Acoustic Platform Research Articles

Valve inspection with acoustic emission – what are the boundaries, what are new opportunities for predictive maintenance?

Studies show that 5-10% of industrial valves are suffering from internal leakage which can lead to economic losses, health and safety issues or potentially to contamination or environmental pollution. Acoustic emission is an established technology to inspect valves for internal leakage. Despite the successful establishment of the acoustic emission technology, current solutions have shown some limitations. These are e.g. their complexity of use, the need of trained and experienced personnel, the time required to perform analyses and the use of solely proprietary and closed devices. Experts performing inspections in the field are facing challenges such as using the right measuring points, flow noise from nearby processes, finding the right duration of measurement and interpreting the results. Research has shown that interpretation of results depends very much on experts’ know-how and reproducible results have thus been difficult to achieve. This causes difficulty for companies to use the data for further purposes, such as predictive maintenance. In order to tackle that problem, Senseven has taken over 1000 measurements in laboratories together with more than 10 different valve manufacturers during the last year. To replicate real production situations, leakages were also simulated in the field, taking into account different media/pressures/different valve sizes/nominal diameters and valve types. The experience gained and the data collected were used to build a digital and smart inspection system based on an artificial neural network. The challenge was to build a system that could generate reproducible results, analyze data automatically and store it in such a way that companies could use it for predictive maintenance purposes. In our technical paper session, we would like to discuss the advantages of using acoustic emission for valve inspection as well as outline the current challenges companies and inspection service providers face when performing measurements. We will discuss our findings from the field simulations and present our artificial intelligence approach for automatic leak detection and leak rate estimation. In addition, we will demonstrate our Acoustic Emission Platform and how it helps companies collect and store acoustic emission data in a structured and organized manner, taking another step towards a more efficient testing process. EWGAE 35, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 13th – 16th Sep. www.ewg

Microfluidic viscometer by acoustic streaming transducers.

Measurement of fluid viscosity represents a huge need for many biomedical and materials processing applications. Sample fluids containing DNA, antibodies, protein-based drugs, and even cells have become important therapeutic options. The physical properties, including viscosity, of these biologics are critical factors in the optimization of the biomanufacturing processes and delivery of therapeutics to patients. Here we demonstrate an acoustic microstreaming platform termed as microfluidic viscometer by acoustic streaming transducers (μVAST) that induces fluid transport from second-order microstreaming to measure viscosity. Validation of our platform is achieved with different glycerol content mixtures to reflect different viscosities and shows that viscosity can be estimated based on the maximum speed of the second-order acoustic microstreaming. The μVAST platform requires only a small volume of fluid sample (∼1.2 μL), which is 16-30 times smaller than that of commercial viscometers. In addition, μVAST can be scaled up for ultra-high throughput measurements of viscosity. Here we demonstrate 16 samples within 3 seconds, which is an attractive feature for automating the process flows in drug development and materials manufacturing and production.

A Novel Detachable, Reusable, and Versatile Acoustic Tweezer Manipulation Platform for Biochemical Analysis and Detection Systems.

Multifunctional, integrated, and reusable operating platforms are highly sought after in biochemical analysis and detection systems. In this study, we demonstrated a novel detachable, reusable acoustic tweezer manipulation platform that is flexible and versatile. The free interchangeability of different detachable microchannel devices on the acoustic tweezer platform was achieved by adding a waveguide layer (glass) and a coupling layer (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer film). We designed and demonstrated the detachable multifunctional acoustic tweezer platform with three cell manipulation capabilities. In Demo I, the detachable acoustic tweezer platform is demonstrated to have the capability for parallel processing and enrichment of the sample. In Demo II, the detachable acoustic tweezer platform with capability for precise cell alignment is demonstrated. In Demo III, it was demonstrated that the detachable acoustic tweezer platform has the capability for the separation and purification of cells. Through experiments, our acoustic tweezer platform has good acoustic retention ability, reusability, and stability. More capabilities can be expanded in the future. It provides a simple, economical, and multifunctional reusable operating platform solution for biochemical analysis and detection systems.

