Acrylic Production Research Articles

Source, bioaccumulation, degradability and toxicity of triclosan in aquatic environments: A review

Triclosan (TCS), a lipophilic broad-spectrum biocide is widely used in personal care, acrylic, veterinary, medical and household products. It has been observed to be present in aquatic environments, animal and plant tissues around the world, and even in human blood, urine and breast milk. Under natural conditions, TCS degrades photolytically as well as through microbial action into more persistent and toxic byproducts like dioxins. Moreover, accumulation in deep water bodies or soil strata where light is not adequately available makes its degradation even more prolonged. Present review has been undertaken with an objective to highlight the concerns surrounding TCS exposure to aquatic organisms, the infiltration routes into the food chain, its persistence and accumulation, teratogenic, biochemical and cytogenic effects on a wide range of aquatic species. The widespread use of products containing TCS and potential toxicity at lethal concentrations makes it a compound of utmost concern worldwide and hence its use under permissible levels, proper disposal needs to be regulated. • Triclosan is a commonly used biocide in diverse range of day to day use products. • Presence of triclosan in aquatic ecosystems and its bioaccumulative potential makes it a chemical of great environmental concern. • It expresses cyto, geno, hepato, neuro toxicity as well as lethality in aquatic organisms.

Design and control of novel reaction–separation–recycle processes for the production of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate

Two chemistry routes are known for 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate production: the direct esterification of acrylic acid with 1,4-butanediol, and the transesterification of methyl acrylate with 1,4-butanediol. However, very scarce information in the literature is available about industrial production, or design and operation of production processes. In this study, we propose three novel reaction–separation–recycle processes for 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate production by direct esterification based on solid catalyst. Use of solid catalysts may avoid well-known issues of the liquid catalysts like recovery and re-use of the catalyst, difficult product recovery, and corrosion. Due to the nature of the chemical system and reactions conditions, the chemistry is not 100% selective towards the acrylate, important amounts of diacrylate by-product being formed. All processes use fixed-bed tubular reactors to perform the reactions and distillation-based equipment to achieve the required separations. While all processes have a similar separation sequence, each has its key particularities: the RSR-A process accepts the loss of reactants due to formation and elimination from the process of the diacrylate, RSR-B converts the diacrylate into its reactants in the esterification reactor, while RSR-C converts the diacrylate in a dedicated hydrolysis reactor. A key element in the separation sequence is the use of pressure-swing distillation to make the difficult split of the alcohol/acrylate/diacrylate ternary mixture. All processes are capital and energy intensive. The economic analysis shows that the RSR-A process has the most favorable economics: a total annualized cost of 2 million $/y and a specific annualized cost of 100 $/t of product. A control structure for the RSR-C process is presented, the dynamic simulations showing its efficiency in rejecting various disturbances.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cardanol-Based Methacrylate Oligomers for Three-Dimensional Printing Resins

A novel bio-based prepolymer methacrylate cardan phenolic polycondensate (MCPP) was successfully synthesized via prepolymerization and methacrylation of cardanol. Its chemical structure was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. MCPP-based three-dimensional (3D) printing resins with excellent coating properties were prepared. The MCPP-based 3D printing resins were cured using digital light processing, while some samples also underwent ultraviolet (UV) postprocessing. MCPP-based 3D-printed products exhibit excellent thermal and mechanical properties, including a glass-transition temperature and thermal stability temperature of 80.2 and 313.0 °C, respectively, along with tensile strength, storage modulus, and hardness values of 38.5 MPa, 5371.8 MPa, and 80.3 HD, respectively. The good performance of the MCPP-based 3D printing resins was attributed to the rigidity of their compact cross-linked structures. This study pioneers a method for the production of photoactive acrylates like cardanol-based methacrylate oligomer resins from renewable, low-cost, aromatic biomass for use in photocurable 3D printing.

Bismuth oxybromide/bismuth oxyiodide nanojunctions decorated on flexible carbon fiber cloth as easily recyclable photocatalyst for removing various pollutants from wastewater

