Tartrazine Research Articles

Efficient pre-concentration of trace levels of the synthetic food dye in foodstuff samples through an adsorption extraction technique using a novel inorganic–organic nanocomposite

In the present study, a maleic acid-functionalized exfoliated graphite/calcium hydroxide (MA-EG/Ca(OH)2) was constructed and employed as a novel inorganic–organic nanocomposite for an efficient dispersive solid-phase microextraction (DSPME) of trace levels of sunset yellow (SY), a synthetic food dye in foodstuff samples before UV–Vis determination. To identify and characterize of the sorbent, various analytical techniques were utilized, including, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses. The MA-EG/Ca(OH)2 exhibited a specific surface area of 40.35 m2 g−1 and adsorption capacity of 46.72 mg g−1 towards SY. Central composite design (CCD) in conjunction with a response surface methodology (RSM)-based ANOVA analysis was applied for evaluation and optimization of effective factors including pH (X1), sorbent mass (X2), contact time (X3), and elution volume (X4). According to the results, the optimum values were pH: 6.0, sorbent mass: 12 mg, contact time: 12 min, and elution volume: 0.18 µL. Under theses optimized conditions, DSPME/UV–Vis determination demonstrated a linear range of 50–4800 ng mL−1, a limit of detection (LOD) of 12.45 ng mL−1, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 41.49 ng mL−1 (n = 3). The relative standard deviation (RSD) at low concentration level (50–500 ng mL−1) of SY was 4.58 %. Recovery values in different concentration levels were in the range of 96.4–102.9 %. Overall, the proposed method showed the superior features, including ease of synthesizing the sorbent, acceptable LOD and LOQ values, remarkable sensitivity, a wide operational range, good reusability (up to five cycles), environmentally friendly as well as cost-effectiveness, that make it a promising candidate for the analysis of SY in foodstuff samples.

Preparation of amino functionalized magnetic oyster shell powder adsorbent for selective removal of anionic dyes and Pb (II) from wastewater

A kind of new magnetic oyster shell (OS) composite (OS-Fe3O4@SiO2@NH2@PEI) was synthesized and used as an adsorbent to remove carmine (CM), sunset yellow (SY) and Pb (II) from water. Firstly, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were introduced on the surface of waste oyster shell powder, then amino silanization was used to improve the stability of the material, and finally polyethylenimide (PEI) was grafted by Schiff base reaction. The composite was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, EDS, XPS, VSM, BET, TEM and zeta potential. The effects of adsorbent dosage and initial solution pH on the three samples were investigated by adsorption experiments. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were investigated in depth under the best experimental conditions. The composite adsorbent not only selectively removed anionic azo dyes, but also had good recycling. In addition, OS-Fe3O4@SiO2@NH2@PEI still had good performance in mixed samples. These results indicated that OS-Fe3O4@SiO2@NH2@PEI was successfully used for the removal of a wide range of anionic dyes and heavy metal ions from the environment, and provided a new strategy for recycling waste.

A Comparative study on the Removal of different dyes from aqueous medium using Zinc Ferrite Nanocomposite and Rice Husk Adsorbents

This research aimed to develop simple, inexpensive, and ecologically suitable adsorbents for removing dyes through adsorption. Thus, co-precipitation and in-situ polymerization techniques were utilised to produce polyaniline resulting in the synthesis of Zinc Ferrite Polyaniline Nanocomposite (ZF-PANI NC). Also, Rice Husk (RH) was also used as adsorbent. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments were carried out on ZF nanoparticles and ZF-PANI NC. The average grain size of ZF-PANI NC was 13 nm. When compared to RH that had been treated with sodium hydroxide (SHRH), RH seemed more crystalline. However, the crystalline nature of SHRH was slightly enhanced by the adsorptive Reactive Yellow (RY) dye, and the surface of SHRH appears uniform in the SEM images. Rhodamine B (RhB) dye adsorbance’s at known concentrations were measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer and a calibration curve. Percent removal of RhB dye by ZF-PANI NC over time (0–45 min) and in the presence of various adsorbent doses (0.1–0.5 g) revealed that the percentage of dye removal rose when ZF-PANI NC dose was increased. At room temperature (25 °C), RY dye adsorption on RH and SHRH revealed only 65 % in 40 min, whereas SHRH removed 99 %. ZF-PANI NC was suitable as a reliable and affordable adsorbent for dye remediation from aqueous solution. SHRH and RH both performed better in adsorbing RY dye. A pseudo-2nd order kinetic approach with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm provided the best fit for the results. The low value of ΔG° demonstrated the viability of RY adsorption. SHRH and ZF-PANI NC have high adsorption efficiency compared to RH and ZF.