Lossless enrichment of trace analytes in levitating droplets for multiphase and multiplex detection

Concentrating a trace amount of molecules from liquids, solid objects, or the gas phase and delivering them to a localized area are crucial for almost any trace analyte detection device. Analytes within a liquid droplet resting on micro/nanostructured surfaces with liquid-repellent coatings can be concentrated during solvent evaporation. However, these coatings suffer from complex manufacturing procedures, poor versatility, and limited analyte enrichment efficiency. Here, we report on the use of an acoustic levitation platform to losslessly concentrate the analyte molecules dissolved in any volatile liquid, attached to solid objects, or spread in air. Gold nanoparticles can be simultaneously concentrated with the analytes in different phases, realizing sensitive, surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection even at attomolar (10−18 mol/L) concentration levels. The acoustic levitation platform-enabled, lossless analyte enrichment can significantly increase the analytical performance of many conventional microsensing techniques.

Surface-Acoustic-Wave Devices Based on Lithium Niobate and Amorphous Silicon Thin Films on a Silicon Substrate

This work presents an acoustic platform using solidly mounted thin-oriented lithium niobate (LiNbO3) film on silicon (Si). A thin layer of amorphous Si eliminates a conductive layer generated in the thin-film bonding processes and contributes to acoustic energy confinement and thermal frequency stability. The gigahertz operating frequency is achieved by resorting to the guided acoustic wave shear-horizontal wave (SH0) in a 400-nm-thick X-cut LiNbO3 thin film. Due to the elimination of the parasitic surface conduction (PSC) effect, the electromechanical coupling of the guide acoustic wave is maximized in the Si-based heterogeneous wafer. Due to the minimized acoustic impedance mismatch between surface material and substrate, longitudinal and higher order spurious modes are suppressed. Due to the stiff substrate with a small temperature expansion coefficient (TEC), the solidly mounted structure features a reduced temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) and improved power handling. The fabricated resonator shows an extracted electromechanical coupling coefficient of 22.8%, a high loaded <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 1208 at 1.6 GHz, and a TCF of −36 p/min/K. The compressed filter is demonstrated with a minimum insertion loss (IL) of 0.6 dB, a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 8%, an out-of-band rejection of 30 dB, a TCF of −38.5 p/min/K at roll-off, and a miniaturized footprint of 0.4 mm2. The performance has shown the strong potential of the LiNbO3–Si platform for front-end applications in 5G.

Flexible multifunctional platform based on piezoelectric acoustics for human–machine interaction and environmental perception

Flexible human–machine interfaces show broad prospects for next-generation flexible or wearable electronics compared with their currently available bulky and rigid counterparts. However, compared to their rigid counterparts, most reported flexible devices (e.g., flexible loudspeakers and microphones) show inferior performance, mainly due to the nature of their flexibility. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve their performance by developing and optimizing new materials, structures and design methodologies. In this paper, a flexible acoustic platform based on a zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film on an aluminum foil substrate is developed and optimized; this platform can be applied as a loudspeaker, a microphone, or an ambient sensor depending on the selection of its excitation frequencies. When used as a speaker, the proposed structure shows a high sound pressure level (SPL) of ~90 dB (with a standard deviation of ~3.6 dB), a low total harmonic distortion of ~1.41%, and a uniform directivity (with a standard deviation of ~4 dB). Its normalized SPL is higher than those of similar devices reported in the recent literature. When used as a microphone, the proposed device shows a precision of 98% for speech recognition, and the measured audio signals show a strong similarity to the original audio signals, demonstrating its equivalent performance compared to a rigid commercial microphone. As a flexible sensor, this device shows a high temperature coefficient of frequency of −289 ppm/K and good performance for respiratory monitoring.

Enhancing metabolic activity and differentiation potential in adipose mesenchymal stem cells via high-resolution surface-acoustic-wave contactless patterning