Various semiconductor powders (such as bismuth oxybromide/bismuth oxyiodide (BiOBr/BiOI) nanojunctions) can photodegrade wastewater efficiently, but their practical application is limited by poor recovery performance. To address the problem, we report the construction of BiOBr/BiOI nanojunctions on flexible carbon fiber cloth (CFC) substrate as an easily recycled photocatalyst by the dipping-solvothermal-dipping-solvothermal four-step method. CFC/BiOBr/BiOI is composed of CFC substate and two layers of nanosheets, while BiOBr nanosheets (thickness: 10–30 nm, diameter: 200–400 nm) were grown in the inner layer and BiOI nanosheets (thickness: 50–80 nm, diameter:300–600 nm) were grown in the outer layer. CFC/BiOBr/BiOI (4 × 4 cm2) can effectively photodegrade 97.7% acid orange 7 (AO7), 91.3% levofloxacin (LVFX) and 97.8% tetracycline (TC) within 120 min under the illumination of visible-light, better than CFC/BiOBr (73.2% AO7, 71.6% LVFX and 81.6% TC). Furthermore, superoxide radical (•O2−) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) are the main active substances during removing LVFX by CFC/BiOBr/BiOI. Besides, CFC/BiOBr/BiOI can efficiently reduce 93.5% chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of acrylic resin production wastewater (ARPW) under visible-light illumination for 3 h, better than CFC/BiOBr (36.6% COD). Therefore, CFC/BiOBr/BiOI has broad application prospects in purifying wastewater as a new type of easily recycled photocatalyst.

Electrochemical reactor for sustainable transformation of bio-mass derived allyl alcohol into acrylate and pure hydrogen

Acrylic acid is widely used in the chemical, polymer, cosmetic and food industries. Typically, it is produced through processes with a high environmental impact. In this paper, we demonstrate the co-production of the potassium acrylate salt and hydrogen gas from allyl alcohol in a liquid flow fed anion exchange membrane electrolysis cell operating at 60 °C and ambient pressure. We compare in electrolysis cell tests, two electrocatalysts Pd/C and Pd-CeO2/C evaluating the activity and selectivity for acrylate production. Electrolysis cell parameters are tuned obtaining a maximum conversion of allyl alcohol of 96% and a selectivity to acrylate of 50% at an operating cell voltage of 1 V. Operating at a lower cell potential (0.7 V) the selectivity for acrylate increases to 74%. Hydrogen gas is produced in the separated cathode compartment at an energy cost of 26 KWh kgH2-1, which is around half when compared to state-of-the-art water electrolyzers. The electrochemical oxidation mechanism of allyl alcohol is also studied and discussed, providing for the first time an insight into the pathways for formation of acrylate with respect to the other principle oxidation products (propionate and 3-hydroxypropionate).

Photochemical Production and Photolysis of Acrylate in Seawater.

The marine organosulfur cycle has been studied intensively for over 30 years motivated by the hypothesis that dimethylsulfide (DMS) affects Earth's radiation balance and climate. The main source of DMS is from the enzymatic lysis of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), the latter of which is a significant component of carbon, sulfur, and energy fluxes in the oceans. Acrylate is also produced during DMSP lysis, but unlike DMS or DMSP, very little is known about the marine acrylate cycle. Herein, a new source of acrylate was identified in seawater as a product formed from the photolysis of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Photochemical production rates varied from 1.6 to 5.0 pM (μmol quanta cm-2)-1, based on photon exposures determined from nitrite actinometry. A positive correlation (r = 0.87) was observed between acrylate photoproduction and the seawater absorption coefficient at 330 nm. Acrylate photoproduction was initiated by UV radiation, with UV-B and UV-A contributing approximately 32 and 68% to the total production, respectively. Acrylate did not photolyze in high-purity water or seawater at concentrations less than 100 nM. These findings improve our understanding of the role that sunlight plays in the marine acrylate cycle, a reactive form of DOM that significantly affects the carbon cycle and ecology of the upper ocean.

A Systematic Model for Process Development Activities to Support Process Intelligence

Process, manufacturing, and service industries currently face a large number of non-trivial challenges ranging from product conception, going through design, development, commercialization, and delivering in a customized market’s environment. Thus, industries can benefit by integrating new technologies in their day-by-day tasks gaining profitability. This work presents a model for enterprise process development activities called the wide intelligent management architecture model to integrate new technologies for services, processes, and manufacturing companies who strive to find the most efficient way towards enterprise and process intelligence. The model comprises and structures three critical systems: process system, knowledge system, and transactional system. As a result, analytical tools belonging to process activities and transactional data system are guided by a systematic development framework consolidated with formal knowledge models. Thus, the model improves the interaction among processes lifecycle, analytical models, transactional system, and knowledge. Finally, a case study is presented where an acrylic fiber production plant applies the proposed model, demonstrating how the three models described in the methodology work together to reach the desired technology application life cycle assessment systematically. Results allow us to conclude that the interaction between the semantics of formal knowledge models and the processes-transactional system development framework facilitates and simplifies new technology implementation along with enterprise development activities.

