light-based additive manufacturing towards the 3D processing of pure cross-linkable renewable materials.

A crack repair patch based on acrylated epoxidized soybean oil

We present a novel UV-curable patch system that can be used to repair the cracked surfaces of chemical reservoirs. When a crack occurs in a chemical reservoir, the patch can be quickly attached to the damaged area, and then cured with a portable UV source in order to prevent the further spread of toxic chemicals. Crosslinked acrylated epoxidized soy bean oil (AESO) materials with various compositions and crosslinking densities were prepared by reacting AESO with the triethylenetetramine (TETA) crosslinker and tested as UV-curable pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs). The optimum curing behavior and adhesion performance of the UV-curable patch system were found by using various analytical methods, namely oscillatory rheology, and peel, tack strength, and tensile tests. Finally, an optimized patch was applied to a laboratory scale chemical reservoir in order to assess its performance as a UV-curable crack repairing patch system for the prevention of chemical spills from cracked reservoirs.

Cross-Linked Acrylic Polymers from the Aqueous Phase of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil and Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil

Development of cross-linked, soft polymeric materials from biomass has been a focus of research. The aqueous phase of biomass pyrolysis oil (bio-oil) has been used as a precursor for monomer synthesis. Pine wood was ground and pyrolyzed to produce liquid bio-oil which was further separated into organic and aqueous phases. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR), 1H NMR, and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used for the characterization of bio-oil and its derivatives. Methacrylation reaction was carried out on the concentrated aqueous phase to yield methacrylated aqueous bio-oil. Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and methacrylated aqueous bio-oil were blended in different proportions and were polymerized by free radical polymerization. The polymer samples were evaluated by FTIR, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Soxhlet extraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile modulus, storage modulus, active chains density, and mass retention increased with higher AESO content. The polymers displayed sub-ambient glass transition temperatures (−30 to −21 °C). The impact of plasticizing and cross-linking effects of polymer chains on the glass transition temperature was studied with the theoretical Fox and Loshaek models. Utilization of the low-valued aqueous bio-oil and soybean oil renders the cross-linked polymers potential replacement of conventional polymers and helps to improve the overall sustainability.

Highly Unsaturated Microcrystalline Cellulose and Its Cross-Linked Soybean-Oil-Based Thermoset Composites

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was highly decorated with unsaturation functionality through esterification with methacrylic anhydride (MAA) with the assistance of ultrasonic treatment. The degree of unsaturation on the MCC surface was tailored by adjusting the mass ratio of MAA to MCC during the modification process. The unsaturated-MCC was characterized by FTIR, XRD, XPS, NMR, and contact angle measurements. The degrees of substitution and unsaturation of the unsaturated-MCC were quantitatively determined by NMR and XPS analyses to reveal the grafting efficiency of MAA on the MCC surface. The unsaturated-MCC was further used as a reactive reinforcing agent for cross-linking with acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) to manufacture fully biobased MCC/AESO composites. The cross-linking mechanism between the unsaturated-MCC and AESO was discussed through the curing kinetic behavior of the MCC/AESO systems based on Kissinger’s theory. The unsaturation functionalization of MCC resulted in significantly im...

Developing acrylated epoxidized soybean oil coating for improving moisture sensitivity and permeability of starch-based film

Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO)-based coatings were developed to reduce moisture sensitivity and permeability of starch-based materials. The coating was applied on starch based films by dipping the samples on AESO-based coating solutions, followed by crosslinking with ultraviolet (UV) light. Effect of AESO concentration, photoinitiator content and processing conditions on the performance of coated starch-based film was systematically investigated, in particular the effect of coating on moisture absorption, permeability and mechanical properties. The modified surface was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the moisture sensitivity of the starch-based sheets was reduced significantly since the crosslinked AESO acted as a hydrophobic layer. Moisture permeability was decreased more than 10 times after AESO treatment. It was found that the crosslinking density acted as one of the key factors, so even a very thin layer of AESO could achieve good water resistance.

