Acquisition Of Weapons Research Articles

The use of small-arms stability measures in combat shooting assessments

The acquisition of weapons at scale requires objective measures to discriminate between products and inform decisions. Testing of weapons commonly occurs on known-distance ranges in static positions at static targets using accuracy and timing as the main variables of interest. However, testing weapons in more representative environments may better show variations in ergonomic-related factors such as centre-of-gravity (CoG) changes. This study aimed to examine the utility of weapon accelerations as a measure of stability, understand how stability changes with repeated shots and the responsiveness to changes in the CoG. Eighteen soldiers shot 60 times under four conditions: an unweighted rifle and the addition of a mass fixed at three different positions. A weapon-mounted accelerometer captured the accelerations of the weapon 200 ms before shot release. Twelve stability measures were calculated and reduced via a principal component analysis. Three of these metrics were then assessed for changes over the shots and between the four conditions. Decreased stability occurred over the 60 shots for all conditions, suggesting increasing fatigue. Stability only differed between one pair of conditions with one metric, implying that stability can be maintained with the different weapon configurations.

Assessing the Compatibility of Conventional Military Doctrines With the Changing Character of War: A Case of Indo-Pak Rivalry

Military doctrines integrate and encourage armed forces to pursue their strategic objectives while acting as an instrument to forestall conflicts by retaining credible deterrence. However, the acquisition of nuclear weapons and access to sophisticated technologies have significantly changed the character of warfare, adding layers to the complexity. This strategic shift has resulted in the diversification of sub-conventional warfare in the subcontinent, blurring the line between war and peace. In the case of Indo-Pak rivalry, non-contact warfare has gained currency, yet both states continue to prioritize conventional military doctrines when engaging each other in sub-conventional domain. Furthermore, this article argues that the compatibility of conventional military doctrines with the changing character of warfare is uncertain, and this is a topic of debate that merits through investigation and analysis.

1984년 김일성은 왜 소련과 동유럽을 순방했는가?

Kim Il Sung’s 1984 tour of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was driven by the need to acquire modern weapons, secure recognition of the hereditary regime, and obtain support for tripartite talks between the ROK, North Korea, and the US in the face of North Korea’s economic downturn. In early 1984, after verifying the trip’s authenticity, the ROK government began to seek information about Kim Il Sung’s itinerary through its diplomatic missions. Despite domestic and international assessments that Kim Il Sung’s visit to the Soviet Union was a failure, the ROK government saw gains in the acquisition of modern weapons and the recognition of the hereditary succession. In East Germany, for example, a treaty of friendship along with an economic and scientific agreement was signed. However, only ceremonial and formal events took place in Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Bulgaria, and Hungary with Yugoslavia and Romania simultaneously criticizing the United States and the Soviet Union, emphasizing the possibility of non-aligned countries. Kim Il Sung’s diplomatic trip intensified the ROK government’s sense of crisis regarding its northern policy. In 1984, the ROK government’s European relations were characterized by proxy diplomacy—sending delegations to Western Europe to try to strengthen ties with Eastern Europe and increasing cultural and sports exchanges with Eastern Europe. Eventually, coinciding with the international transformation of the Cold War system, all of the Eastern European communist countries that Kim Il Sung had traveled to participated in the Seoul Olympics and achieved high rankings.

