Agricultural soils are important source and sink of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, little is known about the fate of ARGs in dryland soils, while its human exposure risks were seriously overlooked. Taking the northern Ningxia Plain as a case, this study explored the occurrence of ARGs and its relationship with mobile genetic elements (MGEs), pathogens, and environmental factors. Furthermore, the concentrations of airborne ARGs by soil wind erosion and the human exposure doses of soil ARGs were evaluated. The results showed the abundances of different regions ranged from 4.0 × 105 to 1.6 × 106 copies/g. Soil ARGs are driven by MGEs, but multiply impacted by soil properties, nutrition, and bacterial community. Vibrio metschnikovii, Acinetobacter schindleri, and Serratia marcescens are potential pathogenic hosts for ARGs. Further exploration revealed the concentration of ARGs loaded in dust by soil wind erosion reached more than 105 copies/m3, which were even higher than those found in sewage treatment plants and hospitals. Skin contact is the primary route of ARGs exposure, with a maximum dose of 24071.33 copies/kg/d, which is largely attributed to ARGs loaded in dust. This study bridged the gap on ARGs in dryland soils, and provided reference for human exposure risk assessment of soil ARGs.