Acoustic Resonance Method Research Articles

Diagnostics of Development of Resonance Effects Based on the Application of the Acoustic Resonance Method

Diagnostics of Development of Resonance Effects Based on the Application of the Acoustic Resonance Method

A Needle in a Haystack: Landscape Survey and Archaeological Detection Experiments in Apalachee Bay

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of a pilot landscape‐scale seismic survey undertaken in Apalachee Bay, Florida, across a submerged landscape that contains dozens of Pre‐Contact sites. In addition to the goals of improving the geophysical and remote sensing ground model for this submerged landscape, the survey also sought to undertake the first independent scientific test of the contentious ‘HALD’ methodology, an acoustic resonance method that it is claimed to identify knapped lithic artefacts at and/or below the seabed through the identification of distinct ‘haystack’ responses. The results of this work indicate that the HALD method, as currently described, produces results that could not be scientifically replicated in this survey. We conclude that any HALD ‘haystack’ signal should therefore not be considered as an example of detection of human‐modified lithic material but rather as a geophysical anomaly that requires additional constraints before it can be used to reliably identify human‐modified lithic materials. Thus, although the authors note that laboratory studies have successfully produced an acoustic signal in human‐modified lithics, the field‐based methods remain yet to be reliably determined. In addition to these results, the landscape mapping survey also recorded valuable information on buried and previously unrecorded landscape features that have archaeological significance and that may guide future site prospection. We therefore conclude that despite the results of the HALD test, the well‐preserved submerged landscape of Apalachee Bay region provides a highly useful testing ground for methods that can be deployed elsewhere globally.

Experimental speed of sound in two emerging mixture working fluids of [R1234ze(Z) + R1233zd(E)] and [R1234ze(Z) + isobutane]

There is a continuous demand for accurate data on the thermodynamic properties of environmentally friendly working fluids, specifically hydrofluoroalkenes (HFO) and hydrocarbons (HC). For two emerging binary mixture fluids in organic Rankine cycle and heat pump, [R1234ze(Z) (or named cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) + R1233zd(E) (or named trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene)] and [R1234ze(Z) + isobutane], the speed of sound was experimentally obtained at pressure between 40 and 960kPa and temperature interval of 300 to 370 K. The experimental instruments of the fixed-path acoustic resonance method have been re-calibrated and repaired to confirm the experimental precision, and the relative combined expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of the speed of sound is less than 0.038 %. Due to the signal peak overlapping in gas chromatography, the molar fractions are instead calculated by the experimental data using the thermodynamic rules, with the absolute combined expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 0.0027 and 0.0008 for R1234ze(Z) + R1233zd(E) and R1234ze(Z) + isobutane, respectively. Acoustic virial coefficients were derived according to the truncated acoustic virial equation using the experimental data of this and previous work. The obtained data were compared with themselves to confirm the basic reliability. The experimental data were also compared with the reference values calculated by the state of art of thermodynamic models and a maximum deviation was found up to 20 times the experimental uncertainty, proposing needs and references for new dedicated mixing models.

Evaluation of a Local Acoustic Resonance Method for Coating Thickness Determination on Stochastic Metal Hybrid Foams

Novel cellular materials promise a combination of high strength and low specific weight for sustainable and energy‐efficient material design. Inhomogeneities of the materials, such as varying coating thickness, are inherent to the production process but require advanced characterization in order to better understand mechanical properties. Herein, global and local acoustic analysis for nondestructive characterization of local coating thickness on an open‐porous hybrid metal foam system is studied. Experiments and numerical simulations are carried out to evaluate vibration behavior stimulated by a low‐energy impact. The novelty of the work is the use of local excitation and analysis of decay times to determine coating thickness gradients. This qualitative measurement can inform and speed up the material development process due to its simplicity, speed, and low cost. Furthermore, it provides a basis for quality control when scaling up the technology of metal hybrid foams for industrial applications.