Delayed Addition Foaming of Bio-epoxy Blends: Balancing Performance Requirements and Sustainability

In this work two material systems, epoxidized pine oil (EPO) and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), both previously individually experimented on, were blended in varying ratios, foamed, and characterized with respect to their microstructure, physical properties, mechanical performance, and thermal stability. Intermediate systems were created bearing a broad range of properties derived from both the parent material systems. The structure–property relations were studied, and the effect of process parameters on the resulting thermomechanical behavior was analyzed. Finally, the degradation kinetics of the developed foams was studied, and activation energies were calculated for a comprehensive understanding of behavior of foams at high temperatures. The obtained foams exhibited high thermal stability and mechanical strength varying from 0.4 to 11.3 MPa for densities ranging from 0.76 to 0.50 g/cm3, respectively, which enables them to be employed in a variety of applications based on product requirements.

Nanocellulose Stabilized Pickering Emulsion Templating for Thermosetting AESO Nanocomposite Foams.

Emulsion templating has emerged as an effective approach to prepare polymer-based foams. This study reports a thermosetting nanocomposite foam prepared by nanocellulose stabilized Pickering emulsion templating. The Pickering emulsion used as templates for the polymeric foams production was obtained by mechanically mixing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) water suspensions with the selected oil mixtures comprised of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), and benzoyl peroxide (BPO). The effects of the oil to water weight ratio (1:1 to 1:3) and the concentration of CNCs (1.0–3.0 wt %) on the stability of the emulsion were studied. Emulsions were characterized according to the emulsion stability index, droplet size, and droplet distribution. The emulsion prepared under the condition of oil to water ratio 1:1 and concentration of CNCs at 2.0 wt % showed good stability during the two-week storage period. Nanocomposite foams were formed by heating the Pickering emulsion at 90 °C for 60 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the foam has a microporous structure with a non-uniform cell size that varied from 0.3 to 380 μm. The CNCs stabilized Pickering emulsion provides a versatile approach to prepare innovative functional bio-based materials.

Bamboo fibers composites based on styrene-free soybean-oil thermosets using methacrylates as reactive diluents

The present work aims at preparation of green composites by using bamboo fibers (BFs) as reinforcements and styrene-free soybean-oil based thermosets as matrices. To facilitate the formulation of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) resins with a low viscosity and high crosslinking density, two methacrylate monomers, i.e., 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate (BDDMA) and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) were respectively used as reactive diluents (RDs) for replacing anticipatory carcinogenic styrene. Results indicated that the crosslinking density of AESO resins was improved and their viscosities were reduced simultaneously. The rheological and curing behaviors of AESO resins incorporated with RDs were investigated. The static and dynamic mechanical performance and thermal properties of bamboo fibers composites with the novel AESO resins were tested.

Laboratory investigation of using acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) for asphalt modification

This investigation examines the modification effect of using two types of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) in asphalt binder at various concentration levels. The effects of AESO on rheological performance of neat asphalt binder were evaluated by employing rotational viscosity (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests. The results indicate that AESO has positive softening effects on decreasing the stiffness of asphalt binder, thereby reduces viscosity and lowers mixing and compaction temperatures. Moreover, laboratory produced AESO (LabAESO) performs superior to commercial available AESO (ComAESO) in terms of low temperature properties and fatigue life at the same concentration level and shows no separation. These findings suggest that a sufficiently high level of LabAESO is necessary in asphalt modification to dramatically affect rheological properties, and therefore enhance the neat asphalt binder’s resistance to fatigue damage at intermediate temperatures and thermal cracking for cold regions pavement applications. Overall, LabAESO shows the potential to be used in asphalt modification with desirable performance improvement, and economic and environmental benefits.

