Acid Treatment Research Articles

Improving paste stabilities of cassava starch through molecular density after maltogenic amylase and transglucosidase

To improve paste stability of cassava starch, including acid resistance, high-temperature shear resistance and freeze-thaw stability, cassava starch was modified by sequential maltogenic amylase and transglucosidase to form an optimally denser structure, or branched density (12.76 %), molecular density (15.17 g/mol/nm3), and the proportions of short-branched chains (41.41 % of A chains and 44.01 % of B1 chains). Viscosity stability (88.52 %) of modified starch was higher than that (64.92 %) of native starch. After acidic treatment for 1 h, the viscosity of modified starch and native starch decreased by 56.53 % and 65.70 %, respectively. Compared to native starch, modified starch had lower water loss in freeze-thaw cycles and less viscosity reduction during high-temperature and high-shear processing. So, the appropriate molecular density and denser molecule structure enhanced paste stabilities of modified starch. The outcome expands the food and non-food applications of cassava starch.

Recovery of cadmium, lead, strontium and zinc from jarosite waste by using a combinatory approach of bioleaching and acid leaching

ABSTRACT Metallurgical processes commonly generate substantial volumes of hazardous waste, and the extraction of zinc is no exception, yielding a byproduct known as jarosite. This study aims to establish an environmentally conscious and economically viable method for recuperating residual metals from jarosite waste. Comprehensive morphological and physico-chemical characterisation of jarosite was performed using XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS. To facilitate the selective biorecovery of cadmium, lead, strontium and zinc, Shewanella putrefaciens was employed. The efficacy of biorecovery was systematically assessed using both solid-state and liquid-state leaching methodologies. The results indicate that liquid-state leaching outperformed solid-state leaching for all four heavy metal ions. Notably, biotreated jarosite demonstrated markedly superior metal recovery (Cd, Pb, Sr and Zn) compared to non-biotreated jarosite. This investigation advocates for a hybrid approach, involving bioleaching followed by acid treatment, as a more efficacious strategy for the sustainable recovery of heavy metals from jarosite-like waste. These findings not only underscore the potential of environment-friendly biorecovery techniques but also offer a promising avenue for enhancing the ecological sustainability of waste management practices within the metallurgical industry.

Functional, nutritional, and sensorial evaluation of sorghum-based beverages produced by single- and two-stage acid, α-amylase enzyme, and germination treatments.

Nowadays, the consumption of functional foods, such as plant-based beverages, is increasing due to their health-promoting properties. The low extraction yield of nutritional and functional components is considered a major challenge during the production of sorghum-based beverages (SBB), as well as their sensorial properties. This investigation studied the effects of various treatments (acidic using phosphoric acid, enzymatic using α-amylase, germination, germination-acidic, germination-enzymatic, and acidic-enzymatic) on the functional, nutritional, and sensorial properties of SBB. The two-stage acidic-enzymatic treatment demonstrated the highest extraction yield, dry matter, ash, carbohydrates, and reducing sugar contents, as well as the lowest starch content (p < .05). Furthermore, the highest protein content (0.98%) was achieved by the germination treatments of sorghum grains. While the highest fat content was achieved by the acidic treatment (1.38%), the germination-acidic treatment exhibited the highest energy value (26.02 kcal/100 mL). Moreover, the total phenolic content of the acidic-enzymatic treatment (44.56 mg GAE/L) was significantly higher than that of other treatments. However, all treatments demonstrated lower antioxidant properties compared to the control treatment (142.85 mg BHT eq./L). Furthermore, the sensory evaluation of the germination and germination-enzymatic treatments showed acceptable scores (≥7) for consumers. In conclusion, the results indicated that the two-stage treatments of sorghum, especially the acidic-enzymatic treatment, were more effective than single treatments for the extraction of functional and nutritional components during the production of SBB.