Research on performance improvement of acoustic resonance-based wind sensors by using dual closed-loop control

To achieve high-precision and high-stability detection of wind speed and direction in complex environments, this research proposes a dual closed-loop control scanning technique for the wind sensor system based on the acoustic resonance principle. This technique has been found to significantly enhance the system’s performance indicators. The acoustic resonance method used on wind sensors allows for the simultaneous modulation of frequency and intensity of signals generated by the transducer, resulting in linear scanning of the ultrasonic transducer. Frequency modulation resolves the issue of a resonance frequency shift caused by environmental factors like pressure and temperature, while intensity modulation addresses transducer performance degradation over time and can significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio. However, when confronted with issues such as wind shear, the rapid change in the ambient pressure of the wind sensor may lead to the failure of the frequency modulation, followed by the change in the rate of wind shear, resulting in significant errors in wind speed detection. Therefore, the dual closed-loop control method is used to combine the frequency scanning modes—the slow and long scanning and the short and fast scanning. The slow and long scanning is used to solve the resonance frequency shift caused by various slow external changes and achieve frequency following, while the short and fast scanning resolves the resonance frequency shift resulting from rapid changes in wind shear and achieves rapid frequency following. Experimental results demonstrate that the scanning method employing dual closed-loop control can accurately measure wind speed and direction. The wind speed measurement range is 0–50 m/s, with a measurement accuracy of ±0.3 m/s (≤15 m/s)/±4% (>15 m/s), while the wind direction measurement range is 0°–360°, with a measurement accuracy of ±3°. After improvements, the system has high accuracy and stability and strong anti-interference ability and is less affected by environmental changes in complex environments.

Gaseous speed of sound and virial coefficients for 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234yf) + 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) binary mixture

The binary mixture 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234yf) + 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) is commercially interesting and is widely studied in thermodynamics properties, but except for gaseous speed of sound. In this work, we modified the experimental procedure of the cylindrical fixed-path acoustic resonance method for the sound speed measurement of mixtures. Then we obtained the first two sets of gaseous sound speed data at the molar fraction of about (0.207/0.793) and (0.580/0.420) with a combined relative expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 0.03%. The accurate molar fractions along each isotherm line were determined by extrapolating the experimental data with the absolute expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 0.003. The interaction virial coefficients were derived from the experimental sound speed data and were used to establish a hard-core square-well molecular potential model. A previous virial coefficient correlation was modified to predict the virial coefficients for mixtures. The experimental results and model calculations agree well with each other, confirming the correctness of the experimental method. The data could provide references to test and develop the mixing model.

METHOD OF LOCAL MARKING OF A METAL SURFACE USING ULTRAFINE MINERAL PARTICLES

The method for local marking of a metal surface with ultrafine particles of minerals are offered. Photoluminescence and electronic acoustic resonance methods have been used to study local marks created by minerals and their mixtures using the technology of mineral coatings. It is shown that local areas of metal samples containing microparticles of minerals produce clear signals in the form of luminescence emission peaks and electronic acoustic resonance damping parameters. Having a set of combinations in the form of various luminescent minerals and their mixtures, technological methods for the introduction of minerals and two measuring systems, it is possible to build a local, fairly easily determined marking with a large set of options.

Gaseous speed of sound, ideal-gas heat capacity, and virial coefficients for cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (R1336mzz(Z)) and cis-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene (R1225ye(Z))

The emerging low-global-warming-potential refrigerants cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene (R1336mzz(Z)) and cis-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene (R1225ye(Z)) are showing high application potential in refrigeration and organic Rankine cycle, but the necessary thermophysical property data are too scarce to support their commercial application. Among the thermophysical properties, the speed of sound is essential for engineering design and scientific research. In this study, the speed of sound of gaseous R1336mzz(Z) and R1225ye(Z) was determined experimentally by the acoustic resonance method with the help of a fixed-path cylindrical cavity. The sound speed data of R1336mzz(Z) covers the temperature range of (323 to 363) K and pressure range of (57 to 383) kPa, and that of R1225ye(Z) covers (298 to 363) K and (40 to 1022) kPa. The relative uncertainties of these measurements are within a few parts in 10−4, allowing accurate analysis to derive the ideal-gas heat capacity and the 2nd acoustic density virial coefficients. Further, the parameters of the hard-core square-well intermolecular potentials are fitted to the acoustic data, allowing us to infer an estimate of the 2nd density virial coefficient of these substances. Quantitative calculation of uncertainties is also performed for these derived thermophysical parameters. Comparison of all these results with other data in the existing literature and the predictions of dedicated equations of state shows good agreement, supporting the claimed uncertainty of the experimental results.

