Addition Of Acid Research Articles

Mechanism of the G/M ratio and zein in enhancing the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of sodium alginate films

This study developed an edible film based on calcium-crosslinked sodium alginate (SA) using the casting method. The investigation assessed how the α-L-guluronic acid/β-D-mannuronic acid (G/M ratio) and zein addition influence the film's physicochemical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy findings suggest that the G/M ratio modulates the film's physicochemical characteristics by altering SA molecular cross-linking strength and the film's network structure density. At a G/M ratio of 0.85, the film exhibits a more uniform network structure, enhanced moisture resistance, hydrophobicity, and mechanical properties. Zein, evenly dispersed within the film matrix, establishes strong hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions with SA, enhancing the film's network structure and boosting its thermophysical, mechanical, and moisture resistance characteristics. The study demonstrates that modifying the G/M ratio and incorporating zein enhances the film's mechanical and hydrophobic properties, broadening its potential applications in food packaging.

Oleanolic acid improves antioxidant capacity and the abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the intestine of broilers

This study investigated the effect of dietary oleanolic acid (OA) addition on broiler intestinal morphology, intestinal antioxidant capacity, changes in cecum microbiota, and the relationship between microbiota and antioxidant capacity. A total of 288 Arbor Acres broilers at 1-day-old broilers were reared, and they were randomly divided into four groups. The control and experimental groups were fed the basal diet and the basal diet supplemented with 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg OA for a total of 42 d respectively. The results showed that OA does not affect the performance of broiler chickens. The OA supplementation increased the ratio between jejunum villus height and crypt depth (P < 0.05). The expression of antioxidant enzymes (GSH-PX and CAT) and antioxidant-related genes (HO-1, NQO1, Nrf2, and CAT) was significantly increased in the jejunum and cecum (P < 0.05). In addition, jejunal T-AOC activity (P < 0.05) and cecum antioxidant-related gene GPX-1 expression (P < 0.01) were significantly increased. The expression of oxidation-related genes (NOX and ROMO1) was significantly down-regulated in both jejunum and cecum (P < 0.05). The addition of 150 mg/kg of OA increased the relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was significantly and positively correlated with the expression levels of antioxidant-related genes. In conclusion, the addition of OA to the diet may improve the intestinal antioxidant capacity and modulate the intestinal microbiota of broilers. Moreover, OA improved intestinal antioxidant capacity by increasing the relative abundance of F. prausnitzii.

Effect of Humic acid and levels of Zinc and Boron on Chemical Behavior of Zinc in Calcareous Soil

There are global concerns about the significant increase in the concentrations of heavy elements due to the increase in agricultural, urban and industrial activities, which poses a threat to the natural environment and humans. This study focused on studying the addition of humic acid and different levels of zinc on the presence of zinc in the soil in its different forms and its readiness for the plant to find the best concentration and with the presence or absence of humic acid. This study was carried out on the sunflower crop, as zinc was added at levels of (0, 15 and 30) kg h-1 and humic acid at two concentrations, (0 and 50) kg h-1. Zinc was extracted successively and total and available zinc was measured. The results indicated: Concentration of total and available Zinc associated with carbonate minerals, with oxides, and with organic matter in soil increased with increasing levels of Zinc added to soil, reaching 8.638, 1.049, 1.971, 1.658 and 1.625 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. The effect of added humic acid was significant in reducing the concentrations of total Zinc, Zinc bound to carbonate minerals, bound to oxides and residues. The maximum concentrations in case of not adding acid reached 9.313, 1.8957, 1.424, and 4.300 mg kg-1 soil, respectively, while the effect was positively in increasing available concentration associated with organic matter, as concentration in case of adding humic acid reached 0.851 and 1.4584 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. In the case of adding humic acid, this study is considered good for the results it showed in increasing the available zinc with the presence of humic acid, which is reflected in the plant growth and maintaining this element within the recommended concentrations. We determined Zn speciation in the soil system and evaluated the effects of humic acid application on the basic soil properties and Zn bioavailability.