The Microfoundations of Nuclear Proliferation: Evidence from South Korea

Abstract How do South Koreans shape their nuclear proliferation beliefs? Despite growing scholarly research on public attitudes toward nuclearization, we do not fully understand the underlying factors that influence mass opinion on nuclear weapon acquisition. This study tests the effects of structural- and individual-level factors on South Korean public support for nuclear weapon acquisition by creating a novel time-series dataset. Contrary to conventional wisdom, structural variables did not immediately shift South Koreans’ proliferation beliefs. Instead, the effects accumulated over time. North Korea’s ballistic missile launches and nuclear tests gradually increased South Koreans’ support for proliferation. Also, within a short time period, South Korea–U.S. summits had null effects but progressively dampened the armament preferences. Interestingly, North Korea’s denuclearization summits instantly reduced the proliferation beliefs, but, the support for nuclearization surged over time. Regarding individual-level factors, South Koreans’ fear of nuclear imbalance, desire to decide on their own nuclear war, and conservative party identification were positively associated with the support for proliferation. This study enriches existing literature by offering new empirical evidence and contributes to the scholarly debate on the impact of U.S. security assurances on South Koreans’ nuclear proliferation attitudes.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF UKRAINE IN THE SPHERE OF ARMS AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT

In the conditions of a full-scale war, increasing the efficiency of foreign economic activity, the effectiveness of the institutional infrastructure and the implementation of permanent state control over production, export/import operations in the field of weapons and military equipment has become extremely relevant. The purpose of the research is to generalize the regulatory framework, identify the features of the institutional infrastructure and critically analyze the practice of foreign economic activity in the field of armaments and military equipment, justify proposals for its improvement. The methodology of the research consisted of systematic, comparative and economic analysis. It was determined that the effectiveness of Ukraine's foreign economic activity in the field of armaments and military equipment is affected by such factors as the complexity and tension of the geopolitical situation, military aggression, imperfect regulation, lack of financial resources for the purchase of weapons in foreign countries in the conditions of restrictions on the international market and complex domestic economic situation, lack of technological capabilities for the production of complex systems and modernization of existing military equipment to quickly cover own defense needs and further export, and other factors.
 The analysis of regulatory and legal regulation and institutional infrastructure revealed the beginning of their significant transformation in terms of increasing transparency, accountability and economic efficiency of the foreign economic activity of armaments and military equipment. The assessment of the export potential of Ukraine in the field of armaments and military equipment revealed the ineffectiveness of the functioning of special exporters of the State Concern “Ukroboronprom” in connection with the use of “gray” schemes and the expediency of expanding the exporters of military equipment at the expense of attracting private enterprises. The post-war implementation of the Defense and Security Strengthening Program of Ukraine with the involvement of foreign investors should not only revive the export of domestic armaments and military equipment, but also “cleanse” the defense sphere of unscrupulous and inefficient participants. The dynamics of the obligations of the countries of the world and Ukraine's acquisition of weapons and military equipment are quite powerful, but they are not without certain problems regarding the unpreparedness of technical and technological capacities, the imperfection of the military-industrial complex of Europe in logistics and the production of significant volumes of weapons in a short period of time, bureaucratic obstacles and the impossibility rapid coordination and compliance with the requirements of legislation at the interstate level regarding pricing, taxation, etc. Directions were identified and proposals for improving the mechanism of foreign economic activity in the field of armaments and military equipment were formulated.