Heat Resistant Organic Dyes for High Temperature Luminescent Temperature Sensing

AbstractCompliant and large‐area high‐temperature gradient sensing is essential for scientific and industrial applications but remains a big challenge. Although organic luminophores have intrinsic advantages of flexibility and solution processability, they generally suffer from significant emission quenching at high temperatures due to thermally facilitated nonradiative decay. Herein, a heat‐resistant blue emitter of C3 based on triarylphosphine oxide has been developed, due to the thermal population of the higher emissive state from its lowest excited state. Based on this, hybridization of C3 with a faster thermally‐deactivated yellow dye of T4AC which exhibits a large Stokes shift enables blocking of energy transfer and independent thermal response of the two respective emitters. Thus, sensitive ratiometric film thermometers for high‐temperature sensing can be constructed. The relative sensitivity (Sr) reaches 1.27%°C−1 at 128 °C and the temperature resolution is < 0.77 °C in a wide sensing range of 20–240°C. Moreover, naked‐eye thermal mapping and multiple anti‐counterfeiting of these ratiometric films have also been demonstrated.

A novel oil palm frond magnetic biochar for the efficient adsorption of crystal violet and sunset yellow dyes from aqueous solution: synthesis, kinetics, isotherm, mechanism and reusability studies

This study presented a facile synthesis route via the precipitation method for the production of magnetic biochar from oil palm frond (OPF). The physicochemical characteristics including surface, functional, and magnetic properties of the synthesized magnetic biochar revealed that the surface morphology, porosity, and magnetic properties enhanced its adsorption capacity for the removal of crystal violet (CV) and sunset yellow (SY) from aqueous solution. The saturation magnetization of OPF biochar was found to be 8.41 emu/g, coercivity (Hc) of 83.106 G, and retentivity (Mr) of 1.475 emu/g which implies that OPF magnetic biochar can be facilely separated from aqueous solution. The result also demonstrated superparamagnetic properties which provided suitable magnetic responsive characteristics to an external magnetic field. The interactive effect of the operational conditions of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, and temperature was investigated in a batch adsorption study using the central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM). It was indicated that an increase in adsorbent dosage to 1.0 g/L at a lower initial concentration (50 ppm) conducted at 20 °C favoured optimum removal of CV and SY at pH 11 and 4, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity (qmax\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$q_{\\max }$$\\end{document}) of 149.03 and 342.47 mg/g was achieved for CV and SY dyes, respectively. The kinetic data proved to be best fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters revealed spontaneous and endothermic reactions. The suitability and sustainability of the magnetic biochar were enhanced by its regeneration potential for effective adsorption of CV and SY after 5 cycles which indicates its outstanding reusability. Hence, OPF magnetic biochar exhibited prospective application for the removal of dyes from wastewater.

FABRICATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED IRON AND ZINC PARTICLES BY DIOSPYROS CHLOROXYLON (ROXB.) LEAF EXTRACT: CHARACTERIZATION, ADSORPTION MODELING AND CARCINOGENIC DYE ADSORPTION APPLICATIONS

Objective: The discharge of these synthetic food dyes, such as sunset yellow and tartrazine, into industrial wastewater can lead to significant environmental and health issues. Its removal through effective adsorption presents an economical and efficient solution. Hence this study proposed to fabricate metal nanoparticles for the adsorption of carcinogenic dyes. Methods: The fabrication of iron and zinc nanoparticles employed the green synthesis methodology, utilizing an aqueous extract of Diospyros chloroxylon (Roxb.) as a reducing agent. The fabricated nanoparticles were characterized using TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), EDX (Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), and UV-Visible Spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were studied for its efficiency for the adsorption of carcinogenic dyes such as tartrazine and Sunset Yellow. Results: The iron nanoparticles were noticed to be uniformly distributed rod-shaped particles having smooth surfaces with 23-51 nm size range and an average particle size of 34 nm. Whereas the iron nanoparticles were noticed to be uniformly distributed spherical to oval shape with 35 nm to 68 nm size range and an average particle size 53 nm. The XRD results confirm that the iron nanoparticles were rhombohedral phase structure with 71.91 % of elemental iron whereas the zinc nanoparticles were noticed to be hexagonal Wurtzite phase structure having 69.4 % of metallic zinc. These synthesized nanoparticles were applied for the removal of sunset yellow and tartrazine dyes were investigated and found more than 90 % was removed. Adsorption isotherm study was best fitted with Langmuir model, and the maximal adsorption capacity was found to be 52.18 and 75.04 mg/g for sunset yellow using iron and zinc nanoparticles, whereas tartrazine maximum adsorption capacity was noticed to be 69.96 and 84.24 mg/g for iron and zinc nanoparticles. The adsorption reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with high correlation coefficient. Repeated cycles of regeneration, reuse and stability showed very high removal efficiency and stability. Conclusion: The biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles demonstrates substantial promise for applications in environmental protection.

