Acoustic Stress Research Articles

Low doses of mirtazapine or quetiapine for transient insomnia: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial.

Low doses of the antidepressant mirtazapine or the neuroleptic quetiapine are often prescribed off-label for insomnia. However, studies on the effects on sleep and hangover effects the following day are scarce. In this randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial, the influence of 7.5 mg mirtazapine and 50 mg quetiapine on both normal sleep and sleep disturbed by acoustic stress (traffic noise) as a model for transient insomnia was assessed. Additionally, hangover effects on next-day alertness and cognitive functioning were examined. A total of 19 healthy men without sleep complaints completed three treatment sessions, each session consisting of three consecutive nights in one of the mirtazapine, quetiapine or placebo conditions. Sleep was assessed using polysomnography and the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. Daytime sleepiness and cognitive functioning were assessed using the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, Digit Symbol Substitution Task, Psychomotor Vigilance Task and an addition task. Under acoustic stress, both mirtazapine and quetiapine increased total sleep time by half an hour and reduced the number of awakenings by 35-40% compared to placebo. While quetiapine specifically increased the duration of non-rapid eye movement sleep, stage N2, mirtazapine mainly increased deep sleep stage N3. Subjects reported that both mirtazapine and quetiapine eased getting to sleep and improved sleep quality. Both drugs caused daytime sleepiness and lessened sustained attention. These findings support the use of low doses of mirtazapine and quetiapine for the treatment of insomnia. Further prospective studies on the long-term effects regarding effectiveness and adverse effects are needed.

Acoustic emission localization technique based on fiber Bragg grating sensing network and signal feature reconstruction

Based on the analysis of the propagation mechanism of acoustic emission stress waves caused by impact excitation on aluminum alloy plates, The geometrical model of steel ball impacted aluminum alloy plate was built by ABAQUS software, and the stress wave propagation process is simulated and analyzed. The stress wave propagation process is simulated and analyzed and an acoustic emission sensing system based on the principle of edge filtering is constructed. The acoustic emission stress waves were collected to establish the acoustic emission region localization model. The localization method of acoustic emission region based on diffusion mapping and support vector machine is proposed and verified experimentally. Multiple acoustic emission localization experiments were performed on an aluminum alloy plate of 300 mm300 mm2 mm, which was divided into 36 test area. The results show that the localization accuracy is 30 mm30 mm and the positioning accuracy was 97.5%, while consuming 0.781 s. The study provides an effective method for acoustic emission localization.

Effect of Vibration Plate Shape on Acoustic Viscous Stress in Near-field Acoustic Levitation

Effect of Vibration Plate Shape on Acoustic Viscous Stress in Near-field Acoustic Levitation

Multitaper MFCC Features for Acoustic Stress Recognition from Speech

Ameliorating the performances of speech recognition system is a challenging problem interesting recent researchers. In this paper, we compare two extraction methods of Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients used to represent stressed speech utterances in order to obtain best performances. The first method known as traditional is based on single window (taper) generally the Hamming window and the second one is a novel technique developed with multitapers instead of a single taper. The extracted features are then classified using the multiclass Support Vector Machines. Experimental results on the SUSAS database have shown that the multitaper MFCC features outperform the conventional MFCCs.

Autonomic, endocrine and behavioural responses to thunder in laboratory and companion dogs

Dogs are highly sensitive to sound stimuli, especially fireworks, firearms, and thunder, and therefore these sounds are used as models of stress reactivity in dogs. Companion and laboratory dogs may respond differently to stressful stimuli, due to differences in management and their relationship with humans. Therefore, the reactivity of beagle dogs (laboratory) and companion dogs to an acute acoustic stress model was studied by analysing the heart rate variability (HRV; cardiac interval values), serum cortisol levels and various behavioural parameters. Eight beagles and six privately owned dogs with no history of phobia to thunder were used. The sound stimulus consisted of a standardized recording of thunder for 2.5min with a maximum intensity of 103–104dB. To evaluate the HRV, cardiac intervals were recorded using a frequency meter (Polar RS800CX model), and later the data were analysed using CardioSeries 2.4.1 software. In both laboratory and companion dogs, thunder promoted an increase in the power of the LF band of the cardiac interval spectrum, in the LF/HF ratio and in the HR, and a decrease in the power of the HF band of the cardiac interval spectrum. Companion dogs showed higher cortisol levels, than beagles, independently of the time point studied and a significant increase in the cortisol levels 15min after acoustic stress, while beagles did not show any alterations in their cortisol levels in response to the sound. On the other hand, beagles showed higher scores in the trembling, hiding, vigilance, running, salivation, bolting and startle parameters than companion dogs. Our results showed that independently of the sound stimulus, companion dogs had higher cortisol levels than laboratory dogs. Furthermore, the sound stimulus induced a marked autonomic imbalance towards sympathetic predominance in both laboratory and companion dogs. However a significant increase in the cortisol was observed only in companion dogs. On the other hand, in general the behavioural response was more pronounced in laboratory dogs than in companion dogs.