Acoustofluidics has shown great potential for label-free bioparticle patterning with excellent biocompatibility. Acoustofluidic patterning enables the induction of cell–cell interactions, which play fundamental roles in organogenesis and tissue development. One of the current challenges in tissue engineering is not only the control of the spatial arrangement of cells but also the preservation of cell patterns over time. In this work, we developed a standing surface acoustic wave-based platform and demonstrated its capability for the well-controlled and rapid cell patterning of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a high-density homogenous collagen hydrogel. This biocompatible hydrogel is easily UV crosslinked and can be retrieved within 3 min. Acoustic waves successfully guided the cells toward pressure nodal lines, creating a contactless alignment of cells in <5 s in culture media and <1 min in the hydrogel. The acoustically patterned cells in the hydrogel did not show a decrease in cell viability (>90%) 48 h after acoustic induction. Moreover, 45.53% and 30.85% increases in metabolic activity were observed in growth and differentiation media, respectively, on Day 7. On Day 14, a 32.03% change in metabolic activity was observed using growth media, and no significant difference was observed using differentiation media. The alkaline phosphatase activity showed an increase of 80.89% and 24.90% on Days 7 and 14, respectively, for the acoustically patterned cells in the hydrogel. These results confirm the preservation of cellular viability and improved cellular functionality using the proposed high-resolution acoustic patterning technique and introduce unique opportunities for the application of stem cell regenerative patches for the emerging field of tissue engineering.

Nebulization of siRNA for inhalation therapy based on a microfluidic surface acoustic wave platform

The local delivery of therapeutic small interfering RNA or siRNA to the lungs has the potential to improve the prognosis for patients suffering debilitating lung diseases. Recent advances in materials science have been aimed at addressing delivery challenges including biodistribution, bioavailability and cell internalization, but an equally important challenge to overcome is the development of an inhalation device that can deliver the siRNA effectively to the lung, without degrading the therapeutic itself. Here, we report the nebulization of siRNA, either naked siRNA or complexed with polyethyleneimine (PEI) or a commercial transfection agent, using a miniaturizable acoustomicrofluidic nebulization device. The siRNA solution could be nebulised without significant degradation into an aerosol mist with tunable mean aerodynamic diameters of approximately 3 µm, which is appropriate for deep lung deposition via inhalation. The nebulized siRNA was tested for its stability, as well as its toxicity and gene silencing properties using the mammalian lung carcinoma cell line A549, which demonstrated that the gene silencing capability of siRNA is retained after nebulization. This highlights the potential application of the acoustomicrofluidic device for the delivery of efficacious siRNA via inhalation, either for systemic delivery via the alveolar epithelium or local therapeutic delivery to the lung.

Abstract 2943: Acoustic cell separation platform for efficient preparation of single cell/nuclei suspension from complex samples for genomics analysis

Abstract Preparing a single cell suspension is a critical step in any solid tissue for genomics analysis as the presence of cellular debris, dead cells and free RNA will cause incorrect cell count, noise in sequencing read and possibly clogging of the microfluidic chip. Single cell preparation not only involves the tissue dissociation process but the “clean-up” step of the dissociation product. Current methods for removing dead cells and debris use magnetic beads and density gradient centrifugation, which are lengthy and costly, and often result in low cell recovery. Here we present a high-speed acoustic cell separation platform—MARS® Sample Preparation system. The system has three independent modules and each has an acoustic cell processing chip (CPC) which creates different moving trajectory of live cells, dead cells, and cellular debris in the acoustic field to achieve high efficiency of single cell separation. MARS® sample preparation provides fast, gentle, and label-free protocol to separate single cells and single nuclei from various types of organs and dissociation processes including manual enzymatic approach and automatic platform. Separated single cells and nuclei demonstrate compatibility with the downstream single cell genomics platform. We here report the separation of live single cells and nuclei from mouse brain tissue dissociation with over 99% removal of myelin and other debris, and 60%-80% recovery of cells and nuclei. Those results were obtained on the MARS® with 0.8mL/min flow rate and three samples in parallel process. Samples before and after MARS® acoustic process were analyzed with both flow cytometry and imaging-based cell counter. The performance of “clean-up” of the acoustic process was compared to conventional Percoll based centrifugation method and showed significant advantage. The results of separating kidney cells/nuclei, lung cells/nuclei, as well as spleen cells also demonstrated high debris removal and cell recovery over several samples processed in multiple batches. MARS® sample preparation platform and its acoustic technology provide a powerful new tool for single cell preparation for expanded application of single cell genomics. Citation Format: Liping Yu. Acoustic cell separation platform for efficient preparation of single cell/nuclei suspension from complex samples for genomics analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2943.

