Acquisition Of Patterns Research Articles

Examining patterns suggestive of acquisition during functional analyses: A consecutive controlled series of 116 cases.

The functional analysis approach described by Iwata et al. (1982/1994) has been used widely to determine the variables evoking and maintaining challenging behavior. However, one potential concern with conducting functional analyses is that repeated exposure to contingencies may induce a novel functional relation. To examine the likelihood of these potential iatrogenic effects, we evaluated social test conditions of the functional analysis for 116 participants and searched for patterns of responding indicative of acquisition. Patterns suggestive of acquisition occurred in 13.70% of tangible reinforcement conditions; however, the prevalence was only slightly lower in the attention condition (8.75%). Much lower prevalence was observed for the escape condition (2.13%). When grouped by quotient score, a pattern of acquisition was just as likely to be observed in the attention condition as in the tangible condition. Additionally, patterns indicative of acquisition were no more likely to be observed with participants who emitted automatically reinforced challenging behavior.

“Part of Who We Are…”: A Review of the Literature Addressing the Sociocultural Role of Traditional Foods in Food Security for Indigenous People in Northern Canada

Indigenous people in northern Canada have relied on sustained and safe access to traditional foods for millennia. Today, however, they experience higher rates of food insecurity than non-Indigenous people or Indigenous people living in urban settings. Changing socioeconomic and environmental conditions in the Canadian north have altered traditional food acquisition and consumption patterns, with implications for health and wellbeing, and cultural continuity. To assess the breadth and depth of scholarship on the sociocultural role of traditional foods in northern Indigenous food security, we conducted a scoping review of online peer-reviewed articles. The 22 articles selected and screened for comprehensive review affirmed that traditional foods remain vital and central to food security for northern Indigenous populations. However, our review brings to light a recurring tendency in these studies to disregard or inadequately consider the complex sociocultural dimensions of traditional foods, such as the critical role of food processing, cooking, and sharing in supporting Indigenous food security. To address this gap and ensure food security is aligned with Indigenous-defined needs and priorities, community-led research is needed, grounded in Indigenous knowledge that promotes access to traditional foods and affirms Indigenous food sovereignty.

A mason-inspired pattern generator for historic masonry structures using quality indexes

A considerable amount of historic masonry structures (HMS) are composed of irregular stone. However, few studies have systematically investigated the influence of masonry patterns (or masonry unit arrangements) on structural behaviour. The main difficulty stems from the pattern acquisition and the definition of adequate parameters that correlate the pattern with the structural behaviour. To this aim, this paper presents a stochastic 2D coursed-rectangular masonry pattern generator that incorporates geometric quality indexes (QI) to generate patterns with consistent masonry quality and structural behaviour. The generator's input parameters separately consider the available stone units and the "virtual mason"'s skill level to cover the range of possible pattern qualities. Finally, micro limit analysis simulations show how deviation from the "rules of art" reduces strength capacity by up to 30%. Furthermore, it has been discussed how masonry patterns generated with selected QI-s show consistent structural behaviour, e.g. reducing the coefficient of variation of the strength capacities by 15%.

Exploring the Impact of Hand Dominance on Laparoscopic Surgical Skills Development Using Network Models.

Laparoscopic surgery demands high precision and skill, necessitating effective training protocols that account for factors such as hand dominance. This study investigates the impact of hand dominance on the acquisition and proficiency of laparoscopic surgical skills, utilizing a novel assessment method that combines Network Models and electromyography (EMG) data. Eighteen participants, comprising both medical and non-medical students, engaged in laparoscopic simulation tasks, including peg transfer and wire loop tasks. Performance was assessed using Network Models to analyze EMG data, capturing muscle activity and learning progression. The NASA Task Load Index (TLX) was employed to evaluate subjective task demands and workload perceptions. Our analysis revealed significant differences in learning progression and skill proficiency between dominant and non-dominant hands, suggesting the need for tailored training approaches. Network Models effectively identified patterns of skill acquisition, while NASA-TLX scores correlated with participants' performance and learning progression, highlighting the importance of considering both objective and subjective measures in surgical training. The study underscores the importance of hand dominance in laparoscopic surgical training and suggests that personalized training protocols could enhance surgical precision, efficiency, and patient outcomes. By leveraging advanced analytical techniques, including Network Models and EMG data analysis, this research contributes to optimizing clinical training methodologies, potentially revolutionizing surgical education and improving patient care.

