Acoustic Analysis Research Articles

Long-term Acoustic Effects of Gender-Affirming Voice Training in Transgender Women

ObjectivesOne role of a speech-language pathologist (SLP) is to help transgender clients in developing a healthy, gender-congruent communication. Transgender women frequently approach SLPs to train their voices to sound more feminine, however, long-term acoustic effects of the training needs to be rigorously examined in effectiveness studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects (follow-up 1: 3 months and follow-up 2: 1 year after last session) of gender-affirming voice training for transgender women, in terms of acoustic parameters. Study designThis study was a randomized sham-controlled trial with a cross-over design. Methods26 transgender women were included for follow-up 1 and 18 for follow-up 2. All participants received 14 weeks of gender-affirming voice training (4 weeks sham training, 10 weeks of voice feminization training: 5 weeks pitch elevation training (PET) and 5 weeks articulation-resonance training (ART)), but in a different order. Speech samples were recorded with Praat at 4 different time points (pre, post, follow-up 1, follow-up 2). Acoustic analysis included fo of sustained vowel /a:/, reading and spontaneous speech. Formant frequencies (F1-F2-F3) of vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/ were determined and vowel space was calculated. A linear mixed model was used to compare the acoustic voice measurements between measurements (pre – post, pre – follow-up 1, pre – follow-up 2, post – follow-up 1, post – follow-up 2, follow-up 1 – follow-up 2). ResultsMost of the fo measurements and formant frequencies that increased immediately after the intervention, were stable at both follow-up measurements. The median fo during the sustained vowel, reading and spontaneous speech stayed increased at both follow-ups compared to the pre measurement. However, a decrease of 16 Hz/1.7 ST (reading) and 12 Hz/1.5 ST (spontaneous speech) was detected between the post measurement (169 Hz for reading, 144 Hz for spontaneous speech) and one year after the last session (153 Hz and 132 Hz respectively). The lower limit of fo did not change during reading and spontaneous speech, both directly after the intervention and during both follow-ups. F1-2 of vowel /a/ and the vowel space increased after the intervention and both follow-ups. Individual analyses showed that more aspects should be controlled after the intervention, such as exercises that were performed at home, or the duration of extra gender-affirming voice training sessions. ConclusionsAfter ten sessions of voice feminization training and follow-up measurements after three months and one year, stable increases were found for some formant frequencies and fo measurements, but not all of them. More time should be spent on increasing the fifth percentile of fo, as the lower limit of fo also contributes to the perception of more feminine voice.

The Investigation of Hyaluronic Acid (The Chaeum Premium No.2<sup>®</sup>) to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety for Injection Laryngoplasty in Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis: A Single Center, Phase II Trial

Background and Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid (HA) (The Chaeum Premium No.2<sup>®</sup>) for injection laryngoplasty (IL) in unilateral vocal cord paralysis (UVCP) patients.Materials and Method This clinical trial has been registered with the clinical research information service of the Republic of Korea (No. KCT0007597). Ten patients with UVCP were enrolled. Auditory-perceptual evaluation, acoustic analysis, aerodynamic analysis, electroglottography, laryngoscopy, and voice handicap index (VHI)-30 were assessed before injection, at 1, 3, and 6 months after injection.Results All auditory-perceptual parameters gradually showed statistically significant improvements at 1, 3, and 6 months after injection. Acoustic, aerodynamic parameters, electroglottography, and VHI-30 showed gradual improvements at 1 and 3 months after injection. Then, they showed slight deterioration 6 months after injection. There were no adverse effects in all patients.Conclusion IL using HA is an effective and safe treatment for UVCP patients.

Studying components of oral statements of children with dysarthria: a review of Russian and foreign research

The article presents a review of Russian and foreign research devoted to the analysis of various components of oral speech of children with dysarthria. A systematic review of publications from 2000 to 2023 on the problem of diagnosing dysarthria in children using subjective and instrumental methods including a total of 215 studies identified the following analysis criteria: type of article; analyzed components of oral speech (breathing, articulation, phonation, prosody); research methods. The analysis showed that the predominant amount of research devoted to the study of oral speech of children with dysarthria is based on psychological and pedagogical observation, digitalized methods are used less often. Objective speech characteristics of children with dysarthria obtained using instrumental assessment methods are highlighted: kinematic analysis, acoustic spectrographic analysis of speech, electromyography, electromagnetic articulography, electropalatography, etc. Familiarization of speech therapists with modern instrumental methods of examination will expand the understanding of the possibilities of obtaining objective data in the study of speech in children with dysarthria. This will allow us to identify new areas of research involving instrumental methods for the development of modern diagnostic and therapy methodologies to overcome dysarthria in childre