Simple/commercially‐available Lewis acid in anionic ring‐opening polymerization: powerful compounds with multiple applications in macromolecular engineering

Simple and commercially‐available Lewis acids (LA) are commonly used catalysts in anionic ring‐opening polymerization (AROP) reactions. In particular, for the AROP of epoxides, the addition of a Lewis acid allows the transition from a so‐called end‐chain mechanism to a monomer‐activated mechanism. The presence of the LA simultaneously leads to a decrease in the reactivity of active centers through the formation of a three‐species ate complex and to the activation of the monomer by LA coordination to the oxygen atom of the oxirane ring. These two effects result in both an increase in propagation kinetics and a decrease in transfer reactions, which has enabled the synthesis of high molecular weight polyethers. However, the impact of Lewis acids goes far beyond these classic effects. They have indeed enabled the polymerization of new functional monomers as well as the synthesis of heterotelechelic macromolecules. Also widely used as catalysts in copolymerization reactions (statistical, sequential, or alternating) Lewis acids can strongly influence the composition and sequence of monomer units in macromolecules. Finally, Lewis acids can also significantly influence the architecture of the obtained macromolecules. This review aims to list the various contributions of Lewis acids to macromolecular engineering and illustrate them with well‐chosen examples.

Design and Development of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Tofacitinib Citrate for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Quality by Design Approach.

Solid lipid nanoparticles, or SLNs, have gained popularity recently as a possible drug delivery method. However, the idea of using SLNs for organ and site-specific drug administration is still in its early stages due to the difficulties associated with this approach. The aim of this study is to develop SLNs with improved pharmaceutical characterization and anti-arthritic efficacy. Tofacitinib citrate (TC)-loaded SLNs were created using the microemulsification method, with the addition of stearic acid, chitosan, and Tween 80 to improve skin permeability. Seventeen SLNs were developed and characterized for particle size, entrapment efficiency (EE), and percentage drug release according to the Box-Behnken design. The DSC analysis revealed a strong endothermic peak at 166.18°C, significantly different from the pure TC reported at 218.05°C. This indicates a notable alteration in the endothermic peak of the SLNs, demonstrating a relationship with the excipients used in this investigation. XRD study highlighted significant characteristic drug peaks at positions 21.06 and 23.63 (2ɵ). These peaks represented the modifications that were seen in pure TC. The SEM analysis of the optimized lipid nanoparticles showed a smooth surface and a spherical appearance. The particle size analysis of the optimized formulation showed an average size of 181.5 nm. Also, the polydispersity index (PI) revealed a value of 0.495, indicating homogeneous dispersion. The zeta value was 8.2 mV, indicating stability.

Recyclable Pd(OAc)2/2P(3-tol)3/PEG-400 System for Regio- and Stereoselective Addition of Boronic Acids to Ynamides

AbstractPd(OAc)2/2P(3-tol)3 in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-400) is shown to be a highly efficient catalyst for the regio- and stereoselective addition of boronic acids to ynamides. The reaction proceeds smoothly at 70 °C with Na2CO3 as base, delivering a variety of (Z)-α,β-disubstituted enamides in good to excellent yields with high regio- and stereoselectivity. The isolation of the crude products can be facilely performed by extraction with diethyl ether and more importantly, the Pd(OAc)2/2P(3-tol)3/PEG-400 system could be readily recycled and reused more than six times without any significant loss of its catalytic efficiency.

Control of Thermochemical Transformations of Components of Coal-Based Binders

The possibility of considering coal pitch as a material suitable for research modeling the processes of thermochemical transformations of the plastic mass of coal carbonization and their interaction with the solid carbon phase is analyzed. The possibilities of controlling the properties of coal pitch and blast furnace coke during its production with the help of aprotic acid additives in the presence of a co-catalyst are shown.

Assessment of the Suitability of Flour Obtained from Mountain Rye Grain Milling and the Method of Dough Fermentation for the Production of Rye Bread.

Currently, there is an increase in consumer interest in food produced from raw materials from organic farming, which has an impact on the greater attention paid to the possibility of increasing the cultivation of old cereal species. One of the cereals that is suitable for these trends is mountain rye, which is a premise for undertaking research on the usefulness of this cereal grain in food production. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare the baking value of flour with different milling yields obtained from milling mountain rye grain. The research material consisted of rye grain (Secale montanum Guss.), which was milled, and 6 different rye flours were obtained. The flour was tested for selected quality parameters such as moisture, crude protein content, total ash content, and acidity. Doughs were prepared and fermented using a single-phase method carried out in two different variants, with or without the addition of lactic acid. The obtained rye breads were quality assessed and subjected to organoleptic and consumer evaluations. The use of the fermentation method with dough acidification with lactic acid allowed us to obtain breads with a better specific volume and acidity compared to those obtained from dough without acidification. Breads baked from dough prepared using the method of non-acidification with lactic acid had better porosity of the crumb. In the quality classification, breads made from low-extract flour turned out to be the best, and breads baked from dough made using the non-lactic acid acidification method were more generally accepted by panelists. As confirmed by research, mountain rye grain is a raw material for the production of flour with good baking value, which depends on the preparation of the grain and milling method. The quality of rye bread made from mountain rye flour depends on the flour yield, the baking value of the flour, and the method used for dough fermentation for bread baking.