백제 비유왕의 對고구려 정책과 개로왕의 즉위 과정

This study examines the crucial policies in the governance of Baekje, a kingdom in the 5th century, with a focus on its response to the invasions by Goguryeo, a neighboring kingdom. King Biyu, who came from the moderate faction known as the clan “Hae” was established as the ruler, following a diplomatic approach of not provoking Goguryeo, which had been maintained since the reign of King Jeonji. However, a shift in Baekje's stance can be detected in the negotiation with the Southern Dynasties of China, particularly during the year 450.
 The negotiation with the Song Dynasty, mediated by Fungyabu, a North Korean envoy in the Northern Dynasties, aimed to undermine the relationship between Baekje and Goguryeo, while maximizing diplomatic gains for Baekje. Through negotiations with Song Dynasty in 450, Baekje sought to constrain Goguryeo and strengthen its own influence.
 Additionally, the items demanded by Baekje from the Song Dynasty, such as “Yeok-rim”, “Sikjeom”, and “Yono”, indicate the needs and policies of Baekje around 450. Yeok-rim and Sikjeom signify the introduction of new military tactics to expand Baekje's policy position, while Yono implies a focus on military reinforcement and weapons acquisition. The dispatch of Fungyabu and the requested items reflect a shift in Baekje's policy towards a more confrontational approach with Goguryeo, revealing the internal dynamics within Baekje.
 In September 455, immediately before his death, King Biyu is recorded to have encountered a “Black Dragon” in the “Han River” region. Notably, King Biyu went hunting in “Hansan” in March, a region that frequently appeared in the context of conflicts with Goguryeo. His hunting in Hansan was likely meant to assert his control over the military forces, emphasizing the imminent confrontation with Goguryeo. These actions by King Biyu contradicted the moderate policies pursued by the Haesei faction, which had previously dominated Baekje's approach towards Goguryeo, indicating potential friction between the moderate faction led by the clan “Hae” and the hardline faction led by King Biyu.
 Following King Biyu's death, a significant shift occurred within the moderate faction led by the clan “Hae”, leading to an internal conflict with the hardline faction led by King Gaero. Approximately a month after King Biyu's demise, in October 455, Goguryeo launched an invasion on Baekje, which was eventually repelled with the assistance of a Silla relief force. This event undermined the legitimacy of the moderate faction, including the clan “Hae”, in the succession dispute, ultimately resulting in King Gaero ascending the throne and the victory of the hardline faction.
 Indeed, the rise of King Gaero, who suppressed the moderate faction and seized power, and his supporting faction inherently faced limitations in adopting a tough stance against Goguryeo.

CONCEPTUALISING THE ROLE OF INDIA IN NORTH KOREA`S DENUCLEARISATION

The US and its allies perceive North Korea's acquisition of nuclear weapons as a significant strategic challenge in the region. Diplomatic efforts have been made to persuade the Kim regime to abandon its nuclear programme, but they have failed. The DPRK considers nuclear weapons capability vital for deterrence against external threats and strategically crucial for national defence. India, a key US ally in containing China, has taken a stiffer stance towards Pyongyang's nuclear programme while enhancing its role in contributing to North Korea's denuclearisation. It represents itself as a staunch opponent of nuclear proliferation and the development of sophisticated weapons. This paper explores India's role in North Korea's perceived denuclearisation. It highlights that India has adopted a dual-standard approach to nuclear proliferation and sophisticated weapons and is also trying to create a technological nexus between Pakistan and North Korea, allegedly to achieve strategic ambitions in South Asia and assert pressure on Pakistan with the help of the US and its Western allies. Bibliography Entry Kakar, Sher Ali and Muhammad Adil Khan. 2023. "Conceptualising the Role of India in North Korea’s Denuclearisation." Margalla Papers 27 (1): 166-175.

The Impact of Iran's Nuclear Program on Iranian-American Relations (2010-2021)

Objectives: This paper explores the relationship between Iran and the U.S., focusing on Iran's nuclear program. It examines how successive U.S. administrations have addressed the issue and analyzes the responses of newly elected Presidents of the U.S. and Iran, as well as the Prime Minister of Israel, to the ongoing Iran Nuclear Deal negotiations using an analytical approach.
 Methods: The study employs an analytical methodology derived from the fields of political and social sciences, moving beyond traditional approaches in international relations.
 Results: The paper argues that Iran's development and acquisition of nuclear weapons, as a regional power, pose a direct threat to regional stability and may trigger a nuclear arms race. The interests of the U.S. and its allies in the region would also be endangered.
 Conclusions: The paper concludes that both Washington and Tehran should reach a mutually beneficial agreement to maintain regional power balance and prevent the potential for an arms race, especially with the seventh round of negotiations approaching. As Iran pursues destabilizing regional ambitions in the Middle East, posing a strategic threat to U.S. interests and allies, the U.S. should reassess its Middle East policy to ensure that Iran does not exploit sanctions relief and its remaining nuclear energy capacity to expand its revolutionary agenda throughout the region.