Design and Analysis of an Optical–Acoustic Cooperative Communication System for an Underwater Remote-Operated Vehicle

Underwater wireless communication technology plays a key role in the field of marine equipment technology. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate an underwater optical–acoustic cooperative communication platform for an underwater wireless data transmission system. The system utilizes an underwater Remote-Operated Vehicle (ROV) as a carrier, equipped with LEDbased optical communication and acoustic communication modems. In particular, the system applies optical communication to transmit large-scale data and applies acoustic communication to provide acoustic-assisted signaling exchange before optical transmission and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) during optical transmission. By experimentally measuring the transmission distance under different water quality conditions, we found that the system can achieve a data rate of up to 5 Mb/s over a laboratory underwater channel of 7.6 m. By comparing the attenuation coefficients for the outdoor underwater environment with that in clear seawater, we estimate that the achievable link distance in clear seawater can reach 11 m with a data rate of 3.125 MB/s. The proposed system takes both implementation complexity and cost into consideration and also provides significant guidance for future real-time high-speed underwater optical–acoustic communications.

Research on the Application of Acoustic Simulation Based on iNoise in the Evaluation of Factory Boundary Noise

The acoustic simulation platform iNoise is a simulation software released by Dutch DGMR company for industrial noise in recent years. So far, the research on the applicability verification of this simulation platform and the related research of this platform to guide the specific engineering quality have not been found in China. Taking the noise control project of a natural gas purification plant as an example, this paper makes a three-dimensional modeling and simulation analysis of the boundary noise of the plant by using the new platform. The applicability of the new acoustic simulation software has been preliminarily verified from the acceptance test results of this application case. In this project, the platform can realize the basic functions of the traditional noise simulation software. The platform can normally carry out noise reduction design and noise prediction and achieve ideal results.

Acoustic Speed Measurement Platform for Monitoring Highly Concentrated Gas Temperature Distribution

Acoustic thermography reconstructs 2-D gas temperature distributions by using sound speeds from multiple paths across a plane. However, a reliable platform that can provide accurate sound speeds in a highly concentrated temperature distribution environment has not been fully discussed. Most of the existing temperature reconstruction algorithms are developed using simulated data and validated with customized systems. The results from the reported systems are difficult to reproduce due to the lack of critical information, such as the methods for determining the time of flight (TOF). Moreover, previous attempts have not investigated the effect of a sharp temperature gradient, in which the difference of acoustic impedance between high- and low-temperature regions cannot be neglected. In response, this letter demonstrates a reliable acoustic platform designed specifically for measuring the acoustic speeds in an environment with a critical temperature distribution. The main components of the proposed platform are discussed in detail, including the TOF calculation technique, the hardware architecture, and the working principle. The performance of the platform has been evaluated by comparing the captured acoustic velocities and the reconstructed temperature map with results from a thermocouple array. The average acoustic velocity measured by the proposed platform for 100 times is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$341 \pm \ 3$</tex-math></inline-formula> m/s at room temperature (25 °C) and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$354 \pm \ 5\ $</tex-math></inline-formula> m/s after heater turned <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</small> (38.27 °C). Moreover, the 2-D temperature map reconstructed by acquired acoustic velocities also matches the results from the thermocouple array. Therefore, the proposed platform can be considered as an accurate and reliable acoustic speed measurement system for monitoring the 2-D temperature distribution.

Design, analysis, and testing of Petrel acoustic autonomous underwater vehicle for marine monitoring

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) provide a unique and cost-effective platform for conducting ocean acoustic measurements and surveys such as marine mammal monitoring, extensive area seafloor topography survey, and fish stock survey. The small and medium-sized AUVs combine load-carrying capability, motion, and range and allow for timescale observations that are difficult to achieve with traditional acoustic observation platforms. However, self-noise is still an unavoidable challenge for AUVs when applied in passive acoustic monitoring. This paper presents the acoustic observation application of the Petrel acoustic AUV in marine monitoring. The layout design of a Petrel acoustic AUV and acoustic sensor integration are described in detail, and the self-noise characteristics of Petrel acoustic AUVs are evaluated by simulation and testing. The results showed that the self-noise level of Petrel acoustic AUVs is effectively controlled with its optimized design, and the maximum noise of the propulsion system is only 75 dB in the low-frequency band. Therefore, the Petrel acoustic AUV can be used as an ideal acoustic observation platform to carry out diverse observation tasks. Finally, a solution of fixed-depth motion is proposed to address the problem that frequent attitude adjustment affects the quality of acoustic data in fixed-depth navigation. According to a sea trial in the South China Sea, the method can significantly reduce the attitude adjustment frequency and, thus, provide an ideal environment for acoustic observation. This method also applies to other underwater mobile observation platforms. This study provides a reference for the acoustic integration design of underwater equipment such as long-range AUVs or hybrid-driven underwater gliders.