Classification of Thermally Degraded Concrete by Acoustic Resonance Method and Image Analysis via Machine Learning.

The study of the resistance of plain concrete to high temperatures is a current topic across the field of civil engineering diagnostics. It is a type of damage that affects all components in a complex way, and there are many ways to describe and diagnose this degradation process and the resulting condition of the concrete. With regard to resistance to high temperatures, phenomena such as explosive spalling or partial creep of the material may occur. The resulting condition of thermally degraded concrete can be assessed by a number of destructive and nondestructive methods based on either physical or chemical principles. The aim of this paper is to present a comparison of nondestructive testing of selected concrete mixtures and the subsequent classification of the condition after thermal degradation. In this sense, a classification model based on supervised machine learning principles is proposed, in which the thermal degradation of the selected test specimens are known classes. The whole test set was divided into five mixtures, each with seven temperature classes in 200 °C steps from 200 °C up to 1200 °C. The output of the paper is a comparison of the different settings of the classification model and validation algorithm in relation to the observed parameters and the resulting model accuracy. The classification is done by using parameters obtained by the acoustic NDT Impact-Echo method and image-processing tools.

電磁超音波共鳴法による腐食減肉試験片の肉厚計測精度向上のための信号処理法の検討

電磁超音波共鳴法による腐食減肉試験片の肉厚計測精度向上のための信号処理法の検討

Rheological and Tribological Study of Polyethylsiloxane with SiO2 Nanoparticles Additive

Nowadays, much attention is paid to the creation of high-performance lubricants with improved properties through the use of ultrafine nanopowders. The paper shows the results of studying the viscoelastic properties of samples of silicon dioxide nanoparticle suspensions based on polyethylsiloxane (silicone oil) by the acoustic resonance method. The method is based on a study of the additional coupling effect on the resonance characteristics of the piezoelectric resonator. The values of the shear modulus and the tangent of the mechanical loss angle were calculated. The interaction between polymer molecules and nanoparticles was characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The influence of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (as a nano-additive) on the performance characteristics of polyethylsiloxane lubricant is presented. The results of determining the friction coefficient from the sliding speed show an increase in the tear strength of the lubricating film, leading to improved tribological properties.

The effects of dispersion on time-of-flight acoustic velocity measurements in a wooden rod

The stiffness of wood can be estimated from the acoustic velocity in the longitudinal direction. Studies have reported that stiffness measurements obtained using time-of-flight acoustic velocity measurements are overestimated compared to those obtained using the acoustic resonance and bending test methods. More research is needed to understand what is causing this phenomenon. In this work, amplitude threshold time-of-flight, resonance, and guided wave measurements are performed on wooden and aluminium rods. Using guided wave theory, it is shown through simulations and experimental results that dispersion causes an overestimation of time-of-flight measurements. This overestimation was able to be mitigated using dispersion compensation. However, other guided wave techniques could potentially be used to obtain improved measurements.

Perspectives for Deep Eutectic Solvents and Ionic Liquid Analogues in Metal Electroplating

Here we will specifically describe the opportunities and perspectives offered by non-aqueous so-called deep eutectic solvents (DES) and ionic liquid analogues (ILA) in the materials finishing and metal electroplating industries. We will describe a range of plating and dissolution processes from anti-corrosion coatings to new battery technologies. Details will be presented of the plating and characterisation techniques using some novel in-situ methods. These include electrochemical processing and characterisation as well as a number of cutting-edge surface methodologies including acoustic resonance methods, ESR, EXAFS, atomic force microscopy, neutron scattering techniques and magnetic resonance imaging.We will describe a number of case-studies including electrolytic deposition of nickel, alloys such as Ni/Zn, and galvanic methods associated with Au and Ag coatings for the electronics industry. 1, 2, 3 In all these studies we have focused on a combination of fundamental chemical, electrochemical, structural and spectroscopic studies, maintaining close links with industrial partners through collaboration and scale-up trials.We will include very recent updates and future prospects on the use of ILA's in energy storage vectors such as Al secondary batteries. We will describe the advantages and drawbacks of DES and ILA systems in terms of functionality, sustainability and economic cost.