The production and biological activity of fungal chitosan from the mycelial waste of Rhizomucor miehei

In this study, waste biomass of industrial enzyme producer Rhizomucor miehei was used as an alternative source for fungal chitosan production. Fungal chitosan was obtained from mycelial waste at the deproteinization and deacetylation stages at different temperatures and times of alkali and acid treatment with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (1–3 N) and acetic acid (2–4 %), respectively. High chitosan yield (70.6 mg/g) was reached at the optimized conditions when the concentration of NaOH (3 N), the deproteinization time (20 mins) and temperature ( 95℃), the concentration of acetic acid (4 %), the deacetylation time (6 hrs) and temperature (85℃). The fungal chitosan with a molecular weight of 14 kDa showed a deacetylation degree of 78 %. The XRD pattern showed two peaks at 2θ values of 9° and 19°. The antimicrobial activity of the fungal chitosan showed broad spectrum at low concentrations (125–250 µg/mL) against the test microorganisms. As wound healing activity, after five days post-scratching, the HaCaT cells cultured in the presence of fungal chitosan demonstrated a notable 57 % increase in migration rate. These findings underscored the efficacy of the produced fungal chitosan, highlighting its promising biological activities. This is the first report to evaluate the use of waste Rhizomucor miehei biomass as alternative source for chitosan.

Synthesis, Conformational Properties and DFT Computational Studies of [3]Metacyclo[3](1,3)pyrenophanes

AbstractTwo new 6,17‐di‐tert‐butyl‐[3]metacyclo[3](1,3)‐pyrenophane‐2,11‐diones 8 a–b were synthesized by the coupling reaction of 1,3‐bis(bromomethyl)‐7‐tert‐butylpyrene 5 with the corresponding TosMIC‐adducts 7 a–b in CH2Cl2 and water under phase‐transfer conditions, followed by acid treatment. Wolff–Kishner reduction of 8 a–b afforded in good yields the corresponding 6,17‐di‐tert‐butyl‐[3]metacyclo[3](1,3)‐pyrenophanes 9 a–b. The spectroscopic data of both 8 a and 8 b show that they adopt anti‐conformations. In contrast, both pyrenophanes 9 a and 9 b adopt syn‐conformations. Variable‐temperature 1H NMR studies were carried out to determine the conformational behavior of the pyrenophanes. A single crystal X‐ray structure of 8 a shows that it also has an anti‐conformation in the solid state. Density functional theory (DFT) computations of 8 a–b and 9 a–b were used to determine their energy‐minimized structures and the total energies of their different conformers.

Thermoacid Behavior of Serpentinite of the Zhitikarinsky Deposit (Kazakhstan).

Thermoacid behavior of serpentinite from the Zhitikarinsky field (g. Zhitikara, Kazakhstan). The character of dissolution of heat-treated serpentinite in a narrow temperature range of 600-750 °C is investigated, where the crystal lattice of the structural structure of chrysotile in sulfuric acid is destroyed. The X-ray and chemical analysis of the products of dissolution of heat-treated serpentinite at 600 °C, 725 °C and 750 °C in sulfuric acid solution show that the reason for the increase in the reactivity of heat-treated serpentinite at 725 °C and 750 °C with respect to the acidic medium and the degree of magnesium extraction into sulfate solution is the formation of periclase (MgO) in the serpentinite composition after heat treatment of them within a temperature range of 600-750 °C. The results were discussed using data obtained by conducting a thermodynamic evaluation of probable reactions during the thermoacid treatment of serpentinite, phase compressions of heat-treated serpentinite at 600-750 °C, and after its acid treatment at 1.0 M H2SO4.

Fiber/hydrogel hybrid wound dressing based on eggshell membrane containing postbiotic ingredients

Skin is the largest organ in body which has important functions. Therefore, to have a healthy skin is very essential, and wound dressings are specifically designed to promote the wound healing process. The aim of this study is to prepare and characterize a fiber-hydrogel wound dressing based on eggshell membrane (ESM) enriched with postbiotic compounds extracted from Lactobacillus plantarum NIMBB003 bacteria. For this purpose, ESM was effectively separated from eggshells through acidic treatment. Then, ultrasound was used for an optimal duration of 1.89 min at 95 % of device's power to expand the pore size of ESM from 6.89 to 10.84 μm to enhance hydrogel infiltration into ESM. The hydrogel (alginate and oxidized alginate) was then infiltrated into the ESM. ATR, SEM, and weight measurement of samples showed the proper infiltration of the hydrogel within the ESM structure. However, biostability analysis revealed that alginate hydrogel was more stable in the hybrid structure compared to oxidase alginate hydrogel. Alginate infiltration into ESM, improved the ultimate strength of the ESM to 1.89 ± 0.17 MPa and water uptake degree to 368.05 % ± 24.34 %. The water vapor transmission rate of the designed dressing was 34.14 ± 1.05 mg/cm2 after 72 h, which means the proper moist management in wound bed. Finally, addition of postbiotics at a concentration of 10 mg/ml into the hydrogel improved cell proliferation in five days. Furthermore, human dermal fibroblast cells adhered to the wound dressings properly and spread along the fibers of the ESM. In general, the developed wound dressing composed of natural biomaterials with extracellular matrix-like structure, can be used effectively to assist the wound healing process.