Pattern deposition on an ultrasonic actuator

In recent years, one has observed an increasing interest in the pattern deposition of colloidal particles from an evaporating carrier liquid, a process associated with the coffee ring effect. In particular, various companies employ pattern deposition for the fabrication of medium resolution conducting circuits for various applications from touch screens to antennae. In this talk, I will discuss the pattern deposition of solute particles off an evaporating solution film atop an ultrasonic actuator. We use the actuator to generate a MHz vibration in the form of a Rayleigh surface acoustic wave (SAW), propagating in the solid substrate and under the solution film at a phase velocity of 4000 m/s. Transfer of momentum from the SAW to the neighboring solution translates to an acoustic stress, supporting various flow mechanisms, i.e., acoustic streaming, and altering the geometry of the evaporating film. The interplay between the capillary, acoustic, and evaporative stresses within the solution determines the transport dynamics of the solute particles in the solution and the state of pattern deposition on the solid substrate. Using different SAW power levels we alter the dynamic state of the deposition, changing the qualitative geometry of the deposited patterns from dots to stripes and from stripes to solid films.

Acoustic emission characteristics and stress release rate of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time

Considering the importance of the prediction of rock burst disasters, and in order to grasp the law of acoustic emission (AE) of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time, the SH-II AE monitoring system was adopted to monitor the failure process of coal samples. The study of the change rule of the AE numbers, energy, ‘b’ value and spectrum in the micro crack propagation process of the coal samples shows that as dynamic damage time went by, AE presented high-energy counts and the accumulated counts increased during the compression phase. The AE energy and cumulative counts increased during the elastic stage. The AE blank area increased gradually and the blank lines were more and more obvious in the molding stage. The AE counts and energy showed a trend of decrease in the residual damage phase. AE ‘b’ values gradually became sparse, and the large scale cracks percentage compared with micro cracks decreased and the degree of damage decreased. The AE frequency spectrum peak went from the residual damage phase to the molding phase, and finally it was nearly stable, besides the bandwidth of the main frequency is gradually narrowed. Also, the frequency peak changed from single peak frequency to bi-peak frequency and to the single peak frequency. Uniaxial compressive strength is more sensitive than the elastic modulus to dynamic damage time.

Acoustic softening and stress superposition in ultrasonic vibration assisted uniaxial tension of copper foil: Experiments and modeling

Ultrasonic vibration is widely utilized in manufacturing processes mainly because acoustic field could significantly affect the metal plasticity leading to stress reduction. However, viewpoints on the influence mechanism have not reached a consensus yet. In this paper, an ultrasonic vibration assisted uniaxial tension experiment with copper foils is carried out using a specially-developed device. The results show that the extent of stress reduction increases with the increase of the vibration amplitude. Acoustic softening and stress superposition are both considered in a developed model to describe the stress reduction due to ultrasonic excitation during metal forming process. Considering that ultrasonic vibration provides the energy for dislocation sliding, acoustic softening is analyzed based on crystal plasticity theory considering ultrasonic intensity. Stress superposition, mostly induced by the additional periodic strain, is included by taking account of its proportional relationship with vibration amplitude. The calculation results from the numerical model show a good agreement with those from the experiment. These findings provide an instructive understanding of mechanism of stress reduction in ultrasonic vibration assisted metal deformation and are especially helpful for pro-actively designing ultrasonic vibration assisted metal forming processes.