Enhanced properties of UPE/ESOA partially bio-nanocomposites reinforced with chitosan functionalized graphene nanoplatelets: an innovative approach

The current study deals with the successful development of chitosan-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (CS/GNPs) and their dispersion in the unsaturated polyester (UPE)/epoxidized soybean oil acrylate (ESOA) (80:20 w/w) blend system in different compositions of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 wt%. The resulting nanocomposite mixture was achieved by simple sonication method and pressed into a mould for fabrication of nanocomposite. The whole functionalization and nanocomposite preparation procedure were successfully tracked by FTIR, SEM and TEM. Nanocomposite with 0.5 wt% of CS/GNPs nanofiller has demonstrated it as the better candidate due to its optimum properties. Again for better comparison, a nanocomposite with 0.5 wt% raw GNPs was also fabricated and its properties were studied in detail. This relative study reported lower mechanical, dynamic mechanical, thermal and electrical conductivity values for 0.5 wt% raw GNPs than the corresponding CS/GNPs nanofiller-filled nanocomposites. Nanocomposite with 0.5 wt% CS/GNPs showed dramatic enhancement in mechanical, dynamic mechanical, thermal and electrical properties as well as reduced corrosion and swelling performance owing to the homogeneous distribution of nanofiller in the blend. Again, the nanocomposite showed the highest thermal and electrical conductivities with the best dielectric strength. Thus, the prepared nanocomposites with optimum nanofiller content might serve as partially biodegradable nanomaterial for applications in nanotechnology engineering, thermal applications, such as circuit boards and electrical applications, such as electronic packaging components, electromechanical devices and electric energy storage devices. This nanocomposite can also find their applications in different corrosive- and solvent-based environments.

Cardanol modified fatty acids from camelina oils for flexible bio-based acrylates coatings

Novel bio-based acrylate was designed through the epoxy ring-opening reaction of cardanol glycidyl ether (CGE) with fatty acids from camelina oil (FACO), followed by epoxidation of unsaturated chains and then acrylation of the epoxides. Cardanol- and camelina oil-based acrylates were also respectively synthesized for comparison purposes. The bio-based acrylate coatings were then produced under UV-radiation from the acrylates monomers with an addition of a photoinitiator. Polymerization of the acrylates and synthesis of the monomers were observed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the chemical structures and acryl contents of the acrylates were confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The mechanical and thermal properties of the cured acrylates were evaluated using tensile test, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Observation of resistances to water, solvent, and hydrolytic degradation were conducted to water and toluene uptake test, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) rub test, and a degradation test under sodium hydroxide solution. Gel content was measured to evaluate performance of the coatings, and other coating performances including gloss, adhesion, and pencil hardness were determined using the wood panel coated with the cured acrylates. Compared to acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) coating, the acrylate derived from the cardanol modified fatty acids showed higher tensile strength, hardness, glass transition temperature, thermal decomposition temperature at maximum degradation rate, and resistances to solvent and hydrolytic condition of the cured coating. Therefore, the newly designed acrylate is a great alternative to AESO.

Influence of modified cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) on performance of bionanocomposite coatings

In this study, a renewable reinforcement, namely cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), was used to develop a bio-based nanocomposite UV-cured coating system with improved performance. CNC was modified in order to be compatible with the nonpolar polymer matrix (acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO)). The CNC was modified by two methods, with acryloyl chloride or a cationic surfactant (HDTMA). The mechanical properties and structure of bionanocomposites were evaluated. The addition of CNC increased modulus of elasticity (MOE) and tensile strength of the cured film coatings. Use of CNC modified by HDTMA and acrylated CNC led to a higher increase in tensile strength and MOE, relative to un-modified CNC. Best performance enhancement was in hardness and reduced elastic modulus (Er), measured by the nanoindentation technique, which were improved several fold by CNC addition. Hardness, Er, MOE and tensile strength increased with CNC loading level in the matrix. Hardness measurements of cured film coating by pencil hardness test methods confirmed that CNC improved the hardness of the films. Studying the morphology of the nanocomposites revealed that surface modification method of CNC affected nanocomposite film structure and thus the mechanical properties.

High-Performance Soybean-Oil-Based Epoxy Acrylate Resins: “Green” Synthesis and Application in UV-Curable Coatings

Novel soybean-oil-based (SBO-based) epoxy acrylate (EA) resins were developed via ring-opening reaction of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with hydroxyethyl methacrylated maleate (HEMAMA) precursor, a synthesized unsaturated carboxylic acid having two active C═C groups and a side methyl group. Experimental conditions for the synthesis of the precursor and the SBO-based EA (ESO-HEMAMA) product were studied, and their chemical structures were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and gel permeation chromatography. Subsequently, the volatility of HEMAMA was studied and compared with acrylic acid (AA). Furthermore, gel contents and ultimate properties of the UV-cured ESO-HEMAMA resins were investigated and compared with a commercial acrylated ESO (AESO) resin. At last, UV-curing behaviors of the SBO-based EA resins were determined by real-time IR. It was found that the HEMAMA precursor showed much lower volatility than AA, and the optimal pure ESO-HEMAMA resin possessed a C═C functionality up to 6.02 per ESO and ...