Complete Genome Sequence of Rhodococcus sp. Strain M8, a Platform Strain for Acrylic Monomer Production.

We report a 6.27-Mbp complete genome of Rhodococcus sp. strain M8, an originally discovered strain that is now under investigation for production of acrylic monomers. The genome consists of a 6.1-Mbp circular chromosome and a 173.2-kbp plasmid.

Stochastic Modeling of Poly(acrylate) Distributions Obtained by Radical Polymerization under High‐Temperature Semi‐Batch Starved‐Feed Conditions: Investigation of Model Predictions versus Experimental Data

AbstractSecondary reactions significantly affect acrylate polymerization rates as well as the architecture of polymer produced by high‐temperature solution radical polymerization. This impact is amplified under the semi‐batch starved‐feed policy used to keep monomer concentration low. Thus, the importance of intramolecular chain transfer (backbiting) is significantly increased, generating a tertiary radical center capable of termination, propagation, and scission. In this investigation, a comprehensive stochastic model is formulated to represent results from an experimental study designed to increase the fraction of reactive terminal double bonds (TDB) in the poly(butyl acrylate) product. Model predictions generated using three sets of literature kinetic parameters for backbiting and scission are compared. While each provides reasonable predictions of some reaction characteristics (e.g., free monomer levels, polymer molecular weights, polymer TDB content), none provide an adequate representation of all aspects of the polymerization. It is concluded that other reaction pathways might be needed to represent the system under semi‐batch conditions, thus explaining the discrepancies seen among the current parameter estimates.

Study on resource utilization of composite powder suppressor prepared from acrylic fiber waste sludge

This study confirmed that the modified industrial sludge can be used as the preparation material of composite powder suppressor. Firstly, MSU was obtained from the waste sludge of acrylic fiber production after material analysis, and then the combustibility and alkalization treatment were carried out. Secondly, MSU-Al(OH)3 composite powder suppressor was prepared by dissolution crystallization wet coating method with MSU as carrier and Al(OH)3 as the supporter. The effect of this new powder suppressor, namely, MSU-Al(OH)3 composite powder suppressor, on aluminum dust explosion is observed in a 20 L spherical explosion apparatus and a transparent pipeline explosion propagation system. The results show that after modification, waste sludge from acrylic fiber production can work as an ideal carrier for composite suppressors; MSU-Al(OH)3 composite powder suppressor can be successfully prepared by solvent-crystallization wet coating (WCSC); the effect of the three materials on aluminum dust explosion is prioritized as: MSU-Al(OH)3 composite powder suppressor > Al(OH)3 > MSU; the suppression of aluminum dust explosion by MSU-Al(OH)3 composite powder suppressor involves three physical inhibitory processes: physical encapsulation, physical endothermic cooling, and gas inerting.

Production and Polymerization of Biobased Acrylates and Analogs.

To prepare biobased polymers, particular attention must be paid to the obtention of the monomers from which they are derived. (Meth)acrylates and their analogs constitute such a class of monomers that have been extensively studied due to the wide range of polymers accessible from them. This review therefore aims to highlight the progresses made in the production and polymerization of (meth)acrylates and their analogs. Acrylic acid production from biomass is close to commercialization, as three different high-potential intermediates are identified: glycerol, lactic acid, and 3-hydroxypropionic acid. Biobased methacrylic acid is less common, but several promising options are available, such as the decarboxylation of itaconic acid or the dehydration of 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid. Itaconic acid is also a vinylic monomer of great interest, and polymers derived from it have already found commercial applications. Methylene butyrolactones are promising monomers, obtained from bioresources via three different intermediates: levulinic, succinic, or itaconic acid. Although expensive, methylene butyrolactones have a strong potential for the production of high-performance polymers. Finally, β-substituted acrylic monomers, such as cinnamic, fumaric, muconic, or crotonic acid, are also examined, as they provide an original access to biobased materials from various renewable raw materials, such as protein waste, lignin, or wastewater.

Design of an acrylic wastewater treatment method based on deep oxidation technology

Acrylic fiber is one of the earliest developed chemical fiber species in China. Acrylic products are fluffy, warm, soft to the touch, and have good weather resistance and anti-mildew and anti-moth properties. Acrylic fiber has a wide range of applicability, but the wastewater generated during its production is a major problem facing the world. The complex composition and high toxicity of acrylic wastewater pollutants, the presence of many oligomers and other difficult to biodegrade, as well as the presence of sulfate, sulfite and other bioinhibitory components, make the biochemical properties of acrylic wastewater very low, making it very difficult to treat. In this paper, we propose an acrylic wastewater treatment method based on deep oxidation technology to solve this problem, which can effectively carry out wastewater treatment and make it meet the national discharge standards.