НЕМЕДИКАМЕНТОЗНА СЕДАЦІЯ ФОТОТРИГЕРУВАННЯМ БІОРИТМІВ МОЗКУ

Introduction. In otorhinolaryngology, as well as in other fi elds of clinical medicine, often the question of sedative therapy arises. Sedative medication use is not appropriate always and it can cause side effects or can be incompatible with other medicines. The question of sedative therapy arises in psychosomatic conditions, caused by tinnitus, labyrinthopaties, that may have diverse origins, but are accompanied, in any case, by acoustic or vestibular stress. Rhythmical, pulsating light and/or sound stimulators are able to make some changes in person’s behavior, her mood, her working ability, stimulate its activities or lead to a calm state, relaxation.In 30th German doctor Hans Berger has found, that using visual stimulators of a certain frequency can cause certain «electroencephalogram samples» and with changing the frequency of the stimulator the frequency of bioenergy under cord can change.In 90th in Germany there was the so-called «Mind machines» («brain machines») created, which were able to increase intellectual activity «remove» fatigue, build resistance to stress and others with eye irritation by fl ashing light with appropriate frequency.Now we know that rhythmical visual stimulation (VS) and, even more, audio-visual stimulation (AVS) can cause positive and lasting physiological effects from the state of relaxation to the state of activation and increased attentiveness. Authors consider that the Schumann’s frequency «quasi – frequencies of good weather» are causing the mental state of life satisfaction, peace. Material and methods. The device, that this department staff developed is different, as well as it’s generated with the proposed, using opto-electronic, system and its light stimulator is programmed on to the eye area with the fl exible fi ber body. FS starts with stimulation frequencies in the α- rhythm ( 10 Hz ) and for 10 minutes the frequency is reduced to 4 Hz (τ- wave), and for the next 5 minutes. – to 2 Hz (δ- waves). After this the frequency rises again to 7 Hz for 5 minutes and for 1 min. increases to 10 Hz and up to 99 Hz. The device was used as a supplementary treatment for chronic tinnitus and was seen as a method of psychosomatic stabilization. Results. During the experimental application of the method in the treatment of 20 patients with chronic subjective tinnitus turned out that the effectiveness of sedation byphoto triggering was positive (subjective noise reduction, improving performance audiometric) in 56.2% of patients. However, the negative impact on the patient’s condition is not found in any case. Discussions. Preliminary studies indicate that the effect of sedation during stressful situations that can occur in any area of medicine, including otorhinolaryngology, can be achieved without the use of drugs such as way of brain waves photo triggering. The method was particularly effective in treating of tinnitus. This allows us to continue research in a wider range. Perspective. It is hoped that the application of the photo triggering technique is promising as well as the treatment of post-traumatic stress syndrome, in sports medicine and other areas of medicine. Conclusions. The intermittent light stimulators, that have the frequency equal to the brain biorhythms frequency, are capable to trigger mentioned biorhythms and cause a corresponding emotional state. By brain biorhythms triggering the relaxing state can be achieved without using of drugs.The proposed device has several advantages over existing devices. The effectiveness of the procedure may be estimated by using the biofeedback – controls provided in the presented model.The application of the photo triggering technique may be used in the treatment of post-traumatic stress syndrome, in sports medicine and other areas of medicine.

Acoustomechanical constitutive theory for soft materials

Acoustic wave propagation from surrounding medium into a soft material can generate acoustic radiation stress due to acoustic momentum transfer inside the medium and material, as well as at the interface between the two. To analyze acoustic-induced deformation of soft materials, we establish an acoustomechanical constitutive theory by combining the acoustic radiation stress theory and the nonlinear elasticity theory for soft materials. The acoustic radiation stress tensor is formulated by time averaging the momentum equation of particle motion, which is then introduced into the nonlinear elasticity constitutive relation to construct the acoustomechanical constitutive theory for soft materials. Considering a specified case of soft material sheet subjected to two counter-propagating acoustic waves, we demonstrate the nonlinear large deformation of the soft material and analyze the interaction between acoustic waves and material deformation under the conditions of total reflection, acoustic transparency, and acoustic mismatch.

