Acids In Subcutaneous Fat Research Articles

Effect of Potato By-products Based Silage on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Fatty Acid Composition of Carcass Fats in Holstein Steers

Ten 18.5-month old Holstein steers were allocated into two diet groups of five and fed either concentrates as control group or potato by-products based silage (PBS) as experimental group for six months to investigate the effect of PBS on growth performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition of carcass fats. The PBS diet consisted, in a DM basis, of 74.5 %P BS, 16% hay, and 9.5% soybean milk residue (SMR). The control diet consisted, in a DM basis, of 82.5% concentrates and 17.5% hay. There were no significant differences in the overall average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency, yield score and meat quality score of dressed carcass between the two diet groups. There were no statistical differences in DM, crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE) of beef and melting point of all adipose tissues from steers fed both diets. The PBS-fed steers tended to have lower Warner Bratzler shear (WBS) values than in the concentrate-fed steers (13.0 vs. 17.7 lb, p<0.1). At both sampling times 3 and 6 months of feeding period, PBS-fed steers had higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially linoleic (C18:2) acids in subcutaneous fat than in control group (p<0.05). PBS-fed steers had significantly higher proportions of PUFA, especially C18:2 fatty acids than in concentrate-fed steers in carcass fats (p<0.05). In conclusion, feeding PBS to fattening steers has shown to have the same potential as concentrate feeding in terms of effect on the growth performance, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics. Interestingly, PBS also seems preferable to concentrates because it increased the proportion of C18:2 fatty acid composition of carcass fats which is valuable for beef consumers. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2005. Vol 18, No. 4 : 490-496)

Association of adipose tissue arachidonic acid content with BMI and overweight status in children from Cyprus and Crete.

The relationships between n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in subcutaneous fat, BMI and overweight status were investigated in eighty-eight children from Crete and Cyprus. Overweight status, BMI and serum lipid levels were similar in children at both locations, but Cretan children had higher levels of total MUFA than Cypriot children (62.2 (sd 2.8) v. 52.2 (sd 2.8) % area, respectively, P<0.001) and consequently Cypriot children had higher levels of total saturated, polyunsaturated, trans, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Cypriot children had also higher levels of individual n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, specifically linoleic, alpha-linolenic and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acids. The variance of BMI was better explained (38.2 %) by adipose tissue arachidonic acid content than any other n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Mean levels of arachidonic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were higher in overweight and obese subjects. All obese subjects fell in the 4th quartile of arachidonic acid levels, whereas 88.9 % of overweight subjects fell in the 3rd and 4th quartile of arachidonic acid. These results indicate positive associations between adipose tissue arachidonic acid and BMI and overweight status. Further research could clarify whether this association is causal.

The Effect of Feeding a Milk Diet Versus Concentrate and Hay Diet on the Meat Quality and Fatty Acid Profile of Lambs

The object of this study was to compare carcass and meat quality characteristics of conventionally reared lambs with others reared solely on milk. Eighteen crossbred lambs weaned at 5 weeks of age were randomized within each sex into 2 groups. The first group was fed reconstituted whole milk and the second, commercial lamb pellets and hay. Both diets were offered ad libitum for 9 weeks. Animals were subsequently slaughtered under standard commercial conditions. Samples of shoulder joint were taken for dissection and meat quality assessment was made using the 6 - 12 rib section of the Longissimus doris th muscle. Lambs on the concentrate and hay diet had significantly larger reticulo-rumens, livers and generally were less fat (p < 0.01) than milk-fed lambs. Dietary treatment had little effect on meat quality. Lambs reared on the milk diet contained higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in subcutaneous fat than lambs fed concentrate and hay. The milk diet did not appear to produce the typical pale colour in lambs as might be expected from studies on veal production.