Acquisition pattern and the role of vocabulary and language experience in the acquisition of inflectional grammar by Mandarin-English speaking preschoolers.

Australian Mandarin-English bilingual preschoolers must acquire linguistic structures that occur only in the community language (e.g., English inflectional grammar). This study investigated how they acquire such structures and any relationship between linguistic knowledge and language experience on their performance. Twenty 4-6-year-olds showed known monolingual acquisition patterns with good performance for producing the progressive, developing ability for plurals, but only emerging ability for past and present tense. Better performance was related to a larger English vocabulary, more mixed language input and use, but less Mandarin input and use. On average, these children received less than 50% input in English and were performing behind monolinguals.

Gathering round Big Tech: How the market for acquisitions concentrates the digital sector

Abstract Small businesses within the digital sector are spread across the USA. However, a significant number of promising small businesses concentrate in major technology hubs, either initially or through relocation. This phenomenon can be attributed to the influential role played by localized markets for financing and acquisition, which is, in turn, driven by the dominant market positions held by major digital platforms. Our research demonstrates a clear pattern of localized acquisition markets, particularly in sectors frequently targeted by the seven largest American digital giants—Amazon, Alphabet (Google), Apple, Microsoft, Meta (Facebook), Oracle, and Adobe, collectively known as ‘Big Tech’. This localization trend has become more pronounced between 2000 and 2020. Our analysis indicates that the gravitational pull of these acquisition markets poses challenges to local initiatives aimed at fostering digital businesses. These efforts would be more successful if measures were taken to limit the market influence of digital platforms.

Exploring Nuances in Second Language Acquisition: An Error Analysis Perspective

This study employs error analysis as a pivotal lens to scrutinize the intricacies of second language learning, emphasizing the unique accents manifested through learners’ mistakes. Departing from the confines of contrastive analysis, the research aims to illuminate the processes of acquiring a second language. Key facets of language acquisition, including transfer, interference, and the fossilization process, are investigated to provide insights into the development of learners’ interlanguage. The study conducts a comparative analysis of early and late language learning, emphasizing the impact of cognitive, psychological, and social factors on the learning trajectory. Motivational influences, encompassing instrumental and integrative motives, are explored in connection to their effects on learning outcomes. This research not only contributes to a deeper understanding of error patterns in second language acquisition but also advocates for methodologies that surpass the constraints of contrastive analysis, offering potential avenues for more effective language learning strategies.

Constraints on Acceleration in Bilingual Development: Evidence from Word Segmentation by Spanish Learning Infants.

We have previously shown that bilingual Spanish and English-learning infants can segment English iambs, two-syllable words with final stress (e.g., guiTAR), earlier than their monolingual peers. This is consistent with accelerated development in bilinguals and was attributed to bilingual infants' increased exposure to iambs through Spanish; about 10% of English content words start with an unstressed syllable, compared to 40% in Spanish. Here, we evaluated whether increased exposure to a stress pattern alone is sufficient to account for acceleration in bilingual infants. In English, 90% of content words start with a stressed syllable (e.g., KINGdom), compared to 60% in Spanish. However, we found no evidence for accelerated segmentation of Spanish trochees by Spanish-English bilingual infants compared to their monolingual Spanish-learning peers. Based on this finding, we argue that merely increased exposure to a linguistic feature in one language does not result in accelerated development in the other. Instead, only the acquisition of infrequent patterns in one language may be accelerated due to the additive effects of the other language.