Acoustomechanical giant deformation of soft elastomers with interpenetrating networks

We demonstrate giant deformation caused by ultrasound waves in soft elastomers with interpenetrating networks and reveal the physical mechanisms underlying the snap-through instability and phase transition. The snap-through instability can be harnessed to generate large deformation when the elastomer is subjected to combined mechanical and acoustical loading. We further demonstrate that the preserved stresses can enhance not only the mechanical tangential stiffness but also the acoustical tangential stiffness of the elastomer. However, with fixed acoustical loads, the preserved stresses reduce the mechanical tangential stiffness because the dependence of acoustic radiation stress on the stretch state overturns the effect of the preserved stresses. Our findings enable new strategies of device designs based on acoustomechanical soft elastomers having interpenetrating networks.

Investigation of the fracture modes of red sandstone using XFEM and acoustic emissions

Acoustic emissions (AE) and stress–strain curve analysis are accepted methods of analyzing crack propagation and monitoring various failure stages, including crack closure and the crack initiation level, during rock failure under brittle rock loading. This study designed a series of three-point bending tests and shear fracture tests to investigate the features of AE signals for different modes. The Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) is also adopted to simulate these experiments processes. The obtained results indicate that the maximum load for the shear fracture mode is approximately three times larger than that for the tensile fracture mode and that the displacement in the shear fracture mode is also larger than that in the tensile fracture mode. AE signals had higher AF (average frequency) and lower Rise Angle (RA) (ratio of the rise time to the peak amplitude) values when tensile failure occurred, while they exhibited lower AF and higher RA values when shear failure occurred. Accumulative AE energy for the shear mode is significantly larger than that for type I tensile fracture. The influence of inhomogeneity is also evident, as signals acquired at different distances exhibit distinct characteristics. The results show that AE leads to the characterization of the dominant fracture mode using only two AE descriptors. Note that we also should reasonably arrange AE sensors to monitor large-scale projects in the field.

Chronic stress increases experimental pancreatic cancer growth, reduces survival and can be antagonised by beta-adrenergic receptor blockade.

Chronic stress could promote tumour growth and reduce survival of pancreatic cancer patients via beta-adrenergic receptors of tumour cells. We have tested the impact of chronic acoustic and restraint stress on tumour development in an orthotopic syngeneic murine model of pancreatic cancer. Tumour-bearing C57BL/6 mice exposed to chronic stress had 45% (p=0.0138) higher circulating steroid and 111% (p=0.0052) higher adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase levels. Their immune response was significantly suppressed: The invitro LPS response of splenocytes was significantly reduced regarding Th1- and Th2-cytokines including IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-10 and MCP-1 (0.0011<p<0.043). Also, tumours of stressed mice showed a tendency towards fewer total CD4 cells, more regulatory T cells (Treg), less T cell/tumour cell contacts and a reduction of CTLA-4 in CD4 cells (p>0.05). TGF-beta invitro was increased by 23.4% using catecholamines (p<0.012) and invivo employing chronic stress (p<0.001). After 5 weeks tumour volumes were 130% (p=0.0061) larger and median survival reduced by 13.5% (p=0.0058). Tumours expressed more VEGF (p=0.0334), had greater microvessel densities (p=0.047), and an increased MMP-9 expression (p=0.0456). Beta-catecholamines increased proliferation in tumour cells by 18% (p<0.0001) and migration by 78% (p=0.0348) whereas the beta-blocker propranolol reduced these effects by 25% (p<0.0001) and 53% (p=0.045), respectively. When stressed tumour-bearing animals were treated with propranolol tumour volumes were reduced by 69% (p=0.0088) and survival improved by 14% (p<0.0058). The potential treatment with beta-blockers of patients with pancreatic cancer or other malignancies should be further evaluated as an adjuvant anti-neoplastic agent in clinical trials.