Potential of green-based microporous carbon for advanced water decontamination from azo dyes: Experiment and molecular dynamic simulation studies

Due to severe limitations in clean water resources, there has been an intensified focus on developing cost-effective, remarkably efficient, and recyclable adsorbents to enhance water quality. In this work, a cost-effective biobased activated carbon (AC) adsorbent was synthesized from date palm bark wastes and applied for the removal of two azo dye pollutants sunset yellow (SY), and tartrazine (TZ) from wastewater. The as-prepared powder of activated carbon was fully characterized using different analytical techniques including XRD, FTIR, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, zeta potential, FESEM, pHPZC and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis. These analyses revealed that the resulting biobased AC exhibited a graphene-like layered structure with a noticeable degree of structural order, decorated with diverse surface functional groups. The highly porous structure also demonstrated significant adsorption capacity for SY, and TZ contaminants, particularly at ambient temperatures. It achieved maximum uptakes of approximately 90 mg/g, and 65 mg/g for SY, and TZ respectively, spanning a wide pH range. Moreover, in-depth studies of the adsorption process, including kinetic and thermodynamic analyses, unveiled a chemical, spontaneous, and endothermic sorption mechanism for both SY, and TZ dyes, following a pseudo-second-order model adsorption behavior on the AC structure. Finally, an accurate adsorption mechanism has been proposed for the adsorption of dyes confirmed by experiments and molecular dynamic simulations.

Simultaneous determination of tartrazine and auramine O using FTIR spectroscopy and partial least square

Nowadays, the use of colouring agents are needed to increase customers’ acceptability of foods. However, the development of food technology averts a big opportunity to use prohibited food colouring agents. Tartrazine (TAR) and Auramine O (AO) are two colouring agents may be used as food colorants. TAR is allowed, while AO is not allowed to be used in food colorants, respectively. For this study, the goal was to validate and apply Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) combined with multivariate calibrations for quantitative analysis of TAR and AO in beverages. An attenuated total reflectance FTIR scan of samples was performed at wavenumbers ranging from 4000-650 cm-1 . Quantitative analysis using FTIR spectroscopy was made by plotting the actual levels of TAR and AO obtained using HPLC and the prediction levels facilitated by partial least square (PLS) from the sample series. Internal cross-validation is performed on the model using the leave-one-out method. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), the root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV), the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), as well as the coefficient of determination (R2 ) become validation criteria. The results exhibited that calibration model was gained using variables of FTIR spectra at wavenumbers of 1730-1264 cm-1 . Correlation coefficients (r) of 0.9437 (TAR) and 0.9381 (FTIR) are present in the calibration model for the correlation of actual and predicted values. The method for analyzing tartrazine and auramine O in powdered beverages was validated using multivariate PLS FTIR calibration spectroscopy. FTIR spectroscopy could be further developed as an alternative technique for analysis of TAR and AO in beverages.

Facile fabrication of Z-scheme ZnO/MoO3 heterojunction as an excellent visible-light responsive photocatalyst for the degradation of rhodamine B and alizarin yellow dyes

xZnO-(1-x) MoO3(x = 0.0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7) nanocomposite materials have been efficiently fabricated by the facile hydrothermal method to enhance the photocatalytic activities for the environmental applications. The fabricated samples were characterized via XRD, SEM, EDX, XPS, UV–Visible spectroscopy, PL and FTIR analysis. The 5% ZnO-M nanocomposite material exhibits reduced band gab energy and superior photocatalytic activity for rhodamine B (RhB) and alizarin yellow (AY) dyes degradation of 94% and 81% within 120 min under visible light irradiance. Our reported study reveals that the 5% ZnO-M photocatalyst is extremely stable and reusable for more than five reaction of cycles. The photocatalytic enactment of the 5% ZnO-M composite was mostly endorsed due to Z-scheme photocatalysts, higher visible light adsorption on the surface morphology, improved charge separation/transfer, and decreased recombination rate. This study may provide new ideas for developing effective, innovative Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts and encouraging their extensive application for the degradation of dyes from wastewater.