Exploring resource-wise stakeholder engagements for low-income housing development in urban Punjab, Pakistan

The main phases of any housing project are planning, design, execution, regulation, and use. All the stakeholders involved in each phase can impact the project's status and progress. The study has explored the dynamics of acquiring five fundamental housing resources, i.e., physical, financial, construction capital, intellectual, and policy. The paper responds to the lack of research on resource acquisition and the patterns of stakeholder engagements, particularly in South Asian countries. The study provides the stakeholder model in the case of Pakistan as an interesting study of relationships between resource-acquiring patterns and engagement mechanisms that can be applied to other geographical contributions. Drawing on qualitative analysis from in-depth interviews with prime stakeholders, this paper concludes by highlighting policy resources as the focal point of resource-wise stakeholder engagement in low-income housing development. This paper highlights the complexities associated with amalgamated engagements with limited transparency on the patterns of resource acquisition for better navigating the provision of low-income housing in developing countries urbanizing at alarming rates.

Development of Syntax Acquisition in 3-Year-Old Children: A Longitudinal Study

A longitudinal study of syntax acquisition in three-year-old children provides a deeper understanding of how children develop their language abilities. By summarizing the findings from this research, we hope to take concrete steps to support optimal language development in the early stages of a child's life. This research uses the literature review research method, the literature review research method is an approach that involves examining and analyzing existing literature or research to gain a thorough understanding of a topic or research question. This process begins by determining the research topic and searching for relevant literature through various sources such as academic databases and digital libraries. The findings of this research provide a strong basis for designing early childhood education programs that pay attention to syntax acquisition patterns. Learning materials can be arranged according to children's developmental stages to support their optimal development. In addition, this research confirms that understanding language development at an early age can act as an indicator of children's psychological health. Monitoring syntax acquisition can help detect potential developmental problems or disorders early, opening up opportunities for more effective intervention.

The Implications of Child Language Acquisition for English Oral Instruction

This article endeavors to clarify the five principal hypotheses posited by Krashen, delving into the intricacies of child language acquisition's characteristics and patterns. Through this exploration, the intention is to provide valuable insights that can inform and enhance oral instruction in the domain of English language teaching. Krashen's hypotheses, encompassing the Input Hypothesis, Affective Filter Hypothesis, Monitor Hypothesis, Natural Order Hypothesis, and the Input Hypothesis, serve as a foundational framework for understanding the dynamics of language acquisition. By scrutinizing these hypotheses, this study seeks to unravel the nuanced interplay between language input, affective factors, conscious monitoring, the inherent order of acquiring linguistic elements, and the role of comprehension in the language learning process. In parallel, an examination of child language acquisition becomes pivotal, considering the unique characteristics and patterns exhibited during this developmental phase. Insights into the natural, instinctive processes through which children acquire language can offer valuable pedagogical implications. Understanding how children intuitively grasp language nuances, build their linguistic competence, and navigate the intricate path of acquiring a second language can significantly inform instructional strategies aimed at fostering effective oral communication skills in English language learners. In essence, this article aspires to bridge theoretical constructs with practical applications, providing a comprehensive understanding of Krashen's hypotheses and their implications for optimizing oral instruction in the context of English language teaching.

Low-cost single-shot complex optical field imaging with a simplified aperture

We report a new computational imaging methodology for complex optical field based on a single-frame diffraction intensity pattern acquisition with a simplified aperture and an extremely low-cost industrial machine vision camera. The current design of the apertures for the recovery of complex optical field was suffering from specific coding associated with the use of spatial light modulator or digital micromirror device, where it is difficult to make the optical implementations compact and cost-effective. In this work, we demonstrate that a simplified aperture without any pattern-like coding is efficient to establish the physical constraint for computational reconstruction. The aperture attached to the object defines the imaging region of interest (ROI) with coherent trans-illumination, and only one snapshot of the diffraction intensity pattern is required for recovering the ROI's complex field. Proof-of-concept numerical simulations and optical experiments have been carried out to validate the feasibility, noise robustness, resolution, and potential biological imaging applications of the proposed computational method.