Effect of Monetary Reward Strategies on National Police Service Delivery in Nairobi County, Kenya

Despite the fact that the National Police Service (NPS) is mandated to protect the lives and properties of the people as stipulated in the Kenyan constitution, it continues to face unprecedented pressure to improve its services to the public. Despite several changes being witnessed in the recent past, including annual recruitment of personnel, increased recruit training duration, acquisition of sophisticated weapons, advancement in technology, and most recently the merger of KPS and APS officers to increase personnel , no significant changes have been witnessed when it comes to efficiency in their service delivery. According to Kenya crime rates and statistics, there has been a sharp increase in crime rates in Kenya for 2020–2021, with an 8.21 percent increase. The general objective of this study was to establish the effect of monetary reward strategies on the delivery of services for the National Police of Nairobi's devolved government. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The NPS staff population in Nairobi County is 9530, of which 400 were sampled with a turnout of 338. Primary data was obtained using questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted. The results of this research were useful not only to the county of Nairobi but also to the government of Kenya and all stakeholders once it was undertaken. For instance, for the county of Nairobi, the research would help meet their strategic plan on sustainable security. For the government of Kenya, the research would be very important in helping it meet its 2030 vision and, hence, provide security to its citizens. The findings were that monetary reward strategies had a significant positive effect on the delivery of services by the NPS in Nairobi County. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected (t=3.427, p<0.05). The NPS should prioritize the adoption of financial changes that will improve service performance. There should be focus on the needs and desires of police officers, create individualized efforts, and create positive relationships between senior officers and their subordinates. Officers should have access to higher salaries, savings co-ops, and enhanced allowances, and be inspired by honoring the best-performing officers.

Guarding Against Catastrophic Biological Risks: Preventing State Biological Weapon Development and Use by Shaping Intentions.

Guarding Against Catastrophic Biological Risks: Preventing State Biological Weapon Development and Use by Shaping Intentions.

REGISTARSKO ZALOŽNO PRAVO NA ORUŽJU

When a lien is established by entry in a specific public register (registry), it is a registered lien – a mortgage. According to the method of establishment, the right of lien, which is established by entry in the public register (registry), is called a mortgage. In modern real law insurance systems, an important place is occupied by lien law insurance, which allows the creditor, upon maturity of the claim, if it is not settled, to be settled from the value of the pledged thing, regardless of whether the thing at the time of settlement is owned by the pledge debtor or not. In this sense, the arrangement of lien insurance on things that are restricted in circulation for social, political and security reasons is particularly important. Thus, for weapons, a special regulation has determined the regime of legal circulation characterized by various restrictions, approvals and records of possession and ownership. Possession of weapons in the Republic of Croatia is governed by the Act on the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons by Citizens. However, the assumptions, effects and procedure for registration of a registered lien on weapons as movable property are governed by the Act on the Register of Court and Public Notary Security of Claims on Movable Property and Rights. In this regard, there are various registers in which different actual rights to weapons are registered, and which are kept by different state bodies. The paper analyses the actual legal significance (declaratory and constitutive) of the registration of weapons in various registers, the procedure and legal consequences of the registration. Open issues of establishment and transfer of lien rights, satisfaction of the lien creditor, right to possession and use of weapons as pledge are highlighted. The adequacy of the existing types of entries in the Register of Court and Public-Notary Security of Claims on Movable Property and Rights is analysed. The paper offers to provide guidelines and possible solutions for the regulation of these issues de lege ferenda that would meet the general, political and legal interests, as well as interests in private law of real rights holders on weapons.

The perspective of firearms licensing under Polish and Czech law. Study of postulated changes in 2022.