Acoustically propelled nanoshells

Herein we report a new design for acoustic nanoswimmers, making use of a nanoshell geometry that was synthesized using a sphere template process. Such shell-shaped nanomotors display highly efficient acoustic propulsion on the nanoscale by converting energy from the ambient acoustic field into motion. The propulsion mechanism of the nanoshell motors relies on acoustic streaming stress over the asymmetric surface to produce the driving force for motion. The shell-shaped nanomotors offer a high surface area to volume ratio, allow for efficient scalability and provide higher cargo towing capacity (in comparison to acoustically propelled nanowires). Furthermore, a detailed study of the parameters relevant to propulsion performance, including the material density, size and shape of the motors, reveals that the nanoshell motors exhibit a different propulsion behavior from that predicted by recent theoretical and experimental models for acoustically propelled nanomotors. Such findings indicate that further studies are needed to predict the behavior of acoustic nanomotors with different geometry designs. Practical applications of the new nanoshell motors, including "on-the-move" capture and the transport of multiple cargoes and internalization and movement inside live MCF-7 cancer cells, are demonstrated. These capabilities hold considerable promise for designing fuel-free nanoswimmers capable of performing complex tasks for diverse biomedical applications.

Experimental Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Softwood using Acoustic Methods

This paper presents an evaluation of the acoustic ultrasound and stress wave methods for investigating the mechanical properties of wood and the factors that can affect the results, such as the type of device used, the wood species (Scots pine, Norway spruce, Silver fir), the cardinal direction relative to the direction of the plant growth, and the longitudinal measuring position in the trunk (the height of the trunk). The experiments were done using planks of selected species, with the aim of establishing the extent to which the values of the basic mechanical properties of wood could be predicted. These properties included compression strength parallel to the grain (MORL), modulus of elasticity in compression parallel to the grain (MOEL), modulus of elasticity perpendicular to the grain (MOER), compression strength perpendicular to the grain (MORR), hardness in the particular anatomical directions (HardR, HardT, and HardL), and density.

Acoustic stress responses in juvenile sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax induced by offshore pile driving

Underwater sound generated by pile driving during construction of offshore wind farms is a major concern in many countries. This paper reports on the acoustic stress responses in young European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (68 and 115 days old), based on four in situ experiments as close as 45 m from a pile driving activity. As a primary stress response, whole-body cortisol seemed to be too sensitive to ‘handling’ bias. On the other hand, measured secondary stress responses to pile driving showed significant reductions in oxygen consumption rate and low whole-body lactate concentrations. Furthermore, repeated exposure to impulsive sound significantly affected both primary and secondary stress responses. Under laboratory conditions, no tertiary stress responses (no changes in specific growth rate or Fulton's condition factor) were noted in young sea bass 30 days after the treatment. Still, the demonstrated acute stress responses and potentially repeated exposure to impulsive sound in the field will inevitably lead to less fit fish in the wild.

Serotonergic systems in the balance: CRHR1 and CRHR2 differentially control stress-induced serotonin synthesis

Anxiety and affective disorders are often associated with hypercortisolism and dysfunctional serotonergic systems, including increased expression of TPH2, the gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme of neuronal serotonin synthesis. We previously reported that chronic glucocorticoid exposure is anxiogenic and increases rat Tph2 mRNA expression, but it was still unclear if this also translates to increased TPH2 protein levels and in vivo activity of the enzyme. Here, we found that adult male rats treated with corticosterone (CORT, 100μg/ml) via the drinking water for 21 days indeed show increased TPH2 protein expression in the dorsal and ventral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRD, DRV) during the light phase, abolishing the enzyme’s diurnal rhythm. In a second study, we systemically blocked the conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) to serotonin immediately before rats treated with CORT or vehicle were either exposed to 30min acoustic startle stress or home cage control conditions. This allowed us to measure 5-HTP accumulation as a direct readout of basal versus stress-induced in vivo TPH2 activity. As expected, basal TPH2 activity was elevated in the DRD, DRV and MnR of CORT-treated rats. In response to stress, a multitude of serotonergic systems reacted with increased TPH2 activity, but the stress-, anxiety-, and learned helplessness-related dorsal and caudal DR (DRD/DRC) displayed stress-induced increases in TPH2 activity only after chronic CORT-treatment. To address the mechanisms underlying this region-specific CORT-dependent sensitization, we stereotaxically implanted CORT-treated rats with cannulae targeting the DR, and pharmacologically blocked either corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 (CRHR1) or type 2 (CRHR2) 10min prior to acoustic startle stress. CRHR2 blockade prevented stress-induced increases of TPH2 activity within the DRD/DRC, while blockade of CRHR1 potentiated stress-induced TPH2 activity in the entire DR. Stress-induced TPH2 activity in the DRD/DRC furthermore predicted TPH2 activity in the amygdala and in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC), while serotonin synthesis in the PnC was strongly correlated with the maximum startle response. Our data demonstrate that chronically elevated glucocorticoids sensitize stress- and anxiety-related serotonergic systems, and for the first time reveal competing roles of CRHR1 and CRHR2 on stress-induced in vivo serotonin synthesis.

