Acidulated Soybean Soapstock Research Articles

Performance, metabolic efficiency and egg quality in Japanese quails fed with acidulated soybean soapstock and lecithin for a prolonged period.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of acidulated soybean soapstock in association with lecithin on productive performance, metabolic efficiency in the utilization of nutrientes, and the egg quality of Japanese quails. A total of 192 quails were used, distributed randomly in a 2×2×2 factorial scheme that included two types of oils, two levels of supplementation (4% and 8%) and two levels of lecithin (1% or 0%). At the end of the six-month experimental period, some double significant interactions were shown between the level of oil and lecithin for the performance variables (egg weight p=0.04, feed intake p<0.01 and feed conversion rate p=0.04). The feed conversion rate also was influenced by a double significant interaction between the type of oil and the level of oil (p<0.01). The nutrient digestibility showed that different interactions affected the results. The evaluation of egg quality, was verified that the use of acidulated soybean soapstock did not affect most variables of internal quality. The results showed that it is possible to use 8% acidulated soybean soapstock in combination with 1% lecithin in the diets of Japanese quails for a period of up to six months without a reduction in performance.

Apparent metabolizable energy of by-products from the soybean oil industry for broilers: acidulated soapstock, glycerin, lecithin, and their mixture.

A study was conducted to determine the AMEn contents of fat by-products from the soybean oil industry for broiler chickens. A total of 390 slow-feathering Cobb × Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly distributed into 13 treatments having 6 replicates of 5 birds each. Birds were fed a common starter diet from placement to 21 d. Experimental corn-soy diets were composed of four fat sources, added at 3 increasing levels each, and were fed from 21 to 28 d. Fat sources utilized were acidulated soybean soapstock (ASS), glycerol (GLY), lecithin (LEC), and a mixture (MIX) containing 85% ASS, 10% GLY and 5% LEC. A 4 × 3+1 factorial arrangement was used with 4 by-products (ASS, GLY, LEC, or MIX), 3 inclusion levels and 1 basal diet. Each of the four fat by-product sources was included in the diets as follow: 2% of by-products (98% basal + 2% by-product), 4% (96% basal + 4% by-product), or 6% (94% basal + 6% by-product). Birds were submitted to 94, 96, 98, and 100% of ad libitum feed intake; therefore, the differences in AMEn consumption were only due to the added by-product. Total excreta were collected twice daily for 72h to determine apparent metabolizable energy contents starting at 25 d. The AMEn intake was regressed against feed intake and the slope was used to estimate AMEn values for each fat source. Linear regression equations (P <0.05) estimated for each by-product were as follow: 7,153X - 451.9 for ASS; 3,916X - 68.2 for GLY; 7,051X - 448.3 for LEC, and 8,515X - 622.3 for MIX. Values of AMEn were 7,153, 3,916, 7,051, and 8,515kcal/kg DM for ASS, GLY, LEC, and MIX, respectively. The present study generated AMEn for fat by-products data that can be used in poultry feed formulation. It also provides indications that, by adding the 3 by-products in the proportions present in the MIX, considerable economic advantage can be attained.

SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE GLICEROL OU DE LECITINA EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE ÁCIDOS GRAXOS LIVRES EM DIETAS PARA FRANGOS DE CORTE

A metabolism trial was carried out with 95 male broilers, 24 day-old, of commercial line, subjected to 18+1 treatments with 5 replications. Three levels of free fat acid (FFA) inclusion by the usage of soybean oil (SO), acidulated soybean soapstock (ASS), and the mixture between the two oils (50:50%), in two levels of inclusion (4 and 8%) in the basal diet (BD) and the supplementation of glycerol or emulsifier (0.5%), in substitution to starch were tested. The trial was conducted for 8 days. Birds performance, metabolizability coefficient of dry matter (MCDM), fat (MCCF) and energy (MCCE) were evaluated and the comparison among oils and supplements. The performance and the metabolism were not affected (P>0.05) by FFA levels or supplements tested. It was observed that the use of lecithin improved added crude fat metabolism (P KEY WORDS: Acidulated soybean soapstock, emulsification, lecithin, metabolism, performance.