Stroboscopy and acoustic analysis of voice following endotracheal intubation in otological surgeries

BackgroundStroboscopy is an endoscopy that is performed with intermittent light at a frequency that approximates the frequency of a moving object so that it appears in slow motion or motionless. It is used to analyze the structure and motion of the vocal fold.Aim and objectiveTo compare the stroboscopic findings of various vocal parameters such as symmetry, amplitude, periodicity, mucosal wave of vocal folds, and glottis closure before and after elective endotracheal intubation and to compare acoustic analysis of voice using fundamental frequency, intensity, maximum phonation time, and dysphonia severity index in patients before and after elective intubation, who were undergoing otological surgeries. It also assesses the correlation between changes in these vocal and acoustic parameters and the size of the endotracheal tube, duration of intubation, and number of attempts made during intubation. This study creates awareness and provides insights to avoid intubation-related vocal fold injury.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study involving 31 patients done in a Tertiary Care Centre. All patients who underwent otological surgeries by elective endotracheal intubation were included. All of them underwent stroboscopic and acoustic evaluation preoperatively, 24 h, and 7 days postoperatively.ResultsStatistically significant changes in mucosal wave pattern score were observed in the 1st postoperative day that reverted to normal by the end of 7th postoperative day and in GRBAS which was significant at the end of both 1st and 7th POD. Other parameters like fundamental frequency, intensity, DSI, MPT, amplitude, symmetry, periodicity, and glottis closure remain unaltered. There was a moderate positive correlation between the duration of intubation (minutes) and mucosal wave 1st POD (P-value: 0.003).ConclusionThe majority of the patients (61%) had normal laryngeal structures. A total of 39% had evidence of injury, the most common being right vocal fold hemorrhage improved by the end of 7th postoperative day and became normal.

In situ process monitoring of multi-layer deposition in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process with acoustic data analysis and machine learning

In situ process monitoring of multi-layer deposition in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process with acoustic data analysis and machine learning

Investigating the Utility of a Compact Loudspeaker Array for Audiometric Testing.

This project addressed the uses of a loudspeaker array for audiometric measurements. It sought to evaluate a prototype compact array in terms of the reliability of test results across sound booths. A seven-loudspeaker array was developed to deliver sounds from -60° to +60° on an arc with a radius of 0.5 m. The system was equipped with a head position sensing system to maintain the listener's head near the optimal test position. Three array systems were distributed to each of the two test sites for within-subject assessments of booth equivalence on tests of sound localization, speech reception in noise, and threshold detection. A total of 36 subjects participated, 18 at each test site. Results showed excellent interbooth consistency on tests of sound localization using speech and noise signals, including conditions in which one or both ears were covered with a muff. Booth consistency was also excellent on sound field threshold measurements for detecting quasi-diffuse noise bands. Nonequivalence was observed in some cases of speech-in-noise tests, particularly with a small one-person booth. Acoustic analyses of in situ loudspeaker responses indicated that some of the nonequivalent comparisons on speech-in-noise tests could be traced to the effects of reflections. Overall, the results demonstrate the utility and reliability of a compact array for the assessment of localization ability, speech reception in noise, and sound field thresholds. However, the results indicate that researchers and clinicians should be aware of the reflection effects that can influence the results of sound field tests in which signal and noise levels from separate loudspeakers are critical.

Acoustic Analyses of Tone Productions in Sequencing Contexts Among Cantonese-Speaking Preschool Children With and Without Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