Ten years of contact allergy from acrylic compounds in an occupational dermatology clinic.

Contact allergy from acrylic compounds is a "hot topic". Knowledge on the exact chemical composition of acrylic products is superficial. To retrospectively describe patients with allergic reactions to acrylic compounds. We included patients who had been tested with acrylate patch test series and displayed allergic reactions to at least one acrylic compound. Chemical analyses were often performed when safety data sheets of implicated products failed to reveal acrylic compounds to which the patient tested positive. In 2010-2019 a total of 55 patients met the inclusion criteria. Eight cases of allergic contact dermatitis were due to anaerobic sealants, seven to dental products, three to windscreen glues, seven to eyelash glues and/or nail products in the beauty sector, three to UV-cured printing inks, two to paints/lacquers, and one to polyester resin system. The origin of these contact allergies was occupational with the exception of four beauty sector workers who had developed eyelid symptoms from eyelash extensions glued onto their own eyelashes. We invariably detected methacrylate monomers in 15 chemical analyses of 12 different anaerobic sealants. Safety data sheets of anaerobic sealants often lack warnings for skin sensitization, although these products regularly contain sensitizing methacrylates.

Prototipe Mesin CNC Diode Laser Cutting 5500 Miliwatt Untuk Pembuatan Produk Kreatif Bahan Akrilik

Advances in manufacturing technology in the creative industries began to leave the dominance of the role of humans into automated systems to produce high-quality products. CNC laser machine is a computer-programmed machine used to make a product by cutting, scraping, and engraving. In general, people think that CNC machines are expensive goods. The purpose of this study was to design a prototype diode type CNC laser machine for the manufacture of creative acrylic material products. The research method uses the stages of designing, manufacturing, and testing the performance of a diode type CNC laser machine. The CNC laser machine is designed as cheaply as possible by minimizing self-made components and using standard components such as machine frames using aluminum extrusion, laser using a 5500 mWatt laser diode type, stepper motor as an X, Y, and Z axis. Control software is used by USB CNC controller . CAD software is used by Aspire Vectric and CAM software is used GRBL with Adruino Nano microprocessors. The results of a Diode Laser CNC machine prototype with dimensions of 450 × 400 × 300 (mm); work area dimensions 300 × 200 × 35; engine weight 5 (kg). The ability to cut a diode Laser of 5.5 watt CNC machine on black acrylic 3 (mm) with an average time of 0.5 mm/s is the best result. Diode Laser CNC Machine engraving capability of clear acrylic material with dark color paper cover machining time 10 (mm / s).

Sustainable manufacturing of polymeric materials: A techno-economic analysis of soybean oil-based acrylic monomers production

(Acryloylamino)ethyl soyate is a soybean oil-based acrylic monomer (SBM) with versatile properties for applications in polymeric materials. To explore the economic feasibility of the bio-based monomers as a potential replacement for the commercial petro-counterpart, this study presents a conceptual process design and scale-up of SBMs production. Process simulation was conducted by Aspen Plus through an integrated design consisting of the catalytic transesterification conversion of soybean oil/soybean oil-based biodiesel with N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide (HEAA), followed by product recovery optimization with solvents recycling solutions. The simulation tool estimated mass and energy balances and assessed plant performance under varying process conditions (different renewable content, catalysts, soybean oil-based feedstocks, and scales). The minimum selling price (MSP) of SBM in the base case was estimated to be $78.4/kg using a cash flow analysis, which shows its economic potential compared to stearyl acrylate. The renewable content of the specialty chemical is a key technical parameter for MSP while it contributes to carbon emission reduction as well. Carbon abatement cost analysis indicates trivial economic impact of feedstock and the need for abatement consideration in different environmental profiles for bio-based chemicals. The uncertainty analysis showed the price of the fossil-based component – HEAA has the major impact on the MSP, while feedstock to HEAA ratio, tax rate, interest rate, and capital cost are sensitive parameters. Underlying areas such as wastewater treatment and economy of scale effects in producing specialty polymers were also discussed in this study.

