Acid-thinned Cornstarch Research Articles

Gummy candies produced with acid‐thinned cassava starch: Physical and sensory evaluation

The objective of this work was to apply acid-thinned cassava starch to the production of gummy candies. The acid-thinned cassava starch candies formulations with 12% and 16% were compared with a control with 8% acid-thinned corn starch for physical and sensory characteristics. The different sources and amounts of starches influenced the color and texture profiles. Corn starch candies were lighter and more yellow. The hardness and chewiness were similar for candies with 12% cassava starch and 8% corn starch; the higher content of cassava starch (16%) led to gummy candies with almost twice the hardness and chewiness. The differences found in the physical analyses were confirmed by sensory descriptive analysis. No difference in preference was observed between gummy candies with corn starch (8%) and cassava starch (12%), which were the preferred ones. It was possible to obtain gummy candies with acid-thinned cassava starch at 12%, which is promising. Novelty impact statement Acid-thinned cassava starch in the production of gummy candies is promising. Gummy candies with acid-thinned cassava starch have unique physical characteristic. Cassava starch gummy candies are equally preferred as corn starch standard ones.

Phosphorylation and Octenylsuccinylation of Acid‐Thinned Starch for Enhancing Adhesion on Cotton/Polyester Blend Fibers at Varied Temperature Sizing

In this study, amphiphilic starch prepared by phosphorylation and octenylsuccinylation is surveyed to identify its effect on the adhesion of starch to cotton/polyester blend fibers at different temperature. Acid‐thinned cornstarch (ATS) is phosphorylated and octenylsuccinylated with pentasodium triphosphate and 2‐octenylsuccinic anhydride, respectively, to improve upon adhesion to cotton/polyester blend fibers. Two series of amphiphilic starch samples with different levels of the substitution (DS) are derived for determining desirable level of starch modification in sizing. Amphiphilic starch paste shows strong adhesion to cotton/polyester blend fibers than ATS paste. It is found that the modification reduces the crystallinity, changed the morphology, improves moisture regain, alleviates the adverse influence of starch retrogradation, and improves adhesion to fibers and desizing efficiency. The adhesion of amphiphilic starch paste to cotton/polyester blend fibers at 60 °C is statistically higher than adhesion of ATS at 95 °C. The amphiphilic starch with a total DS of 0.06 shows the highest potential use for strong cotton/polyester blend warp sizing due to its good sizing properties.

Effects of replacing starch by inulin on the physicochemical, texture and sensory characteristics of gummy jellies

ABSTRACTThis contribution looks at the possibility of replacing acid-thinned corn starch by chicory inulin as gelling coagents in gummy jellies made with gelatin. A creamy gel could be formed after stirring (70°C/10 min) an inulin water solution (240 g kg−1) without previous cooking. Starch replacement by inulin (90 g kg−1 raw mass) in jellies provided a slightly softer, springier and stickier texture, enhanced strawberry, sweet and sour flavors, and hardly affected the red color. Inulin/Oligosaccharides remained without be degraded to free sugars in jellies after processing (mixing at 80°C and pH 3.2 for 5 min and further drying at 30% relative humidity and 25°C for 24 h). Therefore, chicory inulin acted as stable and neutral flavoring ingredient and can be used as gelling coagent to develop gummy jellies enriched in dietary fiber with potential prebiotic activity.

Electroneutral cornstarch by quaternization and sulfosuccinylation to improve the adhesion of cold starch paste to raw cotton for low-temperature sizing

The objective of this research was to survey the effects of starch quaternization and sulfosuccinylation on the adhesion of cold starch paste to raw cotton fibers for cotton warp sizing at low temperature. Acid-thinned cornstarch (ATS) was quaternized and then sulfosuccinylated to introduce 3-(trimethylammonium chloride)-2-hydroxypropyl and sulfosuccinate substituents onto its backbones. The electroneutrality of starch samples prepared was achieved by maintaining a constant mole ratio (5.3:1) of the two substituents. A series of electroneutral cornstarch (ECS) samples with different levels of the substituents were derived by altering the feed ratio of the modifying reagents to starch for determining desirable level of starch modification. Adverse influences of cotton wax and starch retrogradation on the adhesion of cold starch paste to raw cotton fibers were evaluated to illustrate the effectiveness of starch quaternization and sulfosuccinylation. It was found that the modification was able to alleviate the adverse influence of starch retrogradation and ameliorate the adhesion to the fibers at low temperature. Higher level of the modification led to less retrogradation and resulted in strong adhesion. Furthermore, the adverse influence of cotton wax on the adhesion could be eliminated after a pre-wetting treatment of raw cotton warps with hot water. The adhesion of ECS paste to raw cotton at 60 °C was statically the same as that of ATS at 95 °C when total DS of ECS was 0.0443 or higher.