More and more people in Poland are deciding to obtain a firearms permit. Their decision is the result of, among other things, the war in Ukraine or the reduced feeling of security in the country. Recently, a draft Law on Weapons and Ammunition has been brought forward by MPs, in which they have taken into account regulations from EP and Council Directive (EU) 2021/555 of 24.03.2021 on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons. The paper analyses the provisions of the Law on Weapons and Ammunition, the regulations proposed in the MP's draft law and the analysis of the procedure for obtaining a weapon permit in the Czech Republic. Then a comparison and evaluation of the above regulations based on statistics was made and finally de lege ferenda postulates were indicated to improve the legal system and strengthen safety in Poland.

External Threats and Public Opinion: The East Asian Security Environment and Japanese Views on the Nuclear Option

AbstractThe Japanese public has been assumed to possess a deeply ingrained aversion toward the acquisition of nuclear weapons. We employ a survey experiment to ascertain whether this aversion is unconditional or may erode in the face of hypothetical deterioration in Japan's security situation, and in particular a hypothetical withdrawal of the US security-nuclear umbrella, increased North Korean nuclear weapons testing activities, and movement by South Korea toward the attainment of a nuclear arsenal. We find that the Japanese nuclear aversion may come under stress in the face of such developments. Additionally, we find that the elasticity of Japanese attitudes with respect to the nuclear option in the face of external security deterioration may be associated with an important individual-level demographic characteristic, namely, gender.

Analyzing the Nuclear Weapons Proliferation Risk Posed by a Mature Fusion Technology and Economy

Nuclear fusion is widely promoted as the ultimate environmentally friendly solution to the world’s energy demands. However, the medium/long-term nuclear weapons proliferation risks from a hypothetical fusion economy are rarely considered. Using risk assessment tools, this paper undertakes a trial scoping of proliferation hazards arising from fusion energy technologies, focused on the implications of a global ‘Mature Fusion Economy’ (MFE). In the medium term, an MFE could (1) facilitate construction of large, efficient, and reliable nuclear arsenals by producing tritium and the fissile materials Plutonium-239 and Uranium-233; and (2) erode the barriers constraining nuclear weapons acquisition by facilitating the spread of nuclear knowledge, technologies, and materials. Given the potential scale of a global MFE, management via monitoring of proliferation and diplomacy could become unworkable. Therefore, policy development must include independent and comprehensive expert and informed community assessment of such fusion-enhanced risks, transparent oversight by the nuclear disarmament community, and systematic analysis of the issues raised in this paper and their implications for fusion into the very long-term future.

방산원가관리체계 개선을 위한 인공지능(AI) 기반의 RPA 적용방안 개념연구

This study proposes three methodologies to improve the Defense Cost Management System through the application of RPA(Robotic Process Automation). This expects to improve the continuity, accuracy, and efficiency of cost estimation. First, an RPA-based cost estimation system is established. An AI(Artificial Intelligence) implemented RPA system performs validation of cost data and simple repetitive tasks, and thus, it prevents the errors and increases the efficiency in associated tasks. Second, an integrated operation of cost and cost-management is performed. Through this, the issues caused by database separation and key-value differences between the ‘Defense Integrated Cost System’, which manages cost tasks, and the ‘Defense Standards Comprehensive Information System’, which manages defense standards and standardization tasks, can be improved. Finally, a feedback system for cost analysis and cost information is established. This standardizes technologies and associated costs in the weapon acquisition phases. In addition, it collects, stores, and manages cost analysis and estimation records regularly, and makes it possible to reuse the information when a new weapon system requirement arises.