Distinctive features associated with differentiation syndrome in acute promyelocytic leukemia in patients treated by all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide

In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), the combination treatment of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) appears to have a synergistic effect. Due to this synergism, differentiation syndrome (DS) in APL assumes a distinct identity separate from the formerly known ATRA syndrome, with distinct temporal patterns, diagnostic parameters, and clinical behavior. We retrospectively evaluated single-center data of years 2013–2022. Patients with newly diagnosed APL were categorized into three groups (16 patients in ATRA/ATO standard-risk group, 3 patients in ATRA/chemotherapy standard-risk group, and 5 patients in ATRA/chemotherapy high-risk group). Our aim was to analyze leukocytosis, signs of DS, and hepatic impairment within the first 25 days of treatment. The incidence of DS in the ATRA/ATO SR group was 43.8 %, with a median of 4 days and 2 days from ATRA and ATO initiation, respectively. This group also exhibited higher peak levels of leukocytosis 34.5 (6.0–113.4) x109/L (p = 0.0809). ALT elevation was more prevalent in the ATRA/ATO SR group (93.75 %), with 68.75 % grade 3–4 elevations (p = 0.0094). Importantly, all patients in this group had ALT levels that returned to normal during the subsequent consolidations. These findings suggest hepatopathy as a potential manifestation of ATRA/ATO induced leukocyte differentiation and/or DS. Diverse differentiation patterns were identified within the ATRA/ATO group, classifying patients into three distinct subgroups based on the concurrent dynamics of leukocytes and ALT levels, illustrating simultaneous, sequential, and divergent elevation patterns. These emphasize the different distribution of differentiation (organs vs. peripheral blood). We introduced real-world data and advocated for reevaluation of the current DS definition and associated diagnostic thresholds. Our study, conducted in a small country with a limited number of APL patients, acknowledges the inherent constraints in sample size. Further investigations with larger patient cohorts are warranted to validate and reinforce the outcomes observed in our study.

A Treatment for Rice Straw and Its Use for Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) Feeding: Effect on Insect Performance and Diet Digestibility.

The development of reuse processes for plant by-products for both animal and human food offers numerous possibilities for quality-of-life improvements that align with a circular economy model. For this reason, we divided this study into two experiments. First, we designed a combined treatment consisting of laccase, ultrasound, and ascorbic acid to hydrolyze rice straw plant fibers and used the resulting feed as the basis for T. molitor diets. Second, we formulated diets with different inclusion levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of rice straw and treated rice straw to assess their impact on larvae growth and diet digestibility. For each treatment, six replicates were employed: four for the growth-performance-digestibility trial and two for complementary uric acid determination tests. The combined laccase enzyme, ultrasound, and ascorbic acid treatment hydrolyzed 13.2% of the vegetable fibers. The diets containing treated rice straw resulted in higher larvae weight and a better feed conversion ratio; however, reaching 100% by-product inclusion values led to similar results between both diets. In conclusion, these treatments improve the potential of low-nutritional-value vegetable by-products as part of a T. molitor diet, opening the possibility of new methodologies for the use of recalcitrant vegetable by-products for insect rearing.

A new strategy to simultaneously optimize Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS polymer via L-ascorbic acid

PEDOT:PSS flexible thermoelectric materials are promising for future wearable continuous power support, but it remains challenging due to low power factor. Herein, we propose a “one-stone-two-birds” strategy using L-ascorbic acid as the reductant in synthesis of tellurium nanorods and separating agent in in-situ removing PSS chains. L-ascorbic acid reduces Te4+ to Te, supplying inorganic thermoelectric materials with high Seebeck coefficient as fillers to significantly increase the Seebeck coefficient value of PEDOT:PSS. Meanwhile, L-ascorbic acid separates PSS chains from PEDOT chains, resulting in the increase of electrical conductivity at room temperature by ∼360 % due to structure transformation from benzoid structure to the quinoid structure in PEDOT. As a result, the power factor of optimal PEDOT:PSS with Te fillers and L-ascorbic acid treatment is improved significantly by ∼100 times as compared to that of pristine PEDOT:PSS. Finally, a prototype wearable thermoelectric generator was assembled by 18 legs of Te/PEDOT:PSS composites, which demonstrates a high power density of 2.3 μW·cm−2 with good mechanical stability, flexibility and durability. The present study offers a new strategy for rational design of high-performance flexible thermoelectric materials from PEDOT:PSS.