Pitch variations (tone productions) have been reported as a measure to differentiate Cantonese-speaking children with and without childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). This study aims to examine fundamental frequency (F0) changes within syllables and the effects of syllable structure, lexical status, and syllable positions on F0 in Cantonese-speaking preschool children with and without CAS. Six children with CAS, six children with non-CAS speech sound disorder plus language disorder (S&LD), 22 children with speech sound disorder only (SSD), and 63 children with typical speech-language development (TD) performed the tone sequencing task (TST). Growth curve analysis was employed to analyze and compare the F0 values within syllables with three Cantonese tones (high level, high rising, and low falling). The analysis considered the effects of syllable structure (vowel and consonant-vowel), lexical status (word and nonword), and syllable position (initial, medial, and final) on F0, as well as comparisons within and between groups. Within each group, the effects of syllable structure and position on F0 values were found with different patterns. Between-group comparisons showed that the CAS group had reduced F0 contrasts. The CAS group could be differentiated from the control groups based on interactions of F0 with syllable structure and position, but not lexical status. The dissimilarity of F0 values detected between the CAS and SSD/TD groups was more prominent than that observed between the CAS and S&LD groups. This study demonstrated that Cantonese-speaking children with CAS had difficulty in varying F0 within syllables as compared to those without CAS, suggesting pitch variation difficulty and language-specific impairment profiles in CAS. Future investigations of objective measures for identifying Cantonese speakers with CAS and cross-linguistic investigations using growth curve analysis and the TST are suggested.

Perceptual and Acoustic Correlates of Voice in COVID-19 Infection

AbstractAccording to the information published by the World Health Organization in 2020, coronavirus disease, abbreviated as COVID-19, is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The virus is reported to result in mild to moderate respiratory illness, significantly affecting vocal mechanisms. The present study explored the effects of a recent COVID-19 infection on perceptual, self-reported outcomes, and acoustic measures of voice. The study was conducted on 25 COVID-19-infected patients and was compared against a group of age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. Perceptual evaluation, self-reported voice outcomes using Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10), and acoustic analysis were conducted on the two groups of participants. The results revealed significant differences in perceptual and acoustic parameters of voice between the two groups.

Mechanism analysis of the influence of rotor-to-rotor interactions on global rotor noise

Existing research mainly investigated the influence of rotor-to-rotor interactions on the aerodynamics performance and noise level, but did not reveal the mechanism by which loading fluctuation significantly increases the noise below the rotor. In this study, first, an acoustic modal analysis method was established by mapping the source modal domain to acoustic modal domain, to investigate the global noise generated by a twin rotor considering the rotor-to-rotor interactions. Then, it was concluded from the simulation that the rotor-to-rotor interactions have little influence on the distribution of the sound sources, while they obvious change the noise in region at high elevation angle. Next, the method proposed was verified through experiments in an anechoic chamber, and the prediction error of overall sound pressure level (OASPL) was less than 7%. Finally, acoustic modal analysis reveals that the mechanism is attributed to the high radiation efficiency of the higher-order source modal components and dominant vertical directivity pattern of new acoustic modal components. Moreover, the initial azimuth angle of the rotors has an amplitude modulation effect on those acoustic modal components. When the difference in initial azimuth angle is π/L for rotors with L blades, the new modal components generated by different rotors cancel out each other for the odd-order blade passing frequency (BPF) noises.

Voice aspects in children with precocious puberty

PurposeIn this prospective study, we aimed to investigate the difference in voice acoustic parameters between girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) and those who developed normally during prepuberty. Materials and methodsOur study recruited 54 girls diagnosed with ICPP and randomly sampled 51 healthy prepubertal girls as the control. Tanner stages, circulating hormone levels and bone ages of the girls with ICPP and the age and body mass index (BMI) of all participants were recorded. Acoustic analyses were performed using PRAAT computer-based voice analysis software and the mean pitch (F0), jitter, shimmer, noise-to harmonic-ratio (NHR) and harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR) values were compared in the patient and control groups. ResultsThe two groups did not significantly differ in age or BMI. In the evaluation of the F0 and jitter values, we were found to be lower in the control group than in the patient group. However, we did not find a statistical significance. The mean shimmer values of the patient group were significantly higher than those of the control group. In addition, a statistically significant difference was noted for the mean HNR and NHR values (P < 0.001). A moderate negative correlation was found between shimmer and hormone levels in the patient group. ConclusionsVoice acoustic parameters one of the defining features of girls with ICPP. Voice changes in acoustic parameters could reflect hormonal changes during puberty. Clinicians should suspect ICPP when there is a change in the voice.

Acoustic analysis of clients' expression of self-compassion, self-criticism, and self-protection within emotion focused therapy video sessions.