Stolen Horses and Scented Garments: Vegetal and Mineral Yellow in Arabic Technical Literature

Mediaeval Arabic technical literature shows a keen interest in yellow dyes, paints, varnishes, inks, and even perfumes. Recipes reveal that yellow was viewed as just one step away from gold, with preparations for these two colours often sharing ingredients and techniques. In the unfolding of procedures and applications to different materials, from skin to textiles, Arabic sources also offer a glimpse into daily life and shared tastes, presenting luxury objects along with their imitations. This paper traces the role played by yellow and gold in inks, cosmetic dyes, and coloured, scented fabrics, exploring the textual dimension of these recipes, their technical features, and their social role between the court and the street. It also presents translations of several important recipes for yellow and gold dyes, which illustrate their diversity of applications, while also addressing such material problems as durability and substitution.

Modeling sunset yellow removal from fruit juice samples by a novel chitosan-nickel ferrite nano sorbent

Analysis of food additives is highly significant in the food industry and directly related to human health. This investigation into the removal efficiency of sunset yellow as an azo dye in fruit juices using Chitosan-nickel ferrite nanoparticles (Cs@NiFe2O4 NPs). The nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using various techniques. The effective parameters for removing sunset yellow were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD). Under the optimum conditions, the highest removal efficiency (94.90%) was obtained for the initial dye concentration of 26.48 mg L−1 at a pH of 3.87, a reaction time of 67.62 min, and a nanoparticle dose of 0.038 g L−1. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model had a better fit for experimental data (R2 = 0.98) than the other kinetic models. The equilibrium adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 212.766 mg g−1. The dye removal efficiency achieved for industrial and traditional fruit juice samples (91.75% and 93.24%), respectively, confirmed the method's performance, feasibility, and efficiency. The dye adsorption efficiency showed no significant decrease after five recycling, indicating that the sorbent has suitable stability in practical applications. variousThe synthesized nanoparticles can be suggested as an efficient sorbent to remove the sunset yellow dye from food products.

Changing Colour: Yellow Dyes from Antiquity to Early Modernity

Changing Colour: Yellow Dyes from Antiquity to Early Modernity

Making Yellows Last with Nitric Acid: Exploring Colour Permanence in Art and Knowledge, 1600–1850

Nitric acid became commonly available in the seventeenth century. Since then, it held the interest of chemists, especially those interested in the art of dyeing. Due to what is now called the xanthoproteic reaction (from Greek xanthós, describing shades of yellow), nitric acid produces a stable yellow colouration in proteinaceous materials, such as wool, silk, and bones. The chemistry of this reaction is well understood today. Less well-known is that it held the interest of dyers in the past. Dyers considered the ability of nitric acid to give a yellow colour to certain substances a solution to giving materials a durable, that is, a lasting, yellow colour. Yellow, indeed, posed a problem in the art of dyeing. Before the discovery of synthetic dyes in the mid-nineteenth century, there were no organic yellow dyes with long-term colour stability. Using historical dyeing manuals and chemistry treatises, combined with our practical engagement with the processes they describe, this paper traces how, between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, dyers explored nitric acid while examining the durability of yellow colourations. Based on these explorations into nitric acid, the chemical arts developed theories about the nature of colour, and about the causes for its relative permanence.

Nitrogen-doped biomass-derived carbon dots for fluorescence determination of sunset yellow.

Sunset Yellow (SY) is a widely used food coloring in the food industry. However, exceeding the allowable limit of this dye poses a significant threat to human health. To address this issue, we developed Lycium ruthenicum-derived nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) with a stable blue fluorescence through hydrothermal treatment for SY determination. The quantum yield (QY) of these N-CDs was found to be up to 10.63%. Physical characterization of N-CDs was performed using various spectroscopic techniques to confirm their excellent photostability and non-toxic properties. Furthermore, the presence of SY had a substantial quenching effect on the fluorescence intensity (F0/F) of the N-CDs. Leveraging this observation, we developed a fluorescent sensor for the determination of SY in the concentration range of 0.05 to 35.0 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD, 3σ/K) of 17 nM. The excellent fluorescent sensor also showed satisfactory results in the practical drink samples. Moreover, the stability and cytotoxicity of N-CDs as a fluorescent probe were studied. Finally, the N-CDs were applied to cell imaging using A549 cells.