Passive Acoustic Detection of Vessel Activity by Low-Energy Wireless Sensors

This paper presents the development of a low-energy passive acoustic vessel detector to work as part of a wireless underwater monitoring network. The vessel detection method is based on a low-energy implementation of Detection of Envelope Modulation On Noise (DEMON). Vessels produce a broad spectrum modulated noise during propeller cavitation, which the DEMON method aims to extract for the purposes of automated detection. The vessel detector design has different approaches with mixtures of analogue and digital processing, as well as continuous and duty-cycled sampling/processing. The detector re-purposes an existing acoustic modem platform to achieve a low-cost and long-deployment wireless sensor network. This integrated communication platform enables the detector to switch between detection/communication mode seamlessly within software. The vessel detector was deployed at depth for a total of 84 days in the North Sea, providing a large data set, which the results are based on. Open sea field trial results have shown detection of single and multiple vessels with a 94% corroboration rate with local Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Results showed that additional information about the detected vessel such as the number of propeller blades can be extracted solely based on the detection data. The attention to energy efficiency led to an average power consumption of 11.4 mW, enabling long term deployments of up to 6 months using only four alkaline C cells. Additional battery packs and a modified enclosure could enable a longer deployment duration. As the detector was still deployed during the first UK lockdown, the impact of COVID-19 on North Sea fishing activity was captured. Future work includes deploying this technology en masse to operate as part of a network. This could afford the possibility of adding vessel tracking to the abilities of the vessel detection technology when deployed as a network of sensor nodes.

Experimental classical entanglement in a 16 acoustic qubit-analogue

The possibility of achieving and controlling scalable classically entangled, i.e., inseparable, multipartite states, would fundamentally challenge the advantages of quantum systems in harnessing the power of complexity in information science. Here, we investigate experimentally the extent of classical entanglement in a 16 acoustic qubit-analogue platform. The acoustic qubit-analogue, a.k.a., logical phi-bit, results from the spectral partitioning of the nonlinear acoustic field of externally driven coupled waveguides. Each logical phi-bit is a two-level subsystem characterized by two independently measurable phases. The phi-bits are co-located within the same physical space enabling distance independent interactions. We chose a vector state representation of the 16-phi-bit system which lies in a {2}^{16}-dimensional Hilbert space. The calculation of the entropy of entanglement demonstrates the possibility of achieving inseparability of the vector state and of navigating the corresponding Hilbert space. This work suggests a new direction in harnessing the complexity of classical inseparability in information science.

Retraction Note: Design and simulation analysis of offshore tidal energy generating set system based on sensor network

Tidal energy refers to the potential energy and kinetic energy of tidal changes. It is a kind of energy that hides a huge amount of energy and can be regenerated endlessly. Tidal energy as an energy source is purely renewable energy. The tide rises and falls every day, and the energy is constant, so it will be endless. Power generation through tidal energy cannot only alleviate the energy shortage but also become the main additional energy source for people to carry out economic construction and development in areas near the sea. Because tidal power plants are usually built-in offshore areas with relatively small populations, they will not cause complicated problems such as flooding of farmland and immigration. In view of the shortage of energy and fuel in the world and the increasingly serious environmental and pollution problems, tidal energy has received widespread attention and influence all over the world due to its infinite reserves, lack of environmental pollution, and high predictability. Based on the submarine acoustic wireless sensor network platform, we have developed an experimental submarine acoustic ray sensor network platform, which provides an effective platform for testing and evaluating the submarine acoustic ray sensor network. This paper determines the capacity of TCF, the layout design of TCF in TCT, and the research on the collection system. Based on the underwater acoustic wireless sensor network platform, the underwater acoustic network experimental test system platform is being developed, and a feasible research plan is proposed for the detection and evaluation of the underwater acoustic wireless sensor network.

Acoustic Droplet Printing Tumor Organoids for Modeling Bladder Tumor Immune Microenvironment within a Week.