Experimental speed of sound for trans-1-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene (R1233zd(E)) and trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluorobut-2-ene (R1336mzz(E)) in gaseous phase

trans-1-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene (R1233zd(E)) and trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene (R1336mzz(E)) have gained increasing momentum due to their low global warming potential (GWP) and good performance in heat pumps and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems. Accurate thermodynamic property data are required for industrial and commercial applications. Speed of sound data with high precision are vital to developing dedicated equations of state (EoS) and calculating other thermodynamic properties. In this work, we measured the speed of sound in the gas phase of R1233zd(E) and R1336mzz(E) by the fixed-path acoustic resonance method using a cylindrical resonator. The dimensions of the resonator are calibrated by Ar, Kr and He. The speeds of sound of R1233zd(E) were obtained at temperatures ranging from 313.15 to 363.15 K and pressures up to 550 kPa, and those of R1336mzz(E) were obtained in the temperature range from 298.15 to 363.15 K and the pressure up to 805 kPa. The combined expanded relative uncertainty (k = 2) of the sound of speed is 2.1 × 10−4 for R1233zd(E) and 1.5 × 10−4 for R1336mzz(E). The sound-speed data of R1233zd(E) agree with the EoS developed by Mondejar with an average relative deviation of −0.003%, which is the most accurate. The R1336mzz(E) data are the first set of published experimental sound-speed data. The ideal-gas heat capacity at constant pressure and the second acoustic virial coefficient were derived and compared to published data. The data measured and derived in this work can be used to establish the dedicated EoS of R1336mzz(E) for better prediction of thermodynamic properties.

Containment Liner Plate Void Defect Detection Technique Using Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing and Acoustic Resonance Method.

The CLP (containment liner plate) of a nuclear power plant protects the internal system from the external environment and sudden changes in internal pressure or temperature, and it is a structure that blocks and protects radioactive materials leaking inside and outside in the event of a nuclear accident and is composed of a liner plate, reinforcing bars, tendons, and concrete. Recently, corrosion on the rear side of the liner plate and concrete voids has emerged as a severe defect in nuclear power plants across South Korea. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a new inspection method that a line-type inspection method applied phased array ultrasonic testing and the area inspection method applied acoustic resonance method using developed moveable tapper. The acoustic signals were signal-processed and reproduced to a mapping image following the inspection area, and with the image, it was possible to determine the type of defect. Furthermore, an automated inspection system for within the CLP was proposed.

Modification of the Structural, Microstructural, and Elastoplastic Properties of Aluminum Wires after Operation

The health of the components that make up the cables of power lines, and hence their service life, is governed at the micro level by changes in their structure and microstructure. In this paper, the structure and microstructure of aluminum wires of overhead power transmission lines (without a steel core) of different service life from 0 to 62 years have been investigated by quantitative techniques of X-ray diffraction, diffraction of back-scattered electrons, and the densitometric method. Elastoplastic properties of the wires have been tested by the acoustic-resonance method. A decrease in the Al material density Δρ/ρ∼−0.165% was found in the near-surface layer of ∼36 μm depth and in the bulk of the wires with an increase in the service life from 0 to 18 years. The density decrease is associated with the accumulation of microcracks. The following density increase (Δρ/ρ∼−0.06%) in wires with a service life of 62 years is attributed to the formation of ∼0.7 vol.% of crystalline Al oxides in the near-surface layers of the wires. The nature of the change in the elastic modulus, microplastic flow stress, and decrement indicates complex structural changes correlating with the results obtained by diffraction methods.