Dietary exposure assessment of artificial food colours

Food colours are food additives that are added to foods after authorization for use by the European Commission and scientific safety assessment by the European Food Safety Authority. Each colour is added to foods to achieve a specific purpose, such as to compensate the loss of colours during food processing, to enhance natural colours, or to add colour to foods. They can be obtained via natural or synthetic pathway. Artificial (synthetic) colours are thought to increase hyperactivity in children. The current dietary exposure assessment of artificial food colours was performed using the Food Additives Chronic Exposure Assessment Tool (FAIM). The synthetic food colours used to assess the chronic exposure of children in Bulgaria are: Tartrazine, Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow FCF, Azorubin, Ponceau 4R and Allura Red AC. The exposure was calculated for different food groups for which the relevant colours are authorized, according to Regulation (EC) No. 1333/2008 and the same was compared with the ADI for the respective colours. The obtained results of the exposure assessment of the considered artificial colours are below the corresponding ADI for mean and high consumers, considering that the assessment considered only those for which there is an established legislative level of use in the European legislation. However, the results cannot guarantee the actual exposure to colours of children in Bulgaria, due to the uncertainties described in the assessment.

Application of Musa acuminata mediated iron oxide nanoparticles in the removal of sunset yellow dye

This study deals with the biogenic preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles (MION) by employing the Musa acuminata pseudostem extract. The morphological aspects of MION were investigated using SEM and HR-TEM, revealing its spherical shape and size of 20 - 60 nm. The MION’s XRD spectra further supported their size to be 20 nm. The FTIR spectrum depicted the presence of phytochemicals in Musa acuminata pseudo stem extract. Antibacterial studies were performed to assess MION’s biocompatibility. The MION was subjected to remove sunset yellow FCF dye solution and batch adsorption parameters like pH (3.0), contact time (180 min), MION dosage (4 mg/100 mL) and initial dye concentration (15 mg/L) were optimized. It was also ascertained that the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetics were found to be best fit with a maximum adsorption capacity of 8.93 mg/mg, respectively. The thermodynamic findings indicated that MION's adsorption process exhibited spontaneity and endothermicity. The effect of ionic strength and humic acid resulted in a corresponding enhancement and reduction in the removal efficacy for sunset yellow adsorption. The recyclability of MION exhibited consistent performance over five successive cycles with a 75.4% sunset yellow recovery rate. Therefore, MION is cost-effective and efficient in removing toxic dye pollutants.

Facile preparation of Fe2O3 catalyst and assessment of its photodegradation performance for industrial effluent purification

This study focuses on synthesizing nano-scaled Fe2O3 particles using Araucaria columnaris (Cook's pine) leaf extract under atmosphere circumstances. These extracts serve as both a reductant and a stabilizer. Fe2O3 nanoparticle synthesis was confirmed through a comprehensive characterization process using many analytical techniques. The analysis of XRD patterns indicated that the examined samples consisted of nanoparticles of γ-Fe2O3, exhibiting a cubic crystal structure with a high degree of crystallization. Furthermore, the calculated crystallite size was resolute to be 24.5 nm. The scanning electron microscopy pictures revealed that the created samplesexhibited a combination of spherical and polyhedral morphologies. The investigation of optical characteristics, such as light absorption and bandgap width, was conducted usingUV–visible spectroscopy, employing a bandgap energy value of 3.78 eV. The study aimed to assess the removal effectiveness of Eosin yellow, Malachite green, Reactive black, and Rhodamine 6G dyes using Fe2O3 nanoparticles synthesized as a photocatalyst which exhibited remarkable photocatalytic efficacy in the breakdown of dyes when exposed to sunlight, and the reaction period of 90 min resulted in a maximum degradation rate of 97.4 %. Considering the promising results, utilizing Fe2O3 nanoparticles as a photocatalyst for degrading dyes in wastewater is feasible. Additionally, Araucaria columnaris leaf extract can be an environmentally friendly and economically viable method for synthesizing Fe2O3 nanoparticles.