Synaptic studies inform the functional diversity of cochlear afferents

Type I and type II cochlear afferents differ markedly in number, morphology and innervation pattern. The predominant type I afferents transmit the elemental features of acoustic information to the central nervous system. Excitation of these large diameter myelinated neurons occurs at a single ribbon synapse of a single inner hair cell. This solitary transmission point depends on efficient vesicular release that can produce large, rapid, suprathreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials. In contrast, the many fewer, thinner, unmyelinated type II afferents cross the tunnel of Corti, turning basally for hundreds of microns to form contacts with ten or more outer hair cells. Although each type II afferent is postsynaptic to many outer hair cells, transmission from each occurs by the infrequent release of single vesicles, producing receptor potentials of only a few millivolts. Analysis of membrane properties and the site of spike initiation suggest that the type II afferent could be activated only if all its presynaptic outer hair cells were maximally stimulated. Thus, the details of synaptic transfer inform the functional distinctions between type I and type II afferents. High efficiency transmission across the inner hair cell's ribbon synapse supports detailed analyses of the acoustic world. The much sparser transfer from outer hair cells to type II afferents implies that these could respond only to the loudest, sustained sounds, consistent with previous reports from in vivo recordings. However, type II afferents could be excited additionally by ATP released during acoustic stress of cochlear tissues.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled <IEB Kyoto>.

Electrical Stimulation of the Amygdala Modifies the Negative Feedback Effect of Glucocorticoids on the Adrenocortical Responses to Stress

Objective: The amygdala (AMG) plays a facilitatory role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The effect of the AMG on the negative feedback exerted by glucocorticoids (GC) is not clear. We investigated the effect of repeated electrical stimulation of the AMG on the feedback action of GC upon the adrenocortical (AC) response to stressful stimuli. Methods: Rats received electrical stimulation into the central amygdalar nucleus once daily for 4 days. At days 5 and 12 after the onset of stimulation, rats were treated with dexamethasone (Dex) or vehicle and were exposed to either photic or acoustic stress stimuli, and serum corticosterone (CS) was measured. In another group of rats, we measured the binding of Dex to the hippocampal cytosol at 5 and 12 days after the AMG stimulation. Results: At 5 and 12 days after the onset of stimulation or a sham control, stress increased the serum CS level. In the sham group, Dex completely inhibited the CS response, but at 5 days after stimulation, it was significantly less effective in doing this. At day 12, Dex was as effective as in the control group. AMG stimulation delayed the return of CS response to basal levels and caused a significant decrease in the binding capacity of Dex to hippocampal cytosol. Conclusion: Electrical stimulation of the AMG caused a transient impairment of the feedback action of GC upon the stress response. This effect may be due to the decrease in hippocampal corticosteroid receptors. This suggests that the impaired GC feedback caused by AMG stimulation may be involved in the facilitatory effect of the AMG on the function of the AC axis.

The role of acoustofluidics in targeted drug delivery.

With the fast development of acoustic systems in clinical and therapeutic applications, acoustically driven microbubbles have gained a prominent role as powerful tools to carry, transfer, direct, and target drug molecules in cells, tissues, and tumors in the expanding fields of targeted drug delivery and gene therapy. The aim of the present study is to establish a biocompatible acoustic microfluidic system and to demonstrate the generation of an acoustic field and its effects on microbubbles and biological cells in the microfluidic system. The acoustic field creates non-linear oscillations of the microbubble-clusters, which results in generation of shear stress on cells in such microsystems. This effectively helps in delivering extracellular probes in living cells by sonoporation. The sonoporation is investigated under the combined effects of acoustic stress and hydrodynamic stress during targeted drug and gene delivery.