Overcoming Health Information Inequities: Valley fever Information Repertoires Among Vulnerable Communities in California

ABSTRACT Although Valley fever represents a growing public health challenge for Central and Southern Californian residents, awareness remains severely limited. The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) ran a cross-platform campaign to mitigate this awareness gap and impact prevention behavior. This study evaluates exposure to the CDPH campaign, followed by an examination of the information consumption patterns associated with key health outcomes. Results suggest that the CDPH campaign successfully improved knowledge accuracy, reduced misperceptions, and increased the likelihood of prevention behavior. Using an information repertoire lens revealed a more nuanced account. Most information repertoires positively influenced accurate knowledge retention and prevention behavior compared to those who were not exposed. The most diverse information repertoire, including interpersonal and media channels, was associated with increased knowledge accuracy, affective risk concerns, personal susceptibility, and prevention behavior. However, exposure to this repertoire was also associated with greater misperceptions. In addition, medical professional and radio-based repertoires positively influenced personal susceptibility perceptions. Overall, this research illustrates the importance of examining not only the general outcomes of health campaigns but also the patterns of information acquisition – particularly when working with underserved communities whose health information consumption preferences may not be comprehensively reflected in the literature.

Impact of Foreign Investors on the Turkish Construction Industry

This study investigates the calendar and calendar-seasonal effects on foreign investors’ housing acquisitions in the Turkish real estate market and its influence on the Turkish construction indexes. Understanding the pattern of housing acquisition by foreign investors in Turkish real estate could be essential information for policymakers. The Turkish statistical database reflects 23 prominent countries’ foreign housing acquisitors in Turkey, and all data were analysed. This study employed quantitative analysis of unbalanced panel data obtained from Turk-Statistics, which ranges from January 2015 to May 2023. The pooled Mean Group/ ARDL Lag model was used for the analysis. The finding established a long-run positive association between foreigners’ housing acquisitions in Turkey and Turkish construction indices. The short-run trend is positively significant for all foreign investors across the model. In addition, the finding revealed that a series of lag construction indices and housing acquisitions predicted short-run deviations. The finding closes the research gap and contributes crucial information to the policymakers in taking necessary policy action when required. The study also provides essential information to foreign investors on their investment decisions, especially on the relationship between foreign housing acquisitions and the influence of the Turkish adjusted construction indexes.

Inferring condition in wild mammals: body condition indices confer no benefit over measuring body mass across ecological contexts.

Many studies assume that it is beneficial for individuals of a species to be heavier, or have a higher body condition index (BCI), without accounting for the physiological relevance of variation in the composition of different body tissues. We hypothesized that the relationship between BCI and masses of physiologically important tissues (fat and lean) would be conditional on annual patterns of energy acquisition and expenditure. We studied three species with contrasting ecologies in their respective natural ranges: an obligate hibernator (Columbian ground squirrel, Urocitellus columbianus), a facultative hibernator (black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus), and a food-caching non-hibernator (North American red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). We measured fat and lean mass in adults of both sexes using quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR). We measured body mass and two measures of skeletal structure (zygomatic width and right hind foot length) to develop sex- and species-specific BCIs, and tested the utility of BCI to predict body composition in each species. Body condition indices were more consistently, and more strongly correlated, with lean mass than fat mass. The indices were most positively correlated with fat when fat was expected to be very high (pre-hibernation prairie dogs). In all cases, however, BCI was never better than body mass alone in predicting fat or lean mass. While the accuracy of BCI in estimating fat varied across the natural histories and annual energetic patterns of the species considered, measuring body mass alone was as effective, or superior in capturing sufficient variation in fat and lean in most cases.

The effect of cue length and position on noticing and learning of determiner agreement pairings: Evidence from a cue-balanced artificial vocabulary learning task.

The importance of cues in language learning has long been established and it is clear that cues are an essential part of both first language (L1) and second/additional language (L2/A) acquisition. The effects of cue reliability and frequency, along with the competition between cues have been shown to significantly impact learners' pace of acquisition of these language-specific patterns. However, natural languages do not allow for a clear picture of how the forms of cues themselves affect their perception, uptake, and generalizability. In this study, we developed an artificial vocabulary consisting of determiners and nouns. Within these nouns, completely reliable cues were developed and equally distributed as long and short cues over three possible positions: beginning, middle, or end. Through a word-pair learning study, we show that length and position of cues variably affects agreement accuracy, and that noticing of cues during training is less important for known words, and more important for novel ones when deciding on inter-word gender-like agreement.

Epilepsy insights revealed by intravital functional optical imaging.