Electroneutral quaternization/sulfosuccination for alleviating the adverse effect of paste aging on the properties of corn starch film

For the purpose of alleviating the adverse effect of paste aging on the properties of corn starch film, a series of electroneutrally quaternized/sulfosuccinylated starches (EQSS) with different degrees of substitution (DS) were synthesized via the quaternization/sulfosuccination of acid-thinned corn starch (ATS) by varying the amounts of N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropl) trimethylammonium chloride, maleic anhydride, and sodium hydrogen sulfite. The influence of paste aging on the properties of starch film cast from heat-induced starch paste was investigated and the properties were explored in terms of tensile strength, elongation, work at break, degree of crystallinity, and flex-fatigue resistance. The experimental results showed that the paste ageing generated adverse influence on the elongation, work at break, and flex-fatigue resistance of starch film. Further experiments showed that electroneutral quaternization/sulfosuccination of starch were able to alleviate the negative effect of paste ageing on the elongation, work at break, and flex-fatigue resistance, thereby obviously enhancing the elongation, work at break and flex-fatigue resistance, and thus reducing the drawback of brittleness. The enhancement depended on the amounts of the substituents introduced. With the increase in DS value, the elongation and work at break as well as flex-fatigue resistance continuously rose, whereas the tensile strength gradually reduced.

Quaternization/maleation of cornstarch to improve its adhesion and film properties for warp sizing

The aims of this work were to examine the influences of starch quaternization/maleation on the film properties and adhesion-to-fibers of starch, and also to reveal if the quaternization/maleation could improve the adhesion-to-fibers and film properties of starch. A series of quaternized and maleated cornstarch (QMS) with the total degree of substitution (DS) values of 0.02-0.061 were prepared via a quaternization of acid-thinned cornstarch with N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride for introducing 3-(trimethylammonium chloride)-2-hydroxypropyl (TACHP) substituents onto the backbones of starch, and a further maleation with maleic anhydride for the introduction of maleate substituents. The effects of starch quaternization/maleation on paste viscosity, paste stability, adhesion strengths to both cotton and viscose fibers, and film properties of starch were investigated. The degree of crystallinity of starch film was quantitatively obtained from X-ray diffraction analysis. It was found that the quaternization/maleation was able to stabilize the viscosity, increase adhesion strengths of starch to both cotton and viscose fibers, enhance breaking elongation, moisture regain, and bending endurance of starch film, and decrease tensile strength and degree of crystallinity of starch film, thereby improving the adhesion and displaying toughening effect to the film. Increasing the level of starch quaternization/maleation was capable of gradually increasing adhesion and toughness of the film. The quaternization/maleation with the DS values of 0.04-0.061 could be applied for the alleviation of the intrinsic drawbacks (insufficient adhesion and film brittleness) of cornstarch for warp sizing.

Starch maleation and sulfosuccinylation to alleviate the intrinsic drawback of brittleness of cornstarch film for warp sizing

The objective of this work was to examine the effects of starch maleation and sulfosuccinylation, respectively, on the properties of starch film for warp sizing. Acid-thinned cornstarch granules were succinylated with maleic anhydride and then sulfonated with sodium bisulfite to different degrees of substitution (DS). The effects of the maleation and sulfosuccinylation on the properties such as tensile strength, breaking elongation, work-to-break, flex-fold resistance, moisture regain, and water resistance of maleinated starch (MAS) and sulfosuccinylated starch (SSS) films were investigated. The films were cast from cooked starch aqueous paste under room temperature. The results showed that both the maleation and sulfosuccinylation significantly increased the breaking elongation, work-to-break, flex-fold resistance, and moisture regain of starch film, but decreased film strength to a limited extent. These two modifications were all able to toughen starch film and reduce its brittleness. Increasing the levels of starch maleation and sulfosuccinylation enhanced the toughness. Starch sulfosuccinylation was found to be preferred to the maleation in toughening starch film. X-ray diffraction confirmed that SSS film was lower than MAS one in the degree of crystallinity, thereby displaying a stronger toughening effect. Low level of starch sulfosuccinylation could be adopted to reduce the brittleness of cornstarch film for warp sizing based on the results obtained in this work.