Simultaneous Photocatalytic Production of H2 and Acetal from Ethanol with Quantum Efficiency over 73% by Protonated Poly(heptazine imide) under Visible Light.

In this work, protonated poly(heptazine imide) (H-PHI) was obtained by adding acid to the suspension of potassium PHI (K-PHI) in ethanol. It was established that the obtained H-PHI demonstrates very high photocatalytic activity in the reaction of hydrogen formation from ethanol in the presence of Pt nanoparticles under visible light irradiation in comparison with K-PHI. This enhancement can be attributed to improved efficiency of photogenerated charge transfer to the photocatalyst's surface, where redox processes occur. Various factors influencing the system's activity were evaluated. Notably, it was discovered that the conditions of acid introduction into the system can significantly affect the size of Pt (cocatalyst metal) deposition on the H-PHI surface, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic system's stability in producing molecular hydrogen. It was established that the system can operate efficiently in the presence of air without additional components on the photocatalyst surface to block air access. Under optimal conditions, the apparent quantum yield of molecular hydrogen production at 410 nm is around 73%, the highest reported value for carbon nitride materials to date. The addition of acid not only increases the activity of the reduction part of the system but also leads to the formation of a value-added product from ethanol-1,1-diethoxyethane (acetal) with high selectivity.

Lignin-derived compounds assisted with Kocuria marina H-2 and Pseudomonas putida B6-2 co-culture enhanced naphthalene biodegradation

The implementation of environmentally friendly and sustainable remediation strategies positively impacts solid waste management. In this study, the Kocuria marina H-2 and Pseudomonas putida B6-2 co-culture system demonstrated enhanced naphthalene biodegradation efficiency compared to single-strain cultures. Under optimal conditions of 35 °C, 200 rpm/min, and a 1:1 ratio of the co-culture system, the naphthalene biodegradation potential was further increased. Notably, the addition of both ethylenediamine-pretreated lignin and p-hydroxybenzoic acid significantly elevated naphthalene degradation rates to 68.5 %. In addition, the oil-liquid surface tension decreased, while cell surface hydrophobicity and colony-forming units increased with the addition of lignin-derived compounds. The modification of naphthalene bioavailability by ethylenediamine-pretreated lignin would accelerate the uptake and transport of hydrocarbons via ABC transporters and flagellar assembly. Importantly, genes related to bacterial chemotaxis and fatty acid biosynthesis were upregulated during the co-metabolism of naphthalene and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, further enhancing naphthalene bioconversion.

Intramolecular C-H Oxidation in Iron(V)-oxo-carboxylato Species Relevant in the γ-Lactonization of Alkyl Carboxylic Acids.

High-valent oxoiron species have been invoked as oxidizing agents in a variety of iron-dependent oxygenases. Taking inspiration from nature, selected nonheme iron complexes have been developed as catalysts to elicit C-H oxidation through the mediation of putative oxoiron(V) species, akin to those proposed for Rieske oxygenases. The addition of carboxylic acids in these iron-catalyzed C-H oxidations has proved highly beneficial in terms of product yields and selectivities, suggesting the direct involvement of iron(V)-oxo-carboxylato species. When the carboxylic acid functionality is present in the alkane substrate, it acts as a directing group, enabling the selective intramolecular γ-C-H hydroxylation that eventually affords γ-lactones. While this mechanistic frame is solidly supported by previous mechanistic studies, direct spectroscopic detection of the key iron(V)-oxo-carboxylato intermediate and its competence for engaging in the selective γ-C-H oxidation leading to lactonization have not been accomplished. In this work, we generate a series of well-defined iron(V)-oxo-carboxylato species (2c-2f) differing in the nature of the bound carboxylate ligand. Species 2c-2f are characterized by a set of spectroscopic techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, cold-spray ionization mass spectrometry (CSI-MS), and, in selected cases, EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopies. We demonstrate that 2c-2f undergo site-selective γ-lactonization of the carboxylate ligand in a stereoretentive manner, thus unequivocally identifying metal-oxo-carboxylato species as the powerful yet selective C-H cleaving species in catalytic γ-lactonization reactions of carboxylic acids. Reactivity experiments confirm that the intramolecular formation of γ-lactones is in competition with the intermolecular oxidation of external alkanes and olefins. Finally, mechanistic studies, together with DFT calculations, support a mechanism involving a site-selective C-H cleavage in the γ-position of the carboxylate ligand by the oxo moiety, followed by a fast carboxylate rebound, eventually leading to the selective formation of γ-lactones.