Higher Content of 18:1 Trans Fatty Acids in Subcutaneous Fat of Persons with Coronarographically Documented Atherosclerosis of the Coronary Arteries

Aim: To identify the total content of trans fatty acid (TFA) isomers and C18:1 trans isomers in subcutaneous fat samples from persons with atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, as an indicator of dietary exposure. Methods: Using capillary gas chromatography, the authors determined total content of TFA isomers and C18:1 trans isomers in the subcutaneous fat of 34 patients with ischemic heart disease who had undergone aortocoronary bypass surgery and in 46 patients with no sign of coronary disease. Results: On average, the total TFAs in cardiac patients were 2.88 ± 1.19% of all fatty acids, in noncardiac patients 2.56 ± 0.89%. However, the difference is not statistically significant. The average concentration of C18:1 trans in cardiac patients (2.31 ± 1.09%) was statistically significantly higher (p = 0.05) than in the noncardiac group (1.95 ± 0.77%). Conclusions: The results obtained indicate a lower TFA load in comparison with previous studies in other countries. A higher concentration of 18:1 TFAs in the subcutaneous fat of patients with coronary disease might be an impulse to correct the dietary habits of this very high-risk population.

INFLUENCE OF LOW FAT FISHMEAL ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND SENSORY QUALITY OF PORK

ABSTRACTFour groups of growing‐finishing pigs, were fed low fat fishmeal together with an increased level of fish oil. Additional fish oil increased the content of long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids in subcutaneous fat and muscle when feeding up to 9 g fish oil kg‐1 diet. Sensory quality of fresh meat was not affected by the increased level of fish oil in diets but the intensity of off‐flavor/odor and rancid flavor/odor of fat increased after six months of frozen storage. Partial least square regression of rancid flavor/odor after six months of frozen storage using the significant variables C20:1, C20:5 (EPA), C22:5 (DPA) and C22:6 (DHA) in subcutaneous fat gave correlation coefficients as high as 0.92. Based on these results, the use of low fat fishmeal is acceptable but the content of fish oil should be limited to 3 g fish oil kg‐1 diet for growing‐finishing pigs.

Evaluation of calcium and canola oil in the diet of feedlot steers

An experiment was conducted to determine whether the addition of 5.6% canola oil to a barley-based feedlot ration would improve the efficiency of conversion of feed into weight gain and increase the deposition of intramuscular fat. A second aim was to determine what further benefits might accrue from the addition of calcium ions to the rumen.Five groups of 30 steers representing 4 breed crosses were fed in a feedlot for 122 days. The control diet was a standard barley-based ration containing 1.6% calcium carbonate. In a second diet (calcium), calcium carbonate was replaced with 1.2% calcium hydroxide to increase the availability of calcium ions in the rumen. In a third diet (oil), 5.3% canola oil replaced a corresponding weight of barley. The fourth diet comprised oil + calcium and in the fifth, the same weight of oil protected against rumen fermentation was given as Rumentek, replacing 19.5% barley.There was no significant benefit in feed conversion or carcass composition to the substitution of oil for barley in the ration. Supplementary calcium hydroxide reduced the intake of the control diet with little reduction in growth rate. No benefits were observed from the provision of calcium ions in the rumen with either the control or oil diets. The Rumentek diet conferred no benefits in growth rate or feed conversion efficiency, but substantially increased the proportion of unsaturated to saturated long-chain fatty acids in subcutaneous fat, chiefly as polyunsaturates.

Trans fatty acids in subcutaneous fat of pregnant women and in human milk in the Czech Republic.

Using capillary gas chromatography, we determined total content of trans fatty acids (TFA) and C18:1 trans fatty acids in human milk and subcutaneous fat in 35 healthy Prague women. The average content of TFA in human milk fat was 4.22% (SD = 1.87%) of all fatty acids, and the value of trans C18:1 isomers was 3.63% (SD = 1.81%). The average concentration of total trans fatty acids in subcutaneous fat was 4.41% (SD = 0.79%) and the average content of C18:1 trans isomers was 2.81% (SD = 0.61%).