Desempenho, metabolismo e níveis plasmáticos de colesterol e triglicerídeos em frangos de corte alimentados com óleo ácido e óleo de soja

Neste trabalho são relatados três experimentos (EXP) realizados, sendo dois de desempenho e um de metabolismo. O primeiro experimento de desempenho utilizou 384 pintos de corte machos, da linhagem Cobb 500, e foi conduzido com animais de um a 20 dias de idade. O segundo EXP de desempenho foi realizado com as mesmas aves, após homogeneização de todas elas, com 21 a 34 dias de idade, utilizando-se 256 frangos. O ensaio de metabolismo usou 32 frangos e foi realizado com animais de 21 a 34 dias de idade. Testou-se o óleo ácido de soja (OAS) e o óleo degomado de soja (ODS) incluídos na dieta em quatro níveis (2, 3, 4 e 5%), constituindo oito tratamentos com quatro repetições cada, dispostos em fatorial 2x4. Foram avaliados o desempenho e o metabolismo das aves e o coeficiente de metabolismo da matéria seca (CMMS), da gordura bruta (CMGB) e da energia bruta (CMEB) das dietas, além de teores de triglicerídios e colesterol sanguíneo no 34o dia de idade. Nenhuma interação foi observada entre os óleos e os níveis utilizados (P&gt;0,05). Com o aumento do nível de óleo na dieta, observou-se maior peso final das aves (P&lt;0,01) e melhor conversão alimentar (CA) (P&lt;0,01). No EXP de desempenho com animais de um a 21 dias, ocorreu redução no consumo de ração (P&lt;0,01) com a adição de óleo, mas não no EXP com animais de 21 a 34 dias. No ensaio de metabolismo, aves que receberam OAS apresentaram melhor CMMS (P&lt;0,01) em relação ao ODS. O aumento do nível de inclusão de óleo, independentemente do tipo, melhorou o CMMS (P&lt;0,01) e o CMGB (P&lt;0, 01) das dietas. Observou-se maiores níveis de triglicerídios no sangue das aves com maiores níveis de óleo (P&lt;0,01). O OAS mostrou eficiência relativa de 93 e 90% nos EXP de desempenho com animais de um a 20 e de 21 e 34 dias, respectivamente, com base na CA e de 95%, comparado ao ODS, com base em análise de regressão entre o nível de óleo adicionado (X) e o CMGB (Y) determinado no ensaio de metabolismo. O OAS é uma boa fonte energética para uso em dietas de frangos de corte, apresentando valor energético um pouco inferior ao ODS.

Water intake and digestive metabolism of broilers fed all-vegetable diets containing acidulated soybean soapstock

A study was conducted to compare live performance and digestive metabolism of broiler chickens fed all-vegetable diets (All-Veg) compared to a regular diet including animal by-products. Three feeds were formulated and provided to broilers according to the feeding program: pre-starter from 1 to 10 days, starter from 11 to 21 days, and grower from 21 to 35 days. All feeds had corn and soybean meal as major ingredients; however, two of them were all-vegetable diets having either Degummed Soybean Oil (DSO) or Acidulated Soybean Soapstock (ASS) as fat sources. The third diet included poultry by-product and poultry fat. A total number of 360 day-old broiler chicks were allocated to 1m2 battery cages, 10 chicks in each, and 12 replicates per treatment. Live performance was similar between groups of birds receiving the different diets with the exception of weight gain, which was increased for birds fed the All-Veg diet with ASS. Birds fed All-Veg diets had increased water intake and produced more excreta with a concurrent reduced feed metabolizability at both ages, regardless of fat source. Metabolizable Energy was not different for the three diets.

Performance of broilers fed increased levels energy in the pre-starter diet and on subsequent feeding programs having with acidulated soybean soapstock supplementation

This study aimed to evaluate broiler responses to increases in feed energy (2,870, 3,000 and 3,100 kcal ME/kg) and the inclusion of Acidulated Soybean Soapstock (ASS) when compared to Degummed Soybean Oil (DSO) in feeds from placement to 7 days of age. From 7 to 42 days ASS or DSO were included in diets that contained similar energy and nutrient levels. Metabolizable energy values used to formulate the diets for ASS and DSO were 8,351 and 7,701 kcal ME/kg in the first week and 9,314 and 8,559 kcal ME/kg afterwards, respectively. Diets were based on corn and soybean meal and were fed to 1,600 one-d-old male broiler chicks randomly placed in 40 floor pens. No differences in performance due to fat source were seen at 7 days. However, the increase in energy levels to 3,100 kcal ME/kg reduced feed intake, whereas feed conversion was improved with energy at 3,000 kcal ME/kg. Live performance, and the yields of carcass and commercial cuts were not affected by the type of fat included in the feeds from 7 to 42 days, except for increased body weight at 21 and 35 days with ASS supplementation. Litter moisture at 7, 21, 35 and 42 days was not affected by any of the factors and there were no residual effects of treatments at 21, 35 and 42 days of age. On the other hand, body weight at 35 days was affected by the interaction of diets fed in the first week with those provided afterwards. The results showed that ME values used for DSO and ASS are adequate and that ASS may be used as fat source in broiler feeds from placement to 42 days of age.