Despite an abundance of pharmacologic and surgical epilepsy treatments, there remain millions of patients suffering from poorly controlled seizures. One approach to closing this treatment gap may be found through a deeper mechanistic understanding of the network alterations that underly this aberrant activity. Functional optical imaging in vertebrate models provides powerful advantages to this end, enabling the spatiotemporal acquisition of individual neuron activity patterns across multiple seizures. This coupled with the advent of genetically encoded indicators, be them for specific ions, neurotransmitters or voltage, grants researchers unparalleled access to the intact nervous system. Here, we will review how in vivo functional optical imaging in various vertebrate seizure models has advanced our knowledge of seizure dynamics, principally seizure initiation, propagation and termination.

Content-Form Interaction in the Acquisition of Temporal Markers by Mandarin-Speaking Children

Aspect markers (AMs), temporal adverbs (TAs) and temporal nouns (TNs) are used by young Mandarin-speaking children to express time. However, the factors that affect the relative acquisition trajectories of these categories remains unclear. Accordingly, this study adopts Weist’s time-concept model to examine the patterns of acquisition between and within the above three categories of temporal markers in the Mandarin system of time. Specifically, temporal markers were extracted from language samples obtained from 82 Mandarin-speaking children aged 2 to 5 years, who were divided into three groups by age. The results indicated that the token counts and the type counts of temporal markers were significantly higher among the older children, who were also more capable of using more categories of temporal markers, and were more likely to use multiple markers in single utterances. Of the three categories of temporal marker, AMs emerged earliest, and the participants’ repertoires of AMs stopped expanding sooner than their TA and TN repertoires did. As measured by token use, AMs were mastered earliest. Within each of the three categories, the acquisition of temporal-marker subgroups also varied according to two semantic features: temporal remoteness and specificity. The findings were consistent with Weist’s principles, and suggest that language-general time concepts (content) and language-specific syntactic properties (form) interact to shape the acquisition of temporal markers by Mandarin-speaking children, with the additional role being played by the semantic features of temporal remoteness and specificity within each category. Theoretical and clinical implications are also discussed.

초급 중국인 학습자의 ‘안’, ‘못’ 부정표현 습득 양상 연구

Negation is one of the most fundamental and crucial aspects in Korean language learning. However, Chinese learners often make many errors when learning Korean negation. Due to Chinese and Korean are two totally different languages, Korean is an agglutinative language while Chinese is an isolating language, Chinese learners face difficulties in learning Korean negation. Representative negations in Korean include ‘안’ and ‘못’, while in Chinese, they are represented by ‘不’ and ‘没’. However, the negations in both languages do not correspond completely. Although there are similarities, there are also many differences. Therefore, Chinese learners often make errors in using Korean negations by the influence of their native language.
 This study aims to examine the acquisition and error patterns of negations when Chinese beginners use the negations ‘안’ and ‘못’. Firstly, learners were given tasks at the sentence and discourse levels. Through the analysis of the results, the types of errors made by the learners were examined. According to the results, there are three types of errors: substitution errors between ‘안’ and ‘못’, errors in the use of ‘안’ as a single negation form, and errors related to past tense. The causes of the errors were analyzed, and suggestions for resolving the errors were provided. I hope that this study will contribute to future education on Korean negations.

Plasticity in nitrogen form uptake and preference in response to long-term nitrogen addition of the main tree species in a temperate old growth forest

ABSTRACT We conducted a short-term field hydroponic 15N labeling experiment to study the effects of different nitrogen (N) addition treatment on the N uptake preference and rate of plant fine roots in a temperate old growth forest in 2018. The results indicated that the N preference of dominant tree species for different N chemical forms was not influenced by the N addition, with the N acquisition pattern being ammonium > nitrate > glycine. However, N addition altered the plant's N uptake rates. Under low N treatment, the uptake rates of glycine for three target tree species significantly increased. Both low and medium N additions significantly enhanced the NH4–N uptake rate, but had little impact on the NO3–N uptake rate. Conversely, high N addition exerted negative effects on NO3–N and NH4–N uptake rate. Different tree species may flexibly adapt to new environmental conditions by adapting to their root morphology and the relationship between plant growth and N uptake. N addition has pronounced effects on N uptake rate and root morphology traits of dominant tree species. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the response of N uptake patterns in temperate forests to long-term N addition.