On the use of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil as a reactive compatibilizer in injection‐molded compostable pieces consisting of polylactide filled with orange peel flour

AbstractNovel green composites made of polylactide (PLA) and orange peel flour (OPF) were melt‐compounded using twin‐screw extrusion and shaped into pieces by injection molding. Orange peel, a major by‐product of the juice industry, was first ground to flour and then incorporated as a lignocellulosic filler into the biopolymer at 10, 20 and 30 wt%. Since both components of the green composite presented low compatibility, the resultant injection‐molded pieces showed poor ductility and impaired thermomechanical performance. As a new bio‐based reactive compatibilizer, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) was added at five parts per hundred resin to the PLA/OPF formulations during the extrusion process. The addition of AESO increased the filler–biopolymer adhesion and led to compostable green composite pieces with improved physical properties. The enhancement achieved was related to a dual effect of plasticization and melt grafting of the OPF particles onto the PLA chains provided by the multiple acrylate and epoxy groups present in AESO. The use of multi‐functionalized vegetable oils to improve the performance of green composites certainly opens up new opportunities for the expansion of fully bio‐based and biodegradable materials that are partially obtained from agro‐food waste. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

Soybean oil-based thermoset reinforced with rosin-based monomer

A full bio-based cured resin was synthesized by copolymerization of acrylated-epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and 2-acrylamidoethyl dehydroabietic acid (DHA-HEMAA). The rigid rosin-based monomer 2-acrylamidoethyl dehydroabietic acid was first prepared from dehydroabietic acid and N-hydroxyethylacrylamide, which was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry techniques. The cured resin was then synthesized and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic thermomechanical analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis, as well as using a Kruss tensiometer and a universal testing machine. The results indicated that the resin cured with rosin-based monomer exhibited excellent thermomechanical properties. The crosslink density and thermal stability of cured samples containing DHA-HEMAA at molar ratio between 10 and 30% were higher than those of AESO/DHA-HEMAA0 sample. With increasing DHA-HEMAA content, the glass transition temperature (Tg), elongation-at-break, and tensile strength of samples increased, in the stated order, from 16 to 38 °C, from 24 to 45.8%, and from 1.7 to 6.5 MPa. Due to DHA-HEMAA with a hydrophenanthrene structure, the θ values increased with the increase of DHA-HEMAA molar ratios. The full bio-based rosin thermosetting resins may have great potentials in practical application fields, such as coating, adhesive, and packaging materials.

Concurrent improvements in crosslinking degree and interfacial adhesion of hemp fibers reinforced acrylated epoxidized soybean oil composites

Biocomposites with high performance and biobased contents were prepared from renewable feedstocks, i.e., hemp fibers (HFs) and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). Two bifunctional isocyanates, i.e., isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM) and 3-isopropenyldimethylbenzyl isocyanate (TMI), were used as reactive diluents for AESO, respectively. The incorporated IEM or TMI carrying both CC bonds and isocyanate groups not only crosslinked with the CC bonds of AESO by a free-radical polymerization, but also reacted with the –OH groups of both AESO and HFs to concurrently improve the unsaturation level of AESO monomers and the interfacial adhesion between HFs and AESO matrix, which was verified by FTIR and DSC analyses. Both IEM-AESO and TMI-AESO resins exhibited favorable viscosities and curing temperatures for the production of HFs-reinforced composites while without the emission of hazardous air pollutants. The composite with 15 wt% IEM modified AESO (based on the total weight of IEM-AESO blend) had comparable tensile and flexural strengths with the composite from 30 wt% styrene; while the 15 wt% TMI resulting composite obtained higher tensile strength and modulus as well as flexural strength and modulus than the composites from 15 wt% IEM or 30 wt% styrene. This indicated that TMI has a higher reinforcing efficiency on the composites than IEM. Significant improvements in storage modulus, glass transition temperature, and water resistance were obtained for the composites from IEM or TMI relative to the composite from pure AESO resin, which is attributed to the simultaneously improved crosslinking density and interfacial adhesion of the composites as confirmed by SEM analysis.