Effect of lipid sources of diets on broiler performance

A completely randomized design with six replicates of 30 birds per experimental unit was used to evaluate the effect of five fat sources of diets (soybean oil, poultry fat, acidulated soybean oil soapstock and a mix of soybean oil plus poultry fat and soybean oil plus acidulated soybean oil soapstock) on the performance of male Ross broilers, during the growing period (1-45 days of age). The diets for each phase were isonutritional. Broilers fed on soybean oil showed higher weight gain in comparison to the birds fed on diets containing acidulated soybean oil soapstock (P&lt;0.05), but no differences were observed among the other treatments. The feed intake of birds fed on soybean oil was higher compared to the birds fed on acidulated soybean soapstock diet and mix of soybean oil plus acidulated soybean oil soapstock diet. No treatment effect was observed for feed:weight gain ratio and viability. Soybean oil diet resulted in better broiler performance in comparison to acidulated soybean oil soapstock diet.

“Extra-Caloric” Properties of Acidulated Soybean-Oil Soapstock for Broilers during Hot Weather

Three trials were conducted with a total of 690 broilers from 7–13 to 55 days of age; two trials in the summer and one in the winter (under natural climatic housing conditions). All trials involved the same four dietary treatments, with increasing levels (1% to 10%) of acidulated soybean soapstock (ASS), along with pulverized basalt stone, in isocaloric substitution for a glucose:starch mixture.In the two trials performed during the summer there was a graded response in growth rate to increasing dietary levels of ASS, both during the starting and finishing periods, due primarily to increasing feed consumption (with little effect on feed/gain ratios). The trial conducted during winter did not yield corresponding results, thus placing in doubt the involvement of palatability or unknown growth factors. It is assumed that the beneficial effect of ASS on growth rate during summer was due to the reduced heat increment of this fat supplement, which helped the broilers to withstand the appetite-depressing effect of heat stress.

The Effect of Dietary Calcium Carbonate on Feed Intake and Conversion in Laying Hens

RESULTS of a previous study (Hurwitz and Bornstein, 1966) suggested that high levels of dietary limestone depressed feed intake. Furthermore, this depression appeared to be more pronounced when the diet also contained supplementary fat.The purpose of the present study was to continue the research on this possible interaction with dietary fat and to investigate whether the depression of feed intake was a general effect of calcium carbonate supplements, or limited to the particular limestone source, as suggested by Naber et al. (1963).METHODS AND RESULTSTrial 1.—This trial was designed to test the possible interaction effect of dietary fat and calcium on feed intake. Accordingly, we used three levels of fat supplementation (1, 4 and 7%), in the form of acidulated soybean soapstock, each with two levels of dietary calcium (3.0 and 4.5%). Dietary calcium was supplied by ground limestone, added at the expense of insoluble grit of…

Lack of Interference between Dietary Acidulated Soybean Soapstock and Calcium in Chicks and Laying Hens

A DECREASED absorption of the more saturated fats in the presence of excess calcium in the diet has been reported in rats by Cheng et al. (1949), Howie and Porter (1950), Nicolaysen et al. (1953), and Fleischman et al. (1966, 1967); and in chicks by Edwards et al. (1960), Fedde et al. (1960) and Waibel and Mraz (1964). However, according to March and Biely (1967), the addition of up to 12% saturated fats did not increase the calcium requirement of the chick.Moreover, Carroll and Richards (1958) and Richards and Carroll (1959) showed that dietary unsaturated fatty acids caused a marked increase in the amount of lipid-soluble phosphorus and calcium excreted in the feces of rats.Acidulated soybean soapstock (ASS) contains approximately 73% free fatty acids (FFA), (Lipstein, unpublished data), while the FFA content of refined soybean oil (RSO) amounts to only about 1%. The interaction between calcium and ASS .

Effect of Autoxidation on the Nutritive Value of Acidulated Soybean Soapstock in Chicks

ACIDULATED soybean-oil soapstock (ASS) has recently become the main fat supplement for poultry feeds in Israel. This by-product of the edible oil industry is obtained from the alkali-neutralization of the crude oil in the form of raw soapstock (a mixture of soaps, neutral oil, water, sterols, pigments and other minor constituents). This rather unstable product is converted to acidulated soapstock by treatment with an excess of hot aqueous sulfuric acid.Most of the “impurities” which are removed from the crude oil by alkali-refining accumulate in the acidulated soapstock. Compared to crude soybean oil (CSO), ASS contains high levels of free fatty acid (over 50%), unsaponifiable matter and oxy-fatty acids (Bornstein and Lipstein, 1963), and is also rich in carotenoids (Budowski et al., 1964).Previous work of this labortory (Bornstein and Lipstein, 1961, 1963), as well as that of Sibbald et al. (1962), has shown that ASS is comparable to tallow…