Unresolved alterations in bile acid composition and dyslipidemia in maternal and cord blood after ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

This study uncovers that despite ursodeoxycholic acid treatment, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is associated with increases in the ratio of cholic acid to chenodeoxycholic acid in both maternal and cord blood, suggesting ongoing dysregulation of bile acid metabolism. The high cholic to chenodeoxycholic acid ratio is correlated with maternal dyslipidemia and high cord blood lipids. These findings may inform more targeted approaches to managing ICP.

Influence of inherent mineral matrix on the geochemical reactions and pore structure evolution from shale oxidative dissolution

Oxidant stimulation presents a promising avenue for enhancing fluid mobility in shale reservoirs with ultra-low permeability and porosity. However, the effect of diverse minerals, major components of shale, on geochemical reactions and associated microstructures still warrants further exploration. In this study, we employed acid demineralization followed by oxidant stimulation to explore the impact of carbonate and silicate minerals on shale oxidative dissolution, considering both geochemical reactions and pore structures. Combined with artificial neural network (ANN) modeling, the dominance of shale composition on pore structures variation was further elucidated. Results demonstrated effective removal of carbonate and silicates minerals following treatment with HCl and HF acids. Interestingly, while silicate minerals exhibited greater mass loss in response to all oxidant stimulations, carbonate minerals only contributed to mass loss induced by Na2S2O8. Integration of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, water chemistry and total organic content analysis revealed mineral- and oxidant-dependent geochemical reactions within the stimulation process. These included preferential dissolution of K-feldspar, dedolomitization accompanied by different precipitates, and transformation from quartz to albite, among other conventional reactions. The alteration in mineral and organic matter composition also induced variation in shale nanopores structures, resulting in increased specific surface area, nanopore volume, and average pore diameter induced by acid treatment, while the effects of oxidants varied. To better understand the relationship between shale composition and micropore structure, an ANN model was established to quantify this underlying connection, emphasizing the significant role of carbonate, chlorite, pyrite, and organic matter in shale oxidative dissolution. Our study provides further evidence for the influence of minerals on shale oxidative dissolution, offering insights for the engineering application of oxidant stimulation in shale gas extraction.

Jasmonic acid priming and foliar application of spermidine up-regulates the tolerance mechanisms to alleviate the damaging effects of cadmium stress on growth and photosynthesis in wheat

The study examined the effects of jasmonic acid (100 nmol, JA) priming and foliar application of spermidine (1 mM, Spd), both individually and combined, on mitigating cadmium (100 µM, Cd) stress-induced oxidative damage in wheat. Cadmium stress reduced plant height and dry mass, but JA priming and/or Spd treatment increased resistance. Cd stress significantly decreased carotenoids, total chlorophylls, glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA), and δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), but JA and Spd treatments counteracted these reductions. Photosynthetic parameters improved under JA and Spd treatments, with combined treatment showing greater alleviation. Cd exposure increased lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, and superoxide, but these oxidative stress indicators were significantly reduced after JA and Spd treatment. Antioxidant enzyme activity was upregulated by JA priming and Spd application, both under unstressed and Cd-stressed conditions. JA and/or Spd treatments also increased ascorbic acid, lowered glutathione concentration, and upregulated glyoxylase activity, reducing methylglyoxal accumulation. Additionally, secondary compounds (phenols and flavonoids) and osmolytes (proline and glycine betaine) levels improved. Proline oxidase activity decreased, indicating controlled proline buildup, while γ-glutamyl kinase activity increased. JA and/or Spd treatments significantly reduced Cd accumulation in seedlings. The study concluded that JA and Spd treatments enhance the plant's defensive mechanisms against oxidative stress by boosting antioxidant enzymes and secondary metabolism.