Armies of Arabia: Military Politics and Effectiveness in the Gulf

Armies of Arabia: Military Politics and Effectiveness in the Gulf

NABAVLjANjE, DRŽANjE I NOŠENjE ORUŽJA PO ZAKONU O ORUŽJU I MUNICIJI U REPUBLICI SRBIJI

The Republic of Serbia's strategic commitment to European integration includes the harmonization of all relevant domestic regulations with European Union regulations, including the legal regulations for the acquisition, possession and carrying of weapons. The Law on Weapons and Ammunition was passed on February 20, 2015, and it went into effect on March 5, 2016. The new law on weapons and ammunition was supposed to accomplish two things. The first is to enable effective control of weapon possession, thereby preventing misuse and improving the security of citizens of the Republic of Serbia. The second is to allow owners of legally possessed weapons to possess weapons without restriction and to use them for the legally permitted purposes of hunting, sports and collecting. The problem that will be addressed in this paper is an examination of the achievement of these two objectives nearly six years after the law's enactment. The author conducted this analysis by comparing basic statistical data on weapons from the start of the "new" law's application to basic statistical data on weapons from the start of the "old" law's application on weapons and ammunition. Finally, the author makes recommendations for more effective implementation of the Law on weapons and ammunition, as well as recommendations for future solutions in the areas of weapon acquisition, possession and carrying.

Interrogating the relationship between banditry and illegal mining in Nigeria; implications to national development in post–covid period; a peep into Bagega in Zamfara State illegal mining site

Mining is one of the activities of government that yield enormous income into its confers for the purpose of running and managing its social, economic, and political affairs. But when these activities of government are neglected, it, however, fall into the hands of illegal miners who are not regulated. It is overtaken by scrupulous elements who may want to cash in for the purpose of promoting illegality aimed at undermining development and promoting insecurity, through banditry which is regarded as terrorism. This paper adopted the Elite Theory for the purpose of providing an explanation within the context and content of this paper. The choice of adopting this theory was because it best suits the explanation of illegal mining which is sponsored by the political and economic big wits of the society. The methodology adopted by this paper in terms of data collection is both primary and secondary methods of data collection and the survey research design was used. The presenters were in the area where these illegal mining activities takes place in Bagega in Zamfara State for the purpose of having first hand information apart from the fact that revenue accruing to the Federal Government are lost, most of the proceed from these activities are used for acquisition of weapons, hiring of personnel for the purpose of banditry and provision of logistics to aid illicit activities and other crimes which are inimical to national development. In order to deal with illegal mining in Nigeria, this paper provides that stiffer penalty should be made in line with the amendment of the Mining Act of 2007 to reduce or eliminate illegal mining in Zamfara State, and again, the issue of mining should be removed from the Exclusive list, for the purpose of proper regulation to deal with illegal mining activities in Nigeria.

‘Blunt’ biopolitical rebel rule: on weapons and political geography at the edge of the state

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the ways in which processes of weapons acquisition and armed collectives formation contribute to shape rebel polities – with their populations and attendant political geographies – in frontier spaces. It argues that the acquisition of weapons and the formation of an armed ensemble are shaped by political rationalities and techniques of governing the entanglements between humans and weapons that are diffused throughout society as a whole. Drawing on biopolitical governmentality, I also show that by governing weapons acquisition and the formation of an armed force rebel movements shape the rebel polity’s collective identity and political geographies of ‘vital’ space in frontiers. Harnessing fieldwork-based research to study Ta’ang rebel movements in Myanmar, I find that weapons acquisition and the formation of an armed ensembles have been inflected by govern-mentalities of narcotics eradication and ethnonationality. The article concludes that some forms of rebel rule at the edge of the state in Myanmar can be qualified as ‘blunt’ following work by anthropologist Elliott Prasse-Freeman. That is to say, rebel rule lacking the governmental apparatuses to intensively know and promote life at aggregate scales still operates massifications and divisions of biological populations and political space via the formation and governing of armed ensembles.

Sanctions as a deterrent to nuclear testing

ABSTRACT This article considers the role of economic sanctions in deterring nuclear testing. It argues that sanctions have been relatively effective in discouraging the pursuit and acquisition of nuclear weapons but have a more mixed track record when it comes to preventing nuclear tests. The article explains why preventing further nuclear testing furthers US nonproliferation interests and discusses three different avenues for strengthening sanctions against nuclear testing: through the United Nations Security Council, unilaterally, or through coordination with like-minded partners. It argues for the importance of sanctions even in complicated cases where US allies are considering conducting nuclear tests.