Effect of amphoteric grafting branch on the adhesion of starch to textile fibers

Starch-g-poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) (starch-g-P(DMC/AA)) with different zeta potentials was prepared via the graft copolymerization of acid-thinned cornstarch (ATS) with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) and acrylic acid (AA) in aqueous medium using Fe2+–H2O2 initiator. The investigation was carried out to reveal the influence of amphoteric branches grafted onto starch chains upon the adhesion of starch to textile fibers. Zeta potential of starch-g-P(DMC/AA) was adjusted by altering the mole ratio of DMC to AA charged into the copolymerization system. The adhesion was evaluated in terms of bonding strength and specific bonding strength of slightly sized roving based on a legal method (FZ/T 15001-2008) through the comparison of the amphoteric branch-grafted starch with ATS, starch-g-PAA, and starch-g-PDMC for warp sizing. It was found that the charged branches grafted onto starch chains were able to significantly enhance the adhesion. Zeta potential, depending on the mole ratio of DMC to AA units in the grafting branches, showed evident effect on the adhesion and desizability of the grafted starch. Increase in the potential favored to improve the adhesion, but disfavored the removal of the starch from sized warps. Alkali-oxidant agent desizing test confirmed that the starch-g-P(DMC/AA) with neutral potential was desizable. The amphoteric branch-grafted starch exhibited potential application as size base materials in warp sizing operation if its zeta potential was neutral.

Environment-friendly crosslinking of cornstarch by pentanedioic acid for stabilizing the viscosity of starch paste during warp sizing

Acid-thinned cornstarch was crosslinked with pentanedioic acid to different degrees to enhance viscosity stability of cooked starch paste for replacing the currently used toxic crosslinking agents such as formaldehyde and epichlorohydrin in the preparation of starch sizing agents. The degree of crosslinking was determined according to the stability, adhesion-to-fibers, film properties, desizability, and aerobic biodegradation of crosslinked starch. The degree of crosslinking showed significant effects on the stability, adhesion, desizability, and film properties, but was less sensitive to the biodegradation and wear loss of starch film. Suitable degree of crosslinking resulted in stable viscosity, good adhesion to fibers, strong and bending resistant film, and better desizability. Low degree of crosslinking could be utilized to increase the stability and improve usability of the starch used as warp sizing agent. The degree of crosslinking range (902-477 anhydroglucose units per crosslink) was recommended to stabilize the viscosity of cooked starch paste and improve the sizing properties of starch sizing agents.

The effect of acid hydrolysis on the technological functional properties of pinhão (Araucaria brasiliensis) starch

Technological functional properties of native and acid-thinned pinhão (seeds of Araucária angustifolia, Brazilian pine) starches were evaluated and compared to those of native and acid-thinned corn starches. The starches were hydrolyzed (3.2 mol.L-1 HCl, 44 ºC, 6 hours) and evaluated before and after the hydrolysis reaction in terms of formation, melting point and thermo-reversibility of gel starches, retrogradation (in a 30-day period and measurements every three days), paste freezing and thawing stability (after six freezing and thawing cycles), swelling power, and solubility. The results of light transmittance (%) of pastes of native and acid-thinned pinhão starches was higher (lower tendency to retrogradation) than that obtained for corn starches after similar storage period. Native pinhão starch (NPS) presented lower syneresis than native corn starch (NCS) when submitted to freeze-thaw cycles. The acid hydrolysis increased the syneresis of the two native varieties under storage at 5 ºC and after freezing and thawing cycles. The solubility of NPS was lower than that of native corn starch at 25, 50, and 70 ºC. However, for the acid-thinned pinhão starch (APS), this property was significantly higher (p < 0.05) when compared to that of acid-thinned corn starch (ACS). From the results obtained, it can be said that the acid treatment was efficient in producing a potential fat substitute from pinhão starch variety, but this ability must be further investigated.