Current organoid models are limited by the incapability of rapidly fabricating organoids that can mimic the immune microenvironment for a short term. Here, an acoustic droplet-based platform is presented to facilitate the rapid formation of tumor organoids, which retains the original tumor immune microenvironment and establishes a personalized bladder cancer tumor immunotherapy model. In combination with a hydrophobic substrate, the acoustic droplet printer can yield a large number of homogeneous and highly viable bladder tumor organoids in vitro within a week. The generated organoids consist of all components of bladder tumor, including diverse immune elements and tumor cells. By coculturing tumor organoids with autologous immune cells for 2 days, tumor reactive T cells are induced in vitro. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that these tumor-reactive T cells can also enhance the killing efficiency of matched organoids. Because of the easy operation, repeatability, and stability, the proposed acoustic droplet platform will provide a reliable approach for personalized tumor immunotherapy.

Application of an unsupervised clustering algorithm on in situ broadband acoustic data to identify different mesopelagic target types

Abstract The mesopelagic zone (200–1000 m depth) contains high fish species diversity but biomass and abundances are uncertain yet essential to understand ecosystem functioning. Hull-mounted acoustic systems (usually 38 kHz) often make assumptions on average target strength (TS) of mesopelagic fish assemblages when estimating biomass/abundance. Here, an unsupervised clustering algorithm was applied on broadband acoustic data (54–78 kHz), collected by a towed instrumented platform in the central Northeast Atlantic, to identify different mesopelagic target types based on similarity of individual TS spectra. Numerical density estimates from echo-counting showed spatial differences in vertical distribution patterns of the different target types and TS spectra data suggested that &amp;gt;30% of the gas-bearing targets had high resonance frequencies (&amp;gt;60 kHz) with low scattering strength at 38 kHz. This conceptual study highlights the importance of separating targets into different target groups to obtain correct backscatter information and to account for all relevant scatterers when estimating average TS at 38 kHz, in order to achieve more accurate biomass/abundance estimates. It furthermore demonstrates the use of a towed broadband acoustic platform for fine-scale numerical density estimates as a complementary method to hull-mounted acoustic data to increase knowledge on mesopelagic ecosystem structure.

Acoustic hologram optimisation using automatic differentiation

Acoustic holograms are the keystone of modern acoustics. They encode three-dimensional acoustic fields in two dimensions, and their quality determines the performance of acoustic systems. Optimisation methods that control only the phase of an acoustic wave are considered inferior to methods that control both the amplitude and phase of the wave. In this paper, we present Diff-PAT, an acoustic hologram optimisation platform with automatic differentiation. We show that in the most fundamental case of optimizing the output amplitude to match the target amplitude; our method with only phase modulation achieves better performance than conventional algorithm with both amplitude and phase modulation. The performance of Diff-PAT was evaluated by randomly generating 1000 sets of up to 32 control points for single-sided arrays and single-axis arrays. This optimisation platform for acoustic hologram can be used in a wide range of applications of PATs without introducing any changes to existing systems that control the PATs. In addition, we applied Diff-PAT to a phase plate and achieved an increase of > 8 dB in the peak noise-to-signal ratio of the acoustic hologram.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Design and simulation analysis of offshore tidal energy generating set system based on sensor network

Tidal energy refers to the potential energy and kinetic energy of tidal changes. It is a kind of energy that hides a huge amount of energy and can be regenerated endlessly. Tidal energy as an energy source is purely renewable energy. The tide rises and falls every day, and the energy is constant, so it will be endless. Power generation through tidal energy cannot only alleviate the energy shortage but also become the main additional energy source for people to carry out economic construction and development in areas near the sea. Because tidal power plants are usually built-in offshore areas with relatively small populations, they will not cause complicated problems such as flooding of farmland and immigration. In view of the shortage of energy and fuel in the world and the increasingly serious environmental and pollution problems, tidal energy has received widespread attention and influence all over the world due to its infinite reserves, lack of environmental pollution, and high predictability. Based on the submarine acoustic wireless sensor network platform, we have developed an experimental submarine acoustic ray sensor network platform, which provides an effective platform for testing and evaluating the submarine acoustic ray sensor network. This paper determines the capacity of TCF, the layout design of TCF in TCT, and the research on the collection system. Based on the underwater acoustic wireless sensor network platform, the underwater acoustic network experimental test system platform is being developed, and a feasible research plan is proposed for the detection and evaluation of the underwater acoustic wireless sensor network.