Multi-Approach Study Applied to Restoration Monitoring of a 16th Century Wooden Paste Sculpture

A multi-approach study has been designed to evaluate the mannerist-style masterpiece of the Christ of the Expiration (Museum Brotherhood, Seville, Spain), a polychrome wooden paste sculpture of the 16th Century that was restored in the Andalusian Historical Heritage Institute (IAPH). During its intervention, a combination of two non-destructive prototypes were used to evaluate the different color in its feet regarding its legs and torso and its cause. A portable equipment that combined X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was employed to analyze chemical composition and mineralogical characterization of pigments. This equipment allowed obtaining simultaneously XRF and XRD at the same point without sampling. X-ray techniques identified cerussite, hydrocerussite and barite in different layers. The presence of zinc oxide from a recent restoration was also detected. Additionally, laser induced fluorescence (LIF) was employed to assess the presence of different fluorescent compounds on the surface. This technique showed the use of acrylic products in the feet, loincloth and torso of Christ from previous restoration and allowed to detect spectral difference on the feet and a high ration of the acrylic product on feet, both could be the cause of the differential degradation between the feet and torso. This multi-approach study based on portable and non-destructive techniques allowed restoration monitoring and helped restorers to take decisions without sampling.

Implementation of lean manufacturing to enhance the efficiency of acrylic resins production process

High lead time processing of acrylic resins leads to the production of products to consumer undergoes and high-production costs. This study aims to reduce lead time by analyzing various activities that have value-added, non-value-added, and necessary non-value-added. The research is conducted using lean manufacturing approaches on acrylic resin production processes. The analysis shows that the activity of delay and transportation is a contributor of waste that occurs in the production process of acrylic resins. Improvements by minimizing both activities in the are thining tank, reactor, and monomer tank can increase the efficiency of the production process. The improvement results show a decrease in lead time from 1298 minutes to 1075 minutes. This study demonstrates that lean manufacturing can improve the time process efficiency of 17.18%, which means the output ratio will increase by around 17.18% in a process.

Organocatalytic trans Phosphinoboration of Internal Alkynes

AbstractWe report the first trans phosphinoboration of internal alkynes. With an organophosphine catalyst, alkynoate esters and the phosphinoboronate Ph2P‐Bpin are efficiently converted into the corresponding trans‐α‐phosphino‐β‐boryl acrylate products in moderate to good yield with high regio‐ and Z‐selectivity. This reaction operates under mild conditions and demonstrates good atom economy, requiring only a modest excess of the phosphinoboronate. X‐ray crystallography experiments allowed structural assignment of the unprecedented and densely functionalized (Z)‐α‐phosphino‐β‐boryl acrylate products.

Organocatalytic trans Phosphinoboration of Internal Alkynes.

We report the first trans phosphinoboration of internal alkynes. With an organophosphine catalyst, alkynoate esters and the phosphinoboronate Ph2 P-Bpin are efficiently converted into the corresponding trans-α-phosphino-β-boryl acrylate products in moderate to good yield with high regio- and Z-selectivity. This reaction operates under mild conditions and demonstrates good atom economy, requiring only a modest excess of the phosphinoboronate. X-ray crystallography experiments allowed structural assignment of the unprecedented and densely functionalized (Z)-α-phosphino-β-boryl acrylate products.

Pervaporation and Sorption Enhanced Reactive Cyclic Processes: The Butyl Acrylate Case Study

New process intensification strategies for butyl acrylate production are emerging as an alternative to the conventional multistage process, where high temperatures and homogeneous catalysts are used. In this work, a novel approach is presented focusing on process reintensification by combining pervaporation and sorption enhanced reactive processes, the simulated moving-bed membrane reactor (SMBR), also known as PermSMBR. Different configurations of membranes combined with the simulated moving-bed reactor (SMBR) were investigated: integrated, comprising membranes packed with the Amberlyst-15 ion-exchange resin, and coupled, consisting of several hydrophilic membranes each of which was followed by a fixed-bed adsorptive reactor. Mathematical models were implemented to predict the PermSMBR performance with the different configurations. To achieve this, different experimental runs were carried out to validate the mathematical model for the simulated moving-bed reactor. Then, fundamental pervaporation data were taken into account to investigate numerically the PermSMBR process. The maximum performance was achieved with the integrated PermSMBR configuration, which was the best strategy for BAc production, with a productivity of 8.00 (kgBAc (Lₐdₛ–¹·day–¹)), which is 33% higher than that obtained in the conventional SMBR. Moreover, this strategy leads to a significant reduction in the consumption of the eluent, 32%, relative to SMBR for the same conversion (≥99%) and purity criteria (≥99.5%). This is due to the more effective removal of water by favoring the solid regeneration step.