Low-frequency (105 Hz) shear modulus of nanosuspension

The low-frequency shear wave propagation in a suspension of silica nanoparticles in a polyethylsiloxane liquid was studied. The shear wave length was measured on ultrasonic interferometer, and it is equal to 55 μm. The value of the tangent of the mechanical losses angle is determined to be 0.18. These parameters were used to calculate the shear modulus of the investigated colloidal suspension; its value is 0.15‒105 Pa. The results obtained are in quite agreement with the data obtained by another way of the acoustic resonance method.

FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THE DYNAMIC MODULE OF ELASTICITY OF BINDERS IN OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY SEROGYPSUM COMPOSITE

The paper considers the issues of studying the structure formation of binders during hardening to determine the optimal moments of mechanical action on gypsum concrete specimens, which makes it possible to optimize the technology of their impregnation with sulfur melt. The time dependence of the elastic modulus of a hardening, binder is its important physicochemical characteristic, since it is used to objectively identify the stages of structure formation, to simulate the processes occurring at each of the stages. It is noted that the method of acoustic resonance of bending vibrations, in the case of hardening binders, needs correction with respect to the measurement technique and interpretation of the results obtained. The kinetics of the resonance frequency of a sample consisting of a rigid cell and a dispersion poured into it is a function of the elastic properties of the cell, the dispersion itself, the contact zone of the dispersion with cell and therefore cannot be used for either qualitative or quantitative analysis of the kinetics of hardening. Taking into account the elasticity of cuvette is necessary to obtain reliable information. It has been established that in the presence of shrinkage or significant expansion of the binder, the study of structure formation by the resonance method should be carried out in plastic cuvettes. Regardless of shrinkage, the use of a cuvette requires compulsory consideration of its elastic properties. It is advisable to objectively distinguish the stages of structure formation on the basis of the kinetics of not the dynamic modulus of elasticity itself, but the rate of its change. The time dependence of the logarithmic damping decrement is also an important characteristic of the concrete structure. The studies carried out make it possible to obtain serogypsum composites with the necessary performance characteristics and to manufacture elements of architectural décor, wall fencing products of increased aesthetics, durability and reliability from them.

Rheological properties of suspensions of nanoparticles based on polyethylsiloxane

Suspensions of nanoparticles of silicon dioxide in polyethylsiloxane liquid used in engineering as greases and instrument oils have been synthesized. The effective viscosity of nanosuspensions depending on the shear stress was determined by the acoustic resonance method using a piezoelectric quartz resonator. An increase in the strength of the structure of nanosuspensions due to the formation of a supramolecular structure has been shown.

Acoustic Wave Propagation in Standing Trees - Part II. Effects of Tree Diamter and Juvenile Wood

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tree diameter and juvenile wood on acoustic wave propagation in standing trees. Two-layer tree models with various diameters and proportions of juvenile wood were constructed to examine the effects of these two factors on propagation patterns and velocity of acoustic waves. The simulation results and analysis indicated that acoustic wave propagation in trees is dependent on both tree diameter and propagation distance. In the context of time-of-flight (TOF) acoustic measurement on standing trees with a test span of 1.2 m, when tree diameter is 10 cm or less, or slenderness is twelve or greater, wave propagates as quasi-plane waves in tree trunk, and the tree velocity determined using the TOF method is then comparable to the log velocity measured using the acoustic resonance method. When tree diameter is 40 cm or larger, or slenderness is three or less, wave propagates as dilatational waves in the tree trunk; thus, the three-dimensional wave equation should be considered for wood property prediction. When tree diameter falls between 10 and 40 cm or slenderness falls between 3 and 12, wave propagation is in a transitional phase. Mathematical models were developed to convert the tree velocity in the transition mode to the resonance velocity. It was found that juvenile wood content resulted in a 113-m/s reduction in acoustic velocity. In addition, our analysis indicated that wave propagation in standing trees is controlled by the wood properties of entire cross section, not just the outerwood. Therefore, the wave velocity measured on standing trees reflects the global properties of the wood between the two measuring points.