Fabrication of high-performance pervaporation desalination composite membranes with study of its acid-base stability

In the process of industrial production will produce a lot of acid and alkaline waste liquid, how to effectively treat acid and alkali waste liquid is an important topic at present. At present, there are some problems about the treatment of acid and alkali waste liquid, such as large investment, complicated process and low efficiency. Pervaporation has the characteristics of mild operating conditions and no influence of osmotic pressure threshold, so it has great application potential in the concentration, reuse and reduction of acid and alkali waste liquid. However, at present, conventional pervaporation dense membrane materials cannot maintain long-term stability in strong acid and alkali environment, in order to achieve this performance, we use perfluorosulfonic acid resin with good acid and alkali resistance as the dense layer substrate. PFSA/PTFE/PP composite membrane was prepared by spraying process, and the final prepared composite membrane had a pure water flux of 45 ± 1.2 kg/(m2∙h) at 70 ℃. The acid and alkali resistance of the intrinsic membrane and the composite membrane was evaluated, and it was found that the feed liquid was concentrated to 20 wt% after 19 h long concentration operation at 70℃ and starting liquid was 5 wt% H2SO4 and 5 wt% NaOH. The retention rate of acid and alkali can be maintained above 99.9 %. During the concentration of H2SO4 solution, the dense layer structure is affected, and the pure water flux of the composite membrane is reduced, eventually maintaining around 32 kg/(m2∙h). In the process of concentrating NaOH solution, the pure water flux of the composite membrane increased first and then decreased, and the final pure water flux of the membrane remained near 40 kg/(m2∙h).

Exploring Novel GSK-3β Inhibitors for Anti-Neuroinflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects: Synthesis, Crystallography, Computational Analysis, and Biological Evaluation.

In the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, the overexpression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) stands out due to its multifaced nature, as it contributes to the promotion of amyloid β and tau protein accumulation, as well as neuroinflammatory processes. Therefore, in the present study, we have designed, synthesized, and evaluated a new series of GSK-3β inhibitors based on the N-(pyridin-2-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide scaffold. We identified compound 36, demonstrating an IC50 of 70 nM against GSK-3β. Subsequently, through crystallography studies and quantum mechanical analysis, we elucidated its binding mode and identified the structural features crucial for interactions with the active site of GSK-3β, thereby understanding its inhibitory potency. Compound 36 was effective in the cellular model of hyperphosphorylated tau-induced neurodegeneration, where it restored cell viability after okadaic acid treatment and showed anti-inflammatory activity in the LPS model, significantly reducing NO, IL-6, and TNF-α release. In ADME-tox in vitro studies, we confirmed the beneficial profile of 36, including high permeability in PAMPA (Pe equals 9.4) and high metabolic stability in HLMs as well as lack of significant interactions with isoforms of the CYP enzymes and lack of considerable cytotoxicity on selected cell lines (IC50 > 100 μM on HT-22 cells and 89.3 μM on BV-2 cells). Based on promising pharmacological activities and favorable ADME-tox properties, compound 36 may be considered a promising candidate for in vivo research as well as constitute a reliable starting point for further studies.

Conditional deletion of CEACAM1 in hepatic stellate cells causes their activation

ObjectivesHepatic CEACAM1 expression declines with advanced hepatic fibrosis stage in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Global and hepatocyte-specific deletions of Ceacam1 impair insulin clearance to cause hepatic insulin resistance and steatosis. They also cause hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, a condition characterized by excessive collagen production from activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Given the positive effect of PPARγ on CEACAM1 transcription and on HSCs quiescence, the current studies investigated whether CEACAM1 loss from HSCs causes their activation. MethodsWe examined whether lentiviral shRNA-mediated CEACAM1 donwregulation (KD-LX2) activates cultured human LX2 stellate cells. We also generated LratCre + Cc1fl/fl mutants with conditional Ceacam1 deletion in HSCs and characterized their MASH phenotype. Media transfer experiments were employed to examine whether media from mutant human and murine HSCs activate their wild-type counterparts. ResultsLratCre + Cc1fl/fl mutants displayed hepatic inflammation and fibrosis but without insulin resistance or hepatic steatosis. Their HSCs, like KD-LX2 cells, underwent myofibroblastic transformation and their media activated wild-type HSCs. This was inhibited by nicotinic acid treatment which blunted the release of IL-6 and fatty acids, both of which activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. Gefitinib inhibition of EGFR and its downstream NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3 inflammatory and MAPK-proliferation pathways also blunted HSCs activation in the absence of CEACAM1. ConclusionsLoss of CEACAM1 in HSCs provoked their myofibroblastic transformation in the absence of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. This response is mediated by autocrine HSCs activation of the EGFR pathway that amplifies inflammation and proliferation.