Zn-Al layered double hydroxide nanoparticles for efficient removal of food dyes from wastewater

The ability of layered double hydroxides clay (LDH) produced from ZnAl-NO3 to remove Sunset Yellow FCF (E110), Azorubine (E122), Tartrazine (E102), and Brilliant Blue FCF (E133) from an aqueous solution was studied. The effects of various variables on adsorption were studied. The obtained results show that the adsorption of various food dyes depends on the initial concentration, dose, pH, contact time, and temperature. The adsorption capacities at an equilibrium time of 40 min for E133, E122, E110, and E102 were 18.21, 21.46, 13.19, and 20.58 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium data for aqueous solutions were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and a thermodynamic study. Adsorption kinetics data for aqueous solutions was studied using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models. The morphology for Zn-Al LDH was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET (pore size = 0.004 cc/g). Equilibrium data were studied by Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherms. As for thermodynamics, the value of ∆H° is negative, which means that the adsorption method is exothermic at a temperature range of 288–338 K. ∆S ° is a negative value indicating that the randomness is low, ∆G° is also negative means that the reaction is spontaneous. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis of LDH before and after the adsorption also confirms that the adsorption of food dyes was smooth and spontaneous on Zn-Al LDH providing an excellent and easy-to-use adsorption method for industrial application of wastewater treatment.

The effects of inflammation on connexin 43 in chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy.

Cardiac arrhythmias are the main cause of sudden death due to Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy (CCC). Here we investigated alterations in connexin 43 (Cx43) expression and phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes as well as associations with cardiac arrhythmias in CCC. C57Bl/6 mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi underwent cardiac evaluations at 6 and 12 months after infection via treadmill testing and EKG. Histopathology, cytokine gene expression, and distribution of total Cx43 and its phosphorylated forms Cx43S368 and Cx43S325/328/330 were investigated. Human heart samples obtained from subjects with CCC were submitted to immunofluorescence analysis. In vitro simulation of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment (IL-1β, TNF, and IFN-γ) was performed in H9c2 cells and iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes to evaluate Cx43 distribution, action potential duration, and Lucifer Yellow dye transfer. Mice chronically infected with T. cruzi exhibited impaired cardiac function associated with increased inflammation, fibrosis and upregulated IL-1β, TNF, and IFN-γ gene expression. Confocal microscopy revealed altered total Cx43, Cx43S368 and Cx43S325/328/330 localization and phosphorylation patterns in CCC, with dispersed staining outside the intercalated disc areas, i.e., in lateral membranes and the cytoplasm. Reduced co-localization of total Cx43 and N-cadherin was observed in the intercalated discs of CCC mouse hearts compared to controls. Similar results were obtained in human CCC heart samples, which showed Cx43 distribution outside the intercalated discs. Stimulation of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes or H9c2 cells with IL-1β, TNF, and IFN-γ induced alterations in Cx43 localization, reduced action potential duration and dye transfer between adjacent cells. Heart inflammation in CCC affects the distribution and phosphorylation pattern of Cx43, which may contribute to the generation of conduction disturbances in Chagas disease.

Biochar from Manihot esculenta stalk as potential adsorbent for removal of reactive yellow dye

Textile effluent treatment is crucial for a cleaner and safer community. The purpose of this study is to utilize biochar prepared from Manihot esculenta stalk to remove reactive yellow dye through Pyrolysis at 350 °C for 210 min. The effect of quantity of adsorbent, pH values of the adsorbate solution experimented, contact time required, starting dye concentration, current temperature of the solution, speed of agitation, as well as size of the particle on reactive yellow dye removal was examined using biochar through batch trials. At an equilibrium period of 25 min, pH of 7, bio-char dosage of 2 g, temperature of 25 °C, agitation speed of 150 rpm, as well as particle size of 231 µm, 86% of the dye could be removed with highest adsorption capacity of 53.47 mg/g. Pseudo-first order type kinetics in addition to the Langmuir isotherm model were set up to finest fit the adsorption model of reactive yellow dye onto biochar from M. esculenta stalk. The process is chemisorption, exothermic, feasible, and spontaneous, as it is predicted by the thermodynamically negative enthalpy as well as entropy of adsorption values. The spent M. esculenta stalk biochar was reused for six cycles of adsorption at same optimal process conditions and adsorption capacity was found to be insignificant up to fourth cycle. Also, M. esculenta biochar was characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for morphology, elemental composition, and functional groups respectively. So, the M. esculenta stalk biochar could be an active adsorbent for elimination of reactive dye from the solution of dye.