When it comes to the non-verbal communication of emotions, it is apparent that the human voice is one of the main ways of expressing emotion and is increasingly important in psychotherapeutic dialog. There is ample research focusing on the vocal expression of emotions. However, to date the analysis of the vocal quality of clients' in-sessional emotional experience remains largely unexplored. Moreover, there is generally a gap within the psychotherapy literature in the understanding of the vocal character of self-compassion, self-criticism, and protective anger. In this study we investigated how clients vocally convey self-compassion, self-protection and self-criticism in Emotion Focused therapy sessions. For this purpose we investigated 12 commercially available Emotion Focused Therapy videos that employed a two chair or empty chair dialog. Praat software was used for the acoustic analysis of the most common features - pitch (known as fundamental frequency or F0) and intensity (voice amplitude, i.e., loudness). Results showed that intensity was significantly higher for self-criticism and self-protection than for self-compassion. Regarding pitch the findings showed no significant differences between the three states. More research analyzing acoustic features in a larger number of cases is required to obtain a deeper understanding of clients' vocal expression of self-compassion, self-protection and self-criticism in Emotion Focused Therapy.

Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation of the Ventral Intermediate Nucleus of the Thalamus Improves Objective Acoustic Measures of Essential Vocal Tremor.

Deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM-DBS) is an established treatment for medically refractory essential tremor. However, the effect of VIM-DBS on vocal tremor remains poorly understood, with results varying by method of vocal tremor assessment and stimulation laterality. This single-center study measures the effect of bilateral VIM-DBS on essential vocal tremor using blinded objective acoustic voice analysis. Ten patients with consecutive essential tremor with comorbid vocal tremor receiving bilateral VIM-DBS underwent voice testing before and after implantation of DBS in this prospective cohort study. Objective acoustic measures were extracted from the middle one second of steady-state phonation including cepstral peak prominence, signal-to-noise ratio, percentage voicing, tremor rate, extent of fundamental frequency modulation, and extent of intensity modulation. DBS surgery was performed awake with microelectrode recording and intraoperative testing. Postoperative voice testing was performed after stable programming. Patients included 6 female and 4 male, with a mean age of 67 ± 6.7 years. The VIM was targeted with the following coordinates relative to the mid-anterior commissure:posterior commissure point: 13.2 ± 0.6 mm lateral, 6.2 ± 0.7 mm posterior, and 0.0 mm below. Mean programming parameters were amplitude 1.72.0 ± 0.6 mA, pulse width 63.0 ± 12.7 µs, and rate 130.6 ± 0.0 Hz. VIM-DBS significantly improved tremor rate from 4.43 ± 0.8 Hz to 3.2 ± 0.8 Hz ( P = .001) CI (0.546, 1.895), jitter from 1 ± 0.94 to 0.53 ± 0.219 ( P = .02) CI (-0.124, 1.038), cepstral peak prominence from 13.6 ± 3.9 to 18.8 ± 2.9 ( P = .016) CI (-4.100, -0.235), signal-to-noise ratio from 15.7 ± 3.9 to 18.5 ± 3.7 ( P = .02) CI (-5.598, -0.037), and articulation rate from 0.77 ± 0.2 to 0.82 ± .14 ( P = .04) CI (-0.097, 0.008). There were no major complications in this series. Objective acoustic voice analyses suggest that bilateral VIM-DBS effectively reduces vocal tremor rate and improves voicing. Further studies using objective acoustic analyses and laryngeal imaging may help refine surgical and stimulation techniques and evaluate the effect of laterality on vocal tremor.

Bearing fault detection technology for automated machinery based on acoustic analysis

Traditional fault detection methods in acoustic signal feature extraction of rolling bearings often make the signal denoising process complex due to low signal-to-noise ratio and weak fault features, making this method difficult to meet real-time requirements. Therefore, a fault detection model based on Fast-Renoriented SIFT feature extraction is proposed, which can quickly extract a large number of features from the original signal without the need for noise reduction processing and can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of fault detection. At the same time, to adapt to the fault detection of rolling bearings under multiple working conditions, this study also proposes an adaptive extended word bag model that combines local kurtosis and local 2-dimensional information entropy features, improving the adaptability and flexibility of the new model. It obtained a 100% overall recognition rate and a fault detection time of no more than 0.5 seconds in a 5-fold cross-validation experiment, verifying the excellent recognition accuracy, stability, and operational efficiency of the detection model. Its recognition accuracy in the multi-working condition rolling bearing fault detection experiment was above 97%, which was improved by about 21.25% compared to the traditional word bag model and had significant advantages in fault recognition accuracy and computational efficiency.