From Simple Probe to Smart Composites: Water-Soluble Pincer Complex With Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Luminescent Behaviors.

Water-soluble smart materials with multi-stimuli-responsiveness and ultra-long room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have garnered broad attention. Herein, a water-soluble terpyridine zinc complex (MeO-Tpy-Zn-OAc), featuring a simple donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) structure is presented, which responds to a variety of stimuli, including changes in solvents, pH, temperature, and the addition of amino acids. Notably, MeO-Tpy-Zn-OAc functions as a fluorescence probe, capable of visually and selectively discriminating aspartate or histidine among other common amino acids in water. Additionally, when incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to form the composite MeO-Tpy-Zn-OAc@PVA, the material exhibits reversible writing, photochromism, and a prolonged RTP with a 14 s afterglow. These unique properties enable the composite to be utilized in potential applications such as secure data encryption and inkless printing.

Indicators of functional state of liver, blood lipid spectrum in patients with steatotic liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction: modern approaches to complex treatment. Review

Objective — to study the dynamics of indicators of the functional state of the liver, the lipid spectrum of the blood, to evaluate the cardiovascular risk according to SCORE‑2 (Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation 2) scale under the influence of complex pathogenetic treatment of the detected disorders in patients with steatotic liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction (SLDMD) in combination with obesity. Materials and methods. 46 outpatients with a diagnosis SLDMD were examined: 29 (63.1%) men and 17 (36.9%) women aged 32—55 years. The patients were divided into two groups. The main group included 19 (41.3%) persons who received atorvastatin: 20 mg/day for 90 days. The comparison group consisted of 27 (58.7%) patients who were prescribed ursodeoxycholic acid preparations in combination with atorvastatin: 250 mg (15 mg/kg of body weight) for 90 days. The control group consisted of 12 healthy persons of the appropriate age. The anthropometric criterion of obesity was the Quetelet index. Phenotypic variant of obesity was determined by the ratio of waist circumference/hip circumference (WC/HC). Among the patients of the main group, there were 9 (47.4%) persons with I degree of obesity ((32.6±2.2) kg/m2), 6 (31.5%) persons with II degree ( 35.8±3.6 kg/m2), and 4 (21.1%) persons with III degree (40.0±2.1kg/m2), in the comparison group there were 17 (62.9%), 6 (22.3%) and 4 (14.8%) patients, respectively. All patients received a differentiated diet with the calculation of the energy value, the quota of protein (1.4—1.6 g), fat (1.2—1.4 g), carbohydrates (2—3 g) per 1 kg of ideal body weight and dosed physical activity. For assessing the indicators of the functional state of the disease we determined: the level of general bilirubin and its fractions (direct and indirect), activity of serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol content in the blood serum, high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol, very‑low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides. Results. In the majority of patients with SLDMD, a statistically significant (p &lt;0.05) increase in the level of direct bilirubin in the blood, the activity of hepatic transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and changes in the lipid spectrum of the blood were detected. According to the body mass index (BMI) most of the examined patients had visceral obesity. After the course of the combined therapy positive dynamics was marked in biochemical indices of the blood (p &lt;0.05): decrease of the direct bilirubin level, hepatic transaminases, blood phosphatase. The lipid spectrum of the blood was close to normal (p &lt;0.05). The addition of ursodeoxycholic acid to statin therapy contributes to a statistically significant reduction in total cardiovascular risk according to the SCORE 2 scale compared with atorvastatin monotherapy. All patients were recommended to continue the course of treatment (combination of atorvastatin and ursodeoxycholic acid) for 2 to 3 months. Conclusions. The use of a combination of statin and ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of patients with SLDMD and obesity helps to normalise the functional state of the liver and blood lipid parameters, reduce the degree of overall cardiovascular risk, and achieve clinical and biochemical remission of the pathological process in the liver.