Effect of ruminal dosing of mechanical stimulating brush on carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition of dressed carcass fat in fattening Holstein steers fed with high‐concentrate diets

ABSTRACTThis experiment was undertaken to examine the effect of dosing of a mechanical stimulating brush (RF) in the rumen on dressed carcass characteristics and on the fatty acid composition of dressed carcass fat in fattening beef cattle. The fattening trial was carried out with high‐concentrate diets (organic cell wall contents: 27.5% on a dry mater basis) in eight Holstein steers (12 months of age). Four of the experimental animals were orally dosed with three RF/head (RF group); the other four animals without RF dosing were allotted as the control group. Grass hay was fed to the animals (0.2 kg/head/day) until 19 months of age. Concentrate diet was given ad libitum during the experiment. There were no statistical differences between the RF group and the control group in yield score and meat quality score of dressed carcass characteristics. Regarding fatty acid composition of dressed carcass fat, the proportion of C18 : 2 fatty acids in subcutaneous fat in the RF group was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that in the control group. C16 : 0 fatty acids in kidney fat in the RF group was lower (P &lt; 0.05), and C18 : 2 fatty acids and total unsaturated fatty acids of 18 carbon number in kidney fat in the RF group were higher (P &lt; 0.05) compared with the control group. The proportion of C18 : 2 fatty acids in rib eye fat in the RF group was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that in the control group. C18 : 1 fatty acids, C18 : 2 fatty acids and total unsaturated fatty acids of 18 carbon number in rib fat in the RF group were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those in the control group. The results suggest that in fattening Holstein steers fed with high‐concentrate diets, the effect of ruminal RF dosing on dressed carcass characteristics is not significant, but the proportion of unsaturated fatty acid of carcass fat is increased.

Sensory characteristics of meat and composition of carcass fat from sheep fed diets containing various levels of broiler litter

The effect of high levels of broiler litter in the diets of sheep on sensory characteristics and composition of fat in mutton was evaluated. Thirty-six South African Mutton Merino wethers weighing ca. 41 kg were randomly allocated to four treatment diets containing 0, 28, 56 or 85% broiler litter. All wethers were slaughtered at a target body mass of 55 kg. Dressing percentage was calculated and the composition of fatty acids in the subcutaneous fat was analysed. An analytical sensory panel evaluated sensory characteristics of carcass samples and loin sample characteristics. High sensory scores (7 out of 10) were obtained for all dietary treatments. Compared to the other treatments, a high inclusion level (85%) of broiler litter in the diet reduced (p < 0.05) the flavour and overall acceptability of sensory samples, decreased concentrations of myristic acid (C14:0) and margaric acid (C17:0) in subcutaneous fat and increased linolenic acid (C18:3) concentrations. It was concluded that the inclusion of broiler litter in diets for sheep at levels of up to 56% should not adversely affect the sensory characteristics of the meat, but higher inclusion levels might have a slight adverse affect on subcutaneous fat composition and sensory characteristics. (South African Journal of Animal Science, 2000, 30(1): 26-32)

Dietary Alteration of Palatability and Fatty Acids in Meat from Light and Heavy Weight Ram Lambs

Forty-four wholesale ribs from ram lambs fed one of five corn:roughage diets and slaughtered at 41 or 68 kg live weight were evaluated for differences in fatty acid composition and palatability. Total unsaturated fatty acids in subcutaneous fat were higher for lambs on diets that contained 72.57 or 79.50% corn than on diets that contained 0, 36.29 or 37.88% corn. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids followed the same trends; higher amounts were present in diets that were high in corn. Differences (P<.05) in flavor scores of ram lamb meat by diet were not related to changes in unsaturated fatty acid composition. In addition, the effect of diet on aroma, juiciness, tenderness and Warner-Bratzler shear values was not significant. Total unsaturated fatty acids were higher in fat from 68-kg lambs than from 41-kg lambs, but total polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased as weight increased. Panel scores for flavor were less desirable in rib roasts from older 68-kg rams than from younger 41-kg ram lambs, but panel scores for aroma of heated fat, juiciness and tenderness were not related (P<.05) to weight. Warner-Bratzler shear values were lower for meat from the 68-kg ram lambs than for meat from the 41-kg ram lambs. The data demonstrate that diet can influence fatty acid composition in ram lambs and that diet should be an important consideration in production of ram lambs for meat. However, the influence of diet and fatty acid composition on flavor and aroma of meat from ram lambs needs further study.