Efecto de bioestimulantes sobre la calidad del fruto de manzana Golden Glory en Chihuahua, México

The cultivation of apple (Malus domestica (Borkh.) Borkh.) holds significant global importance due to their flavor and nutritional value. In Mexico, Chihuahua leads in production, yet the response of the Golden Glory variety to biostimulants remains unstudied. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of biostimulants on fruit quality in Golden Glory apple. Conducted in Namiquipa, Chihuahua, during the 2023 season, the study employed randomized experimental design with treatments (amino acids, algae, fulvic acids, and a control) spraying weekly from flowering to near harvest. Fruit characteristics were evaluated 90 days post-initial treatment. Amino acids significantly improve fruit weight (27.98 %), diameters (8.41 % polar and 9.28 % equatorial), color (178.8 %), and total soluble solids (TSS;5.72 %), while reducing malic acid content and enhancing TSS/AT ratio by 23.21 %, with no impact firmness. Fruit quality met marketing standards. Seaweed and fulvic acids treatment showed no significant improvement parameters. These results underscore amino acids ‘efficacy in enhancing 'Golden Glory' apples quality. Keywords: amino acids, seaweed, fulvic acids, Malus domestica Borkh

Physiological-Biochemical Characteristics and a Transcriptomic Profiling Analysis Reveal the Postharvest Wound Healing Mechanisms of Sweet Potatoes under Ascorbic Acid Treatment.

Sweet potatoes are extremely vulnerable to mechanical wounds during harvesting and postharvest handling. It is highly necessary to take measures to accelerate wound healing. The effect of 20 g L-1 of ascorbic acid (AA) treatment on the wound healing of sweet potatoes and its mechanisms were studied. The results validated that AA treatment significantly reduced the weight loss rate and disease index. AA treatment effectively enhanced the formation speed of lignin and SPP at the wound sites, decreased the MDA content, and maintained the cell membrane integrity. AA enhanced the activities of PAL, C4H, 4CL, CAD, and POD and increased the contents of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, p-coumaryl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and lignin. Based on a transcriptomic analysis, a total of 1200 genes were differentially expressed at the sweet potato wound sites by the AA treatment, among which 700 genes were upregulated and 500 genes were downregulated. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; phenylpropanoid biosynthesis; and other wound healing-related pathways. As verified by a qRT-PCR, the AA treatment significantly upregulated the gene expression levels of IbSKDH, IbADT/PDT, IbPAL, and Ib4CL at the wound sties.

A literature review of allergen properties in fish collagen and its derivative products

Fish are generally categorized as allergens that cause reactions mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE). Fish collagen is one of the causes of allergic reactions, ranging from mild symptoms such as nausea and itching to severe symptoms such as anaphylaxis across all ages. Previous research has not specifically or comprehensively explained the characteristics of fish collagen and its derivatives as allergens. This study aims to address this gap by explaining the properties, contributing factors, and potential hazards of fish collagen and its derivatives as allergens. This research employed a literature review summarizing several main studies to produce comprehensive findings. The structure of collagen, contaminant allergens, and fish type can affect the allergenicity of fish collagen. Processing methods, such as heating, acid or enzyme treatment, and washing, can determine allergenicity. The structure of fish collagen can change upon heating, but its allergenicity cannot be reduced. Fish collagen is also known to have good resistance to enzymes; therefore, it can easily bind to immune cells. Another factor was age, in which adults had a greater frequency of IgE binding to fish collagen than did children and adolescents. They were included as potential allergens based on research results and existing data regarding allergy cases and their potential hazards. Therefore, there is a need for further research on allergies to fish collagen and its derivatives, especially in countries that do not require the inclusion of allergens where food safety matters.

Melatonin prevents bone loss in osteoporotic rats with valproic acid treatment by anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress

Melatonin (MEL) has shown positive effects in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress research. This study investigates whether MEL can positively impact bone loss induced by valproic acid (VPA) in rats. The study examines changes in MC3T3-E1 cell viability and osteogenic potential, along with osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells in the presence of VPA using CCK-8, ALP staining, AR staining, and TRAP staining. In vitro experiments reveal that VPA-induced inhibition of osteogenic differentiation and promotion of osteoclastic differentiation are linked to increased inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, MEL has demonstrated the ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, boost osteogenic differentiation, and inhibit osteoclast differentiation. Animal experiments confirm that MEL significantly increases SOD2 expression and decreases TNF-α expression, leading to the restoration of impaired bone metabolism, enhanced bone strength, and higher bone mineral density. The combined experimental results strongly suggest that MEL can enhance osteogenic activity in the presence of VPA by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, impeding osteoclast differentiation, and alleviating bone loss in VPA-treated rat models.