A low-swelling alginate hydrogel with antibacterial hemostatic and radical scavenging properties for open wound healing

Development of a low-cost and biocompatible hydrogel dressing with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and low swelling properties is important for accelerating wound healing. Here, a multifunctional alginate hydrogel dressing was fabricated using the D-(+)-gluconic acidδ-lactone/CaCO3system. The addition of hyaluronic acid and tannic acid (TA) provides the alginate hydrogel with anti-reactive oxygen species (ROS), hemostatic, and pro-wound healing properties. Notably, soaking the alginate hydrogel in a poly-ϵ-lysine (EPL) aqueous solution enables the alginate hydrogel to be di-crosslinked with EPL through electrostatic interactions, forming a dense network resembling 'armor' on the surface. This simple one-step soaking strategy provides the alginate hydrogel with antibacterial and anti-swelling properties. Swelling tests demonstrated that the cross-sectional area of the fully swollen multifunctional alginate hydrogel was only 1.3 times its initial size, thus preventing excessive wound expansion caused by excessive swelling. After 5 h ofin vitrorelease, only 7% of TA was cumulatively released, indicating a distinctly slow-release behavior. Furthermore, as evidenced by the removal of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals, this integrated alginate hydrogel systems demonstrate a notable capacity to eliminate ROS. Full-thickness skin wound repair experiment and histological analysis of the healing site in mice demonstrate that the developed multifunctional alginate hydrogels have a prominent effect on extracellular matrix formation and promotion of wound closure. Overall, this study introduces a cost-effective and convenient multifunctional hydrogel dressing with high potential for clinical application in treating open wounds.

Li/Na/K carbonate solar salts for enhanced and integrated carbon capture and utilization via reverse water gas shift (ICCU-RWGS)

This study introduces a novel ICCU-RWGS process using Li, Na, and K carbonates mixed with boric acid as dual functional materials, enhancing CO2 capture and conversion without traditional CaO adsorbents. These molten salts, compatible with solar energy systems, enable efficient integration with CSP, storing heat from CO2 capture for utilization. The addition of boric acid significantly boosts CO2 uptake and conversion, achieving 2.0 mmol, 1.1 mmol, and 1.3 mmol CO2 uptake with conversion of 51.1 %, 58.3 %, and 57.6 % over three cycles, respectively. A 10-cycle test confirmed stable performance, with conversion rates between 53.0 % and 58.7 %. Characterization techniques (XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, in-situ DRIFTS) revealed new borate phases after CO2 capture. TG-DSC analysis showed exothermic peaks during CO2 capture and RWGS stages, indicating that molten salt has the potential to generate heat for CSP systems, thus offering efficient CO2 conversion and sustainable energy recovery.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of High‐Entropy Spinel‐Type Oxides Derived from Multimetallic Polymeric Precursors

High‐entropy spinel‐type oxides are synthesized by a modified Pechini process, wet chemistry approach, and solid‐state synthesis method and characterized as anode materials for Li‐ion batteries. The Pechini process that involves chelation and polyesterification reactions facilitates the formation of high‐entropy spinel‐type oxides without compositional segregation at ≈600 °C as confirmed by in situ and ex situ XRD. XAFS analysis and the Rietveld refinement of room‐temperature neutron diffraction data suggest the composition (Mn0.05Fe0.48Co0.47, tetrahedral)(Cr0.61Mn0.52Fe0.11Co0.09Ni0.68, octahedral)O4 for phase‐pure specimens. Compared to high‐entropy spinel‐type oxides synthesized by the solid‐state method, the precursor‐derived materials demonstrate higher specific capacity as anodes, in which the materials without citric acid addition exhibit low capacity fading at high current densities and maintained a capacity of ≈200 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles. The generation of a rock‐salt‐type phase during cycling is confirmed for the first time by in situ charging–discharging XRD. The charging–discharging of this anode material is achieved mainly through the embedding–disembedding of lithium ions in the lattice of the generated rock‐salt‐type phase.

Quaternary Chiral Phthalides Enabled by Dirhodium(II)/Phosphine Catalyzed Asymmetric Carbonyl Addition Cascade.

The catalytic asymmetric synthesis of chiral phthalides has garnered considerable interest. However, the construction of phthalides with a chiral quaternary carbon stereocenter still remains challenging. In this study, we developed a new strategy toward catalytic asymmetric synthesis of chiral 3,3-disubstituted phthalides via a dirhodium(II)/phosphine-catalyzed carbonyl addition cascade, yielding phthalides with up to 97% ee values. The reaction proceeded through dirhodium(II)/phosphine-catalyzed asymmetric carbonyl addition of arylboronic acids to isoquinoline-1,3,4(2H)-triones, followed by base-mediated ring contraction.