Acryloyl-group functionalized graphene for enhancing thermal and mechanical properties of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil UV-curable based coatings

Abstract Recently, acrylate epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) has become one of the most important industrial, bio-based, UV-curable resins. To reinforce AESO-based UV-curable coatings, acryloyl-group functionalized graphene (acr-RGO) was successfully prepared and characterized using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The AESO/acr-RGO nanocomposite coatings were fabricated using UV-curing technology to covalently introduce graphene sheets into the AESO matrix. Real-time infrared and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy were used to monitor double-bond conversions and deep curing in the AESO/acr-RGO coating. Scanning electron microscope images revealed the homogeneous dispersion of acr-RGO in AESO. The thermal and mechanical properties of cured films were evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis, tensile testing, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results revealed that the introduction of acr-RGO effectively enhanced the mechanical properties and the thermal stability of the host resin AESO. The optimal reinforcing effect was observed at 1.0 wt% acr-RGO loading, under which the tensile strength and storage modulus of the AESO/acr-RGO nanocomposite improved by 167% and 15%, respectively, compared with those of neat AESO. The initial degradation temperature of the AESO/acr-RGO nanocomposite was also sharply improved by 61 °C under a loading of 0.5 wt%. Additionally, a slight increase in the glass transition temperature of the AESO/acr-RGO nanocomposite from 29.6 to 36.1 °C was observed when acr-RGO was incorporated. Furthermore, introducing acr-RGO enhanced the coating properties. By contrast, the composite coating using amino-group functionalized graphene (AESO/ami-RGO) nanocomposites exhibited poorer mechanical properties and lower thermal stability than its acr-RGO counterpart. The remarkable property reinforcements are thus attributed to the acryloyl-group functionalization of graphene, which improved the compatibility and enhanced the interfacial adhesion of graphene with the AESO matrix.

Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil as a styrene replacement in a dicyclopentadiene‐modified unsaturated polyester resin

ABSTRACTNonvolatile and nonhazardous acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) was investigated as a replacement for hazardous styrene in a commercial unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin [a mixture of styrene and a dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)‐modified UPE (DCPD–UPE)]. DCPD–UPE was prepared from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, maleic anhydride, and DCPD. Mixtures of AESO and DCPD–UPE [AESO–(DCPD–UPE) resins] were found to be homogeneous, easily pourable solutions at room temperature. The glass‐fiber‐reinforced composites from the AESO–(DCPD–UPE) resins were comparable or even superior to those from the mixture of styrene and DCPD–UPE in terms of the flexural and tensile strengths. The viscoelastic properties of the cured AESO–(DCPD–UPE) resins and the corresponding glass‐fiber‐reinforced composites were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis. The viscosities and pot lives of the AESO–(DCPD–UPE) resins as a function of the temperature were studied. The curing mechanism of the AESO–(DCPD–UPE) resins is discussed. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46212.

Effect of acrylation on the properties of waterborne epoxy: evaluation of physicochemical, thermal, mechanical and morphological properties

The present work addresses the critical requirements for the coating industry such as developing the sustainability of biobased materials and simultaneously achieving a balanced combination of coating properties. In this study, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) has been successfully synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil and acrylic acid. Subsequently, AESO was modified using a biobased long chain diacid (Pripol-1009) with the assistance of a water/ethanol blend to form waterborne epoxy acrylate (WBEA). The properties of the cured WBEA with 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane as initiator were studied through spectral analysis, coating properties evaluation, corrosion resistance, and morphological and thermal analysis. The results revealed that WBEA exhibited relatively better mechanical, thermal and corrosion resistance characteristics over cured waterborne epoxy.