Gas-insulated switch-gear mechanical fault detection based on acoustic feature analysis using a multi-state pre-trained neural network

The acoustic-based approach is a prevalent way for non-contact fault diagnosis on gas-insulated switch-gear (GIS). GIS always works under different voltages causing great diversity in acoustic frequency. However, based on the frequency principle, neural networks always focus on a specific frequency, which challenges robust fault detection on GIS. This paper introduces a novel multi-stage training method to improve the robustness of fault detection on GIS. The proposed method consists of three components: a multi-channel based frequency regressor (MCBFR), an audio spectrogram transformer auto-encoder (AST-AE), and a feature interaction module (FIM). MCBFR and AST-AE are optimised to extract specific features from acoustics during the pre-training stage. The FIM fuses components extracted by MCBFR and AST when training the model that can indicate the final result. Also, we apply a multi-stage training strategy during the training stage to reduce the cost of potential model retraining. The efficacy of the proposed method was validated using experimental data from a real GIS, and it shows competitive performance in fault detection compared to existing methods.

Tuning Spin-Polarized Lifetime at High Carrier Density through Deformation Potential in Dion-Jacobson-Phase Perovskites.

The control of spin relaxation mechanisms is of great importance for spintronics applications as well as for fundamental studies. Layered metal-halide perovskites represent an emerging class of semiconductors with rich optical spin physics, showing potential for spintronic applications. However, a major hurdle arises in layered metal-halide perovskites with strong spin-orbit coupling, where the spin lifetime becomes extremely short due to D'yakonov-Perel' scattering and Bir-Aronov-Pikus at high carrier density. Using the circularly polarized pump-probe transient reflection technique, we experimentally reveal the important scattering for spin relaxation beyond the electron-hole exchange strength in the Dion-Jacobson (DJ)-type 2D perovskites (3AMP)(MA)n-1PbnI3n+1 [3AMP = 3-(aminomethyl)piperidinium, n = 1-4]. Despite a more than 10-fold increase in carrier concentration, the spin lifetimes for n = 3 and 4 are effectively maintained. We reveal neutral impurity and polar optical phonon scatterings as significant contributors to the momentum relaxation rate. Furthermore, we show that more octahedral distortions induce a larger deformation potential which is reflected on the acoustic phonon properties. Coherent acoustic phonon analysis indicates that the polaronic effect is crucial in achieving control over the scattering mechanism and ensuring spin lifetime protection, highlighting the potential of DJ-phase perovskites for spintronic applications.

Acoustic analysis of ultrasonic air-borne transducer with concave structure

Acoustic analysis of ultrasonic air-borne transducer with concave structure

Numerical investigation on the use of various blade tips for the helicopter's main rotor blade in forward flight regarding aerodynamic performance and HSI noise considerations

The goal of this research is to investigate aerodynamic performance and high-speed impulsive (HSI) noise of various blade tips for the helicopter's main rotor in forward flight. For this purpose, three-dimensional compressible flow field around the rotor blades is numerically simulated by the solution of the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations with the "SST k-ω" turbulence model. Solution is quantified by the calculation of torque, drag, and thrust coefficients of CQ, CD, CT, and L/D ratio. HSI noise on the rotor plane is assessed by the calculation of sound pressure level at certain points of the flow field using the Ffowcs Williams-Hawking (FW-H) equation. Blade tips are eleven and include anhedral, dihedral, Eagle and combinations of them, and also Blue Edge and rectangular. The combinations are inspired by the tip configurations of the fixed wings. In this regard effects of the tip geometry parameters including curvature and height of its parts have been considered as well. All of the tips are examined for two flight conditions of Caradonna and Tung two-blade rotor with fixed pitch angle and time-varying pitch angles. Based on the present results, it is found that blade tips of dihedral family do not improve the aerodynamic performance of the helicopter blade. Also, addition of anhedral part to the blade tip improves the L/D ratio. According to the present acoustic analysis, it was seen that after the Blue Edge, the Eagle tip stands in order of priority. For the condition of Caradonna and Tung two-blade rotor with tip Mach number of 0.8 and advance ratio of 0.2, HSI noise of the Eagle-tip blade decreases by 2.39 % compared to that of the two-blade rotor with rectangular tip. However, the aerodynamics performance of the Eagle tip is much better than that of the Blue Edge.

Impact of Audio Data Compression on Feature Extraction for Vocal Biomarker Detection: Validation Study.

Vocal biomarkers, derived from acoustic analysis of vocal characteristics, offer noninvasive avenues for medical screening, diagnostics, and monitoring. Previous research demonstrated the feasibility of predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus through acoustic analysis of smartphone-recorded speech. Building upon this work, this study explores the impact of audio data compression on acoustic vocal biomarker development, which is critical for broader applicability in health care. The objective of this research is to analyze how common audio compression algorithms (MP3, M4A, and WMA) applied by 3 different conversion tools at 2 bitrates affect features crucial for vocal biomarker detection. The impact of audio data compression on acoustic vocal biomarker development was investigated using uncompressed voice samples converted into MP3, M4A, and WMA formats at 2 bitrates (320 and 128 kbps) with MediaHuman (MH) Audio Converter, WonderShare (WS) UniConverter, and Fast Forward Moving Picture Experts Group (FFmpeg). The data set comprised recordings from 505 participants, totaling 17,298 audio files, collected using a smartphone. Participants recorded a fixed English sentence up to 6 times daily for up to 14 days. Feature extraction, including pitch, jitter, intensity, and Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), was conducted using Python and Parselmouth. The Wilcoxon signed rank test and the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons were used for statistical analysis. In this study, 36,970 audio files were initially recorded from 505 participants, with 17,298 recordings meeting the fixed sentence criteria after screening. Differences between the audio conversion software, MH, WS, and FFmpeg, were notable, impacting compression outcomes such as constant or variable bitrates. Analysis encompassed diverse data compression formats and a wide array of voice features and MFCCs. Wilcoxon signed rank tests yielded P values, with those below the Bonferroni-corrected significance level indicating significant alterations due to compression. The results indicated feature-specific impacts of compression across formats and bitrates. MH-converted files exhibited greater resilience compared to WS-converted files. Bitrate also influenced feature stability, with 38 cases affected uniquely by a single bitrate. Notably, voice features showed greater stability than MFCCs across conversion methods. Compression effects were found to be feature specific, with MH and FFmpeg showing greater resilience. Some features were consistently affected, emphasizing the importance of understanding feature resilience for diagnostic applications. Considering the implementation of vocal biomarkers in health care, finding features that remain consistent through compression for data storage or transmission purposes is valuable. Focused on specific features and formats, future research could broaden the scope to include diverse features, real-time compression algorithms, and various recording methods. This study enhances our understanding of audio compression's influence on voice features and MFCCs, providing insights for developing applications across fields. The research underscores the significance of feature stability in working with compressed audio data, laying a foundation for informed voice data use in evolving technological landscapes.

Data-Driven Inline Leak Detection for Pipelines Using Flow-Induced Acoustics Analysis

Fluid and water distribution networks are essential to the modern world. However, these systems are prone to leaks, which can lead to significant water loss, damage to infrastructure, and environmental pollution. The proposed solution makes use of Acoustic Emission sensors placed in discrete locations in the pipeline which measures the sound in the pipeline caused by the flow of fluids. Computation models are used to deduce the location from the input provided by the sensors. In case of leak, the leak is localized through cross correlation and TDOA methods. This solution is particularly developed for water distribution pipelines. Keyword: Acoustic data analysis, Data-driven models, Cross-Correlation, Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)

Design, Cultivation, and Acoustic Analysis of a Building-Sized Mycelium Sculpture

Abstract This paper describes novel computational design, simulation, and fabrication techniques employed in the production of a large sound-absorbing sculpture called Phoenix, made entirely from mycelium-composite materials (myco-materials). Myco-materials are composites made of lignocellulosic agricultural waste fibers bound by fungal mycelium and are produced at commercial scale as alternatives for plastics, insulation foam, or styrene. Mycelium composite materials have known acoustical properties that can be tuned according to variables such as growing time, substrate type, substrate size, and density. The fabrication method for producing the Phoenix sculpture revisits how we build performative and formal complexity in the most economic and sustainable way. The results indicate the potential for grown materials to be used in retrofit projects, allowing rooms to be customized in various acoustical situations, such as music or speech.