Mapping of oxidative modifications on the alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase complex induced by singlet oxygen: Effects on structure and activity

The large multi-subunit mitochondrial alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH) complex plays a key, rate-determining, role in the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle, catalyzing the conversion of alpha-keto glutarate to succinyl-CoA. This complex is both a source and target of oxidants, but the sites of modification and association with structural changes and activity loss are poorly understood. We report here oxidative modifications induced by Rose Bengal (RB) in the presence of O2, a source of singlet oxygen (1O2). A rapid loss of activity was detected, with this being dependent on light exposure, illumination time, and the presence of RB and O2. Activity loss was enhanced by D2O (consistent with 1O2 involvement), but diminished by both pre- and (to a lesser extent) post-illumination addition of lipoic acid and lipoamide. Aggregates containing all three KGDH subunits were detected on photooxidation. LC-MS experiments provided evidence for oxidation at 45 sites, including specific Met, His, Trp, Tyr residues and the lipoyllysine active-site cofactor. Products include mono- and di-oxygenated species, and kynurenine from Trp. Mapping of the modifications to the 3-D structure showed that these are localized to both the inner channel and the external surface, consistent with reactions of free 1O2, however the sites and extent of modification do not correlate with their solvent accessibility. These products are generated concurrently with loss of activity, indicative of strong links between these events. These data provide evidence for the impairment of KGDH activity by 1O2 via the oxidation of specific residues on the protein subunits of the complex.

Synthesis of Self‐Adhesive, Self‐Healing and Antifreeze Conductive Hydrogels for Flexible Strain sensors

Abstract Recently, significant progress has been made regarding conductive hydrogels‐based flexible sensors in health detection, electronic skin, soft robots, etc. However, the requirement of bonding with the substrate through the adhesive tape, brokenness sensitivity, and degradation of performance under low‐temperature environments, strongly limit the wide applications of conductive hydrogels in flexible sensors. To solve these problems, this study introduces lithium chloride (LiCl) into poly(vinyl alcohol)/tannic acid/polyacrylamide (PVA/TA/PAM) hydrogels to endow the hydrogels with excellent conductivity and antifreeze properties. In addition, the addition of tannic acid (TA) and zwitterionic 3‐[Dimethyl‐[2‐(2‐methylprop‐2‐enoyloxy)ethyl]azaniumyl]propane‐1‐sulfonate (SBMA) enables the hydrogel to have good self‐healing performance (after 72 h of healing at 20 °C, the healing efficiency of fracture stress is 24%, and the healing efficiency of fracture strain is 52%) and adhesion (the adhesion strength to paper at 20 °C is 14.12 KPa). The sensors based on PVA/TA/PAM composite hydrogels exhibit good sensibility, stability, and durability, and can respond quickly to human joint activities (finger bending, wrist bending, arm bending, and leg bending). Therefore, the multifunctional PVA/TA/PAM composite hydrogel demonstrates significant potential for applications in flexible strain sensors under extreme environments.

Chemical characteristics of grass silage with the use of acidifier after opening the bag

The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical characteristics of Miyagi grass silage (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Miyagi), with the addition of moisture sequestrants (ground corn grain - GCG, and dried distillers grain with solubles and high fiber, DDGS), and addition of inoculant (SiloSolveMC) and/or acid (Mold-Nil Liquid). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3x3 factorial arrangement, with five replications: factor 01, the use of moisture scavengers (without additive, with the addition of GCG and/or DDGS), and factor 2, the use of bacterial inoculant (SiloSolveMC) and/or acid (Mold-Nil Liquid). For the chemical evaluation of the silage, the percentage of dry matter (DM), the insoluble fiber in neutral detergent (NDF), mineral matter contents (MM), and crude protein (CP). There were no interactions between moisture scavengers, bacterial inoculants, and/or acids. The use of moisture scavengers interfered with DM (P&lt;0.05), observing a value with GCG and DDGS use of 36.18% and 35.46%, respectively, higher than MGS (27,68%). For NDF values using GCG and DDGS, values of 51.39% and 65.47%, respectively, lower (P&lt;0.05) than MGS (70.72%) were observed. The use of microbial inoculant and acid did not alter (P&gt;0.05) the OM values, with an average value of 92%. As for CP, there was no interaction (P&gt;0.05) of moisture scavengers, microbial inoculant, and/or acid. It is recommended to include moisture-sequestering foods associated with MGS to obtain better DM, NDF, and CP values after opening the bag and the use of microbial inoculants and/or acids in the